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25 May 2023, Volume 35 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Crop Science
Animal Science
Horticultural Science
Plant Protection
Environmental Science
Food Science
Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products
Biosystems Engineering
Agricultural Economy and Development
Review


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Contents 2023, 35(5):  0-0.  Abstract ( 102 )   PDF (1294KB) ( 324 )   Related Articles | Metrics

Crop Science

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OsMYC2, a key transcription factor in jasmonic acid signaling pathway, regulates the induction and differentiation of embryogenic callus in rice JIANG Yingying, ZHANG Hua, LEI Zhiwei, XU Heng, ZHANG Heng, ZHU Ying 2023, 35(5):  973-982.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.01 Abstract ( 676 )   HTML ( 769 )   PDF (2513KB) ( 650 )   Functional analysis of OsMYC2 in rice regeneration could help to reveal that the role of jasmonic acid (JA) and its signal pathway gene in the induction and differentiation of embryogenic callus. By using the qRT-PCR technology, dynamic analysis of OsMYC2 expression was carried out during the regeneration process of rice callus. Several osmyc2 mutants generated from CRISPR/Cas9 technology, were used to study the biological function of OsMYC2 in rice regeneration. Some marker genes, such as OsERF101, OsBBM2, OsWUS, which might play an essential role in the embryogenic callus formation, was investigated in the callus from osmyc2 mutants and wild type rice Nipponbare. Dynamic analysis showed that OsMYC2 was expressed in the entire rice regeneration stage, including the embryogenic callus formation and somatic embryogenesis. Expression of OsMYC2 in callus cultured in the differentiation medium was higher than that in the induction medium. Loss of function of OsMYC2 leads to much lower efficiency of embryogenic callus formation and somatic embryogenesis. And lower expression of OsERF101, OsBBM2 and OsWUS in the osmyc2 mutant callus compared with the wild type suggested that OsMYC2 regulates embryogenic callus formation and somatic embryogenesis of rice might through the JA signal pathway. These results would provide a theoretical basis for further study on the molecular mechanisms of JA signaling pathway involved in regulation of rice regeneration efficiency. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of rape straw returning in winter paddy field and nitrogen fertilizer management on dry matter accumulation and yield of hybrid rice HUANG Zheng, ZHANG Rongping, MA Peng, ZHANG Qi, ZHOU Ningning, ASHEN Rigui, FENG Tingyu, ZHOU Lin 2023, 35(5):  983-991.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.02 Abstract ( 519 )   HTML ( 24 )   PDF (844KB) ( 693 )   In order to explore the suitable nitrogen fertilizer management for rice under rape straw returning in winter paddy field in southern Sichuan Province, China, a 2-factor randomized block design was adopted in the present study, to reveal the effects of rape straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer management on tillering dynamics, dry matter accumulation and yield of hybrid rice. Speicifically, two straw returning methods were set: T1, no straw returning; T2, full straw returning. Four nitrogen treatments were set: N1, no nitrogen fertilizer was used as the blank control; N2-N4, On the basis of 150 kg·hm-2 N application, the proportion of basal fertilizer, tiller fertilizer and ear fertilizer was 5∶3∶2, 3∶3∶4, and 3∶2∶5, respectively. The results showed that under the same straw returning method, N2, N3, N4 treatments had no significant effect on the tiller number of hybrid rice at the highest stage. Without straw returning, the N3 treatment could effectively improve the spilke rate, dry matter accumulation from the highest tillering stage to the maturity stage, and yield of hybrid rice. With straw returning, the dry matter accumulation at the maturity stage and yield of N2 and N3 treatments were the highest among the four nitrogen treatments, but there was no significant difference between N2 and N3 treatments. Given straw returning and nitrogen management, the returning of full amount of rape straw coupled with the proportion of N in basal fertilizer, tiller fertilizer and ear fertilizer as 5∶3∶2, the highest yield of hybrid rice could be achieved under the experiment condition as 10.12 t·hm-2. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bioinformatics and expression analysis of flowering regulation gene BrFT in Brassica rapa L. YAO Yanlin, MA Li, LIU Lijun, PU Yuanyuan, LI Xuecai, WANG Wangtian, FANG Yan, SUN Wancang, WU Junyan 2023, 35(5):  992-1000.