Does labor force aging and cultivated land fragmentation increase rice production cost?: based on microscopic investigation in southeast Hubei Province, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.25

Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis ›› 2023, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (5): 1211-1222.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.25

• Agricultural Economy and Development • Previous Articles Next Articles

Does labor force aging and cultivated land fragmentation increase rice production cost?: based on microscopic investigation in southeast Hubei Province, China

ZHANG Chaozheng¹(), ZHANG Xupeng², CHEN Danling³^,^*()

1. College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
2. School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
3. College of Public Administration, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China

Received:2022-05-23 Online:2023-05-25 Published:2023-06-01

Abstract

Abstract:

Based on the survey data collected from 755 rice farmers in southeast Hubei Province, China, the impacts of labor force aging and cultivated land fragmentation on rice production cost were examined by using multiple linear regression model. The results indicate that the labor force aging significantly increases the total cost per unit output during rice production. Specifically, labor force aging obviously increases the cost of fertilizers, pesticides and labor, but significantly reduces the cost of seeds and hinders the use of machinery. Cultivated land fragmentation evidently increases the total cost per unit output. Specifically, cultivated land fragmentation obviously increases the cost of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and labor, but significantly restricts the input of machinery. The effects of labor force aging and cultivated land fragmentation on the total cost and its sub-costs of rice production are restricted by geomorphic types. By replacing explained and explanatory variables, the robustness tests results confirm that the main estimation results are considerably robust. Under the dual background of labor force aging and cultivated land fragmentation, reducing the cost of rice production is of particular practical significance in agricultural supply-side structure reform. Therefore, it is suggested to improve the availability of agricultural machinery services, promote the process of appropriate scale operation of cultivated land, and increase the coupling degree of cultivated land consolidation and transfer.

Key words: labor force aging, cultivated land fragmentation, rice production, production cost, geomorphic type

CLC Number:

S-09
F321

ZHANG Chaozheng, ZHANG Xupeng, CHEN Danling. Does labor force aging and cultivated land fragmentation increase rice production cost?: based on microscopic investigation in southeast Hubei Province, China[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2023, 35(5): 1211-1222.

Figures/Tables 6

References 28

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变量 Variable	定义 Definition	平均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation	最小值 Min	最大值 Max
(C_T)总成本 Total cost	全部成本与总产量的比值 Ratio of total cost to total output/(yuan·kg^-1)	1.841	0.642	0.617	6.077
(C_S)种子成本 Seed cost	种子成本与总产量的比值 Ratio of seed cost to total output/(yuan·kg^-1)	0.195	0.083	0.040	0.600
(C_F)肥料成本 Fertilizer cost	肥料成本与总产量的比值 Ratio of fertilizer cost to total output/(yuan·kg^-1)	0.290	0.088	0.077	0.667
(C_P)农药成本 Pesticide cost	农药成本与总产量的比值 Ratio of pesticide cost to total output/(yuan·kg^-1)	0.129	0.064	0	0.400
(C_M)机械成本 Mechanical cost	机械成本与总产量的比值 Ratio of mechanical cost to total output/(yuan·kg^-1)	0.452	0.240	0	1.280
(C_L)人工成本 Labor cost	人工成本与总产量的比值 Ratio of labor cost to total output/(yuan·kg^-1)	0.753	0.516	0.097	5.052
(C_O)其他成本 Other cost	其他成本与总产量的比值 Ratio of other cost to total output/(yuan·kg^-1)	0.022	0.046	0	0.444
(A)劳动力老龄化 Labor force aging	家庭农业劳动力平均年龄 Average age of agricultural labor force in family	56.269	8.301	29	80
(C)耕地细碎化 Cultivated land fragmentation	耕地细碎化综合指数 Comprehensive index of cultivated land fragmentation	0.381	0.083	0	0.670
(X₁)耕地质量等级 Land quality grade	很低,1;较低,2;中等,3;较高,4;很高,5 Lowest, 1; Lower, 2; Medium, 3; Higher, 4; Highest, 5	3.220	0.869	1	5
(X₂)水稻种植规模 Rice plating scale	水稻实际种植面积 Rice planting scale/hm²	0.392	0.563	0.027	6.667
(X₃)水稻收入占比 Rice income proportion	水稻种植净收入的绝对值与家庭总收入的比值 Ratio of rice income to total income	0.149	0.381	0.001	7.127
(X₄)稻谷商品化率 Rice commercialization rate	稻谷出售量与总产量的比值 Ratio of rice sales to total output	0.321	0.360	0	0.981
(X₅)家庭人均收入 Per capita income	家庭总收入与总人口比值的自然对数值Natural logarithmic value of ratio of total income to total population in family	9.188	1.132	2.625	11.993
(X₆)区域经济特征 Regional economic characteristic	通山县,1;崇阳县,2;咸安区,3;江夏区,4 Tongshan County, 1; Chongyang County, 2; Xian’an District, 3; Jiangxia District, 4	2.267	1.050	1	4

变量 Variable	定义 Definition	平均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation	最小值 Min	最大值 Max
(C_T)总成本 Total cost	全部成本与总产量的比值 Ratio of total cost to total output/(yuan·kg^-1)	1.841	0.642	0.617	6.077
(C_S)种子成本 Seed cost	种子成本与总产量的比值 Ratio of seed cost to total output/(yuan·kg^-1)	0.195	0.083	0.040	0.600
(C_F)肥料成本 Fertilizer cost	肥料成本与总产量的比值 Ratio of fertilizer cost to total output/(yuan·kg^-1)	0.290	0.088	0.077	0.667
(C_P)农药成本 Pesticide cost	农药成本与总产量的比值 Ratio of pesticide cost to total output/(yuan·kg^-1)	0.129	0.064	0	0.400
(C_M)机械成本 Mechanical cost	机械成本与总产量的比值 Ratio of mechanical cost to total output/(yuan·kg^-1)	0.452	0.240	0	1.280
(C_L)人工成本 Labor cost	人工成本与总产量的比值 Ratio of labor cost to total output/(yuan·kg^-1)	0.753	0.516	0.097	5.052
(C_O)其他成本 Other cost	其他成本与总产量的比值 Ratio of other cost to total output/(yuan·kg^-1)	0.022	0.046	0	0.444
(A)劳动力老龄化 Labor force aging	家庭农业劳动力平均年龄 Average age of agricultural labor force in family	56.269	8.301	29	80
(C)耕地细碎化 Cultivated land fragmentation	耕地细碎化综合指数 Comprehensive index of cultivated land fragmentation	0.381	0.083	0	0.670
(X₁)耕地质量等级 Land quality grade	很低,1;较低,2;中等,3;较高,4;很高,5 Lowest, 1; Lower, 2; Medium, 3; Higher, 4; Highest, 5	3.220	0.869	1	5
(X₂)水稻种植规模 Rice plating scale	水稻实际种植面积 Rice planting scale/hm²	0.392	0.563	0.027	6.667
(X₃)水稻收入占比 Rice income proportion	水稻种植净收入的绝对值与家庭总收入的比值 Ratio of rice income to total income	0.149	0.381	0.001	7.127
(X₄)稻谷商品化率 Rice commercialization rate	稻谷出售量与总产量的比值 Ratio of rice sales to total output	0.321	0.360	0	0.981
(X₅)家庭人均收入 Per capita income	家庭总收入与总人口比值的自然对数值Natural logarithmic value of ratio of total income to total population in family	9.188	1.132	2.625	11.993
(X₆)区域经济特征 Regional economic characteristic	通山县,1;崇阳县,2;咸安区,3;江夏区,4 Tongshan County, 1; Chongyang County, 2; Xian’an District, 3; Jiangxia District, 4	2.267	1.050	1	4

变量Variable	C_T	C_S	C_F	C_P	C_M	C_L	C_O
A	0.013 2^*** (5.24)	-0.001 0^*** (-3.25)	0.001 8^*** (5.77)	0.001 1^*** (4.09)	-0.003 7^*** (-3.66)	0.015 0^*** (6.92)	0.000 1 (0.54)
C	1.335 3^*** (6.31)	0.225 8^*** (6.14)	0.328 0^*** (9.64)	0.173 7^*** (7.18)	-0.477 6^*** (-4.77)	1.068 1^*** (6.39)	0.017 2 (0.81)
X₁	-0.044 0^** (-2.17)	-0.002 7 (-0.84)	-0.018 6^*** (-7.13)	-0.007 3^*** (-2.94)	0.005 1 (0.54)	-0.020 5 (-1.37)	-0.000 1 (-0.05)
X₂	-0.091 7^** (-1.99)	0.005 9 (0.94)	-0.013 5^** (-2.42)	0.002 3 (0.44)	0.013 5 (0.83)	-0.098 7^*** (-2.87)	-0.001 2 (-0.44)
X₃	-1.052 9^*** (-7.54)	-0.106 2^*** (-4.24)	-0.799 0^*** (-6.68)	-0.060 0^*** (-3.68)	-0.366 1^*** (-5.73)	-0.419 0^*** (-4.37)	-0.021 7 (-1.62)
X₄	-0.489 8^*** (-7.96)	0.008 4 (0.87)	-0.000 2 (-0.02)	0.026 4^*** (3.20)	0.019 0 (0.70)	-0.552 7^*** (-12.51)	0.009 3 (1.54)
X₅	-0.168 6^*** (-5.11)	-0.015 9^*** (-3.01)	-0.013 1^*** (-279)	-0.007 5^** (-2.18)	-0.057 3^*** (-3.97)	-0.072 2^*** (-2.87)	-0.002 7 (-0.96)
X₆	-0.005 8 (-0.30)	-0.005 9^** (-1.98)	-0.006 3^** (-2.01)	0.005 9^** (2.43)	-0.019 4^** (-2.12)	0.017 0 (1.12)	0.002 9^* (1.81)
常数项 Constant	2.617 6^*** (7.70)	0.342 5^*** (6.26)	0.276 7^*** (5.53)	0.078 6^** (2.06)	1.438 6^*** (9.67)	0.454 9^* (1.75)	0.026 2 (0.97)
F	55.13^***	11.17^***	36.37^***	15.75^***	17.33^***	60.15^***	1.47
R²	0.338 7	0.098 5	0.238 4	0.125 2	0.114 1	0.351 4	0.012 5

变量Variable	C_T	C_S	C_F	C_P	C_M	C_L	C_O
A	0.013 2^*** (5.24)	-0.001 0^*** (-3.25)	0.001 8^*** (5.77)	0.001 1^*** (4.09)	-0.003 7^*** (-3.66)	0.015 0^*** (6.92)	0.000 1 (0.54)
C	1.335 3^*** (6.31)	0.225 8^*** (6.14)	0.328 0^*** (9.64)	0.173 7^*** (7.18)	-0.477 6^*** (-4.77)	1.068 1^*** (6.39)	0.017 2 (0.81)
X₁	-0.044 0^** (-2.17)	-0.002 7 (-0.84)	-0.018 6^*** (-7.13)	-0.007 3^*** (-2.94)	0.005 1 (0.54)	-0.020 5 (-1.37)	-0.000 1 (-0.05)
X₂	-0.091 7^** (-1.99)	0.005 9 (0.94)	-0.013 5^** (-2.42)	0.002 3 (0.44)	0.013 5 (0.83)	-0.098 7^*** (-2.87)	-0.001 2 (-0.44)
X₃	-1.052 9^*** (-7.54)	-0.106 2^*** (-4.24)	-0.799 0^*** (-6.68)	-0.060 0^*** (-3.68)	-0.366 1^*** (-5.73)	-0.419 0^*** (-4.37)	-0.021 7 (-1.62)
X₄	-0.489 8^*** (-7.96)	0.008 4 (0.87)	-0.000 2 (-0.02)	0.026 4^*** (3.20)	0.019 0 (0.70)	-0.552 7^*** (-12.51)	0.009 3 (1.54)
X₅	-0.168 6^*** (-5.11)	-0.015 9^*** (-3.01)	-0.013 1^*** (-279)	-0.007 5^** (-2.18)	-0.057 3^*** (-3.97)	-0.072 2^*** (-2.87)	-0.002 7 (-0.96)
X₆	-0.005 8 (-0.30)	-0.005 9^** (-1.98)	-0.006 3^** (-2.01)	0.005 9^** (2.43)	-0.019 4^** (-2.12)	0.017 0 (1.12)	0.002 9^* (1.81)
常数项 Constant	2.617 6^*** (7.70)	0.342 5^*** (6.26)	0.276 7^*** (5.53)	0.078 6^** (2.06)	1.438 6^*** (9.67)	0.454 9^* (1.75)	0.026 2 (0.97)
F	55.13^***	11.17^***	36.37^***	15.75^***	17.33^***	60.15^***	1.47
R²	0.338 7	0.098 5	0.238 4	0.125 2	0.114 1	0.351 4	0.012 5

地貌类型 Geomorphic type	变量 Variable	C_T	C_S	C_F	C_P	C_M	C_L	C_O
岗地平原 Hill and plain	A	0.010 8^*** (3.82)	-0.000 9^** (-2.23)	0.001 9^*** (4.46)	0.000 7^** (2.22)	-0.002 9^** (-2.36)	0.012 1^*** (5.86)	-0.000 1 (-0.16)
	C	0.922 8^*** (4.19)	0.137 7^*** (3.31)	0.227 8^*** (6.02)	0.105 0^*** (3.97)	-0.352 3^*** (-3.40)	0.799 9^*** (5.35)	0.004 6 (0.17)
低山丘陵 Low mountains and hills	A	0.018 0^*** (3.95)	-0.001 0^** (-2.20)	0.001 7^*** (3.91)	0.001 8^*** (4.22)	-0.004 7^*** (-2.74)	0.019 8^*** (4.62)	0.000 4 (1.01)
	C	2.812 2^*** (7.11)	0.416 9^*** (6.42)	0.549 2^*** (9.19)	0.312 9^*** (7.55)	-0.784 5^*** (-3.90)	2.271 6^*** (7.07)	0.046 1 (1.23)

Does labor force aging and cultivated land fragmentation increase rice production cost?: based on microscopic investigation in southeast Hubei Province, China

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变量Variable	C'_T	C'_S	C'_f	C'_P	C'_M	C'_L	C'_O
A	0.005 5^*** (5.42)	-0.000 4^*** (-2.84)	0.000 8^*** (5.92)	0.000 4^*** (4.22)	-0.001 4^*** (-3.52)	0.006 1^*** (7.02)	0.000 1 (0.56)
C	0.571 6^*** (6.59)	0.093 4^*** (6.20)	0.137 8^*** (9.86)	0.074 3^*** (7.36)	-0.190 0^*** (-4.68)	0.449 4^*** (6.68)	0.006 7 (0.77)

变量Variable	C_T	C_S	C_F	C_P	C_M	C_L	C_O
L'	0.253 5^*** (5.89)	-0.014 4^** (-2.40)	0.034 0^*** (5.48)	0.017 2^*** (3.71)	-0.049 4^*** (-2.71)	0.259 4^*** (7.34)	0.066^* (1.65)
a	-2.985 8^*** (-7.06)	-0.159 5^** (-2.53)	-0.309 1^*** (-6.02)	-0.168 5^** (-4.49)	0.344 7^** (2.39)	-2.675 7^*** (-7.57)	-0.017 7 (-0.59)
L'	0.272 2^*** (6.12)	-0.013 5^** (-2.28)	0.035 6^*** (5.87)	0.018 0^** (3.93)	-0.051 1^*** (-2.81)	0.276 6^*** (7.47)	0.006 7^* (1.67)
n	0.019 5^*** (3.09)	0.004 1^*** (3.61)	0.007 1^*** (6.48)	0.004 6^*** (5.77)	-0.008 3^*** (-3.03)	0.011 4^*** (2.64)	0.000 5 (0.76)
L'	0.276 8^*** (6.27)	-0.012 2^*** (-2.11)	0.037 4^*** (6.19)	0.018 9^** (4.11)	-0.054 0^*** (-3.00)	0.280 1^*** (7.66)	0.006 7^* (1.68)
d	0.149 3^*** (3.17)	0.044 5^*** (6.09)	0.056 3^*** (7.27)	0.025 6^*** (4.64)	-0.101 7^*** (-4.46)	0.122 4^*** (3.00)	0.002 3 (0.45)

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