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.03 Abstract ( 570 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (3121KB) ( 594 )   FT gene is an important gene associated with flowering in plants. In order to explore the role of FT gene in regulating flowering in photoperiod pathway of Brassica rapa L. In this study, 3 BrFT genes were identified from the winter rapeseed genome using Arabidopsis FT genes as queries,bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the gene sequence characteristics, and the organ specific expression of the gene was studied by qRT-PCR. Screening genes were cloned from different Brassica rapa L., and the expression patterns of genes under 4 ℃, 16 h light/8 h darkness conditions were detected. The results showed that 3 of which contained 4 exons and 3 introns, and distributed on chromosomes A02 and A07, among which BrFT1 and BrFT2 had obvious collinear relationship, and all the three BrFT proteins contained PEBP conserved motif. The 2 000 bp upstream promoter region of the gene all contained light response elements,some regulatory elements involved in anaerobic induction, defense and stress response,and BrFT1 and BrFT2 contain action elements involved in plant growth and development and hormone induction. qRT-PCR detection showed that BrFT could be expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flower buds and flowers,and the expression level in leaves was higher than that in other organs, the expression level of BrFT1 was higher than that of the other two members. So the BrFT1 gene in Longyou 6, Longyou 17, Tianyou 2 were cloned and the sequence alignment similarity was 99.5%. BrFT1 in Brassica rapa L. showed an up-regulation trend at 4 ℃, 16 h light/8 h darkness, but there were differences among varieties. Combined with the observation of flowering in different types of Brassica rapa L. with different temperature, it showed that excessive expression of BrFT1 gene could promote the early flowering of Brassica rapa L. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis and evaluation of phenotypic character diversity of olive germplasm resources QI Jianli, ZHANG Rong, WU Wenjun, JIANG Chengying, ZHAO Mengjiong, JIN Gaoming, CHEN Weiqing 2023, 35(5):  1001-1015.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.04 Abstract ( 404 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1066KB) ( 598 )   In order to explore the genetic diversity and variation characteristics of phenotypic traits of olive germplasm resources in Gansu Province, and to provide a theoretical reference for the selection, evaluation, development and utilization of local olive germplasm resources, 11 characters of 35 olive germplasm resources were described, and 16 phenotypic characters were analyzed by diversity, correlation, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences among the phenotypic characters of different olive germplasm resources, and the coefficient of variation ranged from 8.64% to 55.87%. The variation coefficient of single fruit weight was the largest, and the variation coefficient of flesh rate was the smallest. Correlation analysis showed that fruit longitudinal diameter, fruit transverse diameter, single fruit weight, pulp thickness, fruit core longitudinal diameter, fruit core transverse diameter, fruit core weight and pulp rate were significantly (P <0.01) positively correlated with each other. Principal component analysis showed that 16 phenotypic traits could be extracted into 5 principal components, with a cumulative contribution rate of 91.633%. Cluster analysis showed that 35 olive germplasm resources could be divided into 5 categories at Euclidean distances of 10, which could be used as 5 different breeding directions. Among them, the highest oil content of dried and fresh fruits of Chemlal de kabylie could be grouped into one category, which could be used as special germplasm for mining; M1 had the least water content, and the oil content of fresh and dry fruits was only lower than that of Chemlal de kabylie, which was divided into oil products; Berat and LYuan Manzanilla had the highest water content and low oil content in fresh fruit, which could be divided into fruit products; The other two types of germplasm could be excavated and utilized in combination with other physiological indicators. This study showed that the phenotypic traits of different olive germplasm resources were significantly different, and the biodiversity was rich. The phenotypic traits of Nikiskii, LYuan Manzanilla, M1, Chemlal de kabylie and other germplasm were prominent, which could be used as parents for selection. Through correlation analysis, 7 indexes, such as single fruit weight, fruit shape index, stone index, fresh fruit oil rate and dry fruit oil rate, were selected as important indexes for selection, breeding and identification of olive germplasm resources. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Animal Science

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Cloning of CDS region of bovine FoxO1 gene and analysing expression pattern during adipocyte differentiation SONG Yaping, LEI Zhaoxiong, ZHAO Yi’ang, JIANG Chao, WANG Xingping, LUORENG Zhuoma, MA Yun, WEI Dawei 2023, 35(5):  1016-1027.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.05 Abstract ( 537 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (5624KB) ( 582 )   The aim of this study was to clone the coding region of bovine Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) gene and explore its expression pattern during bovine adipocyte differentiation stages. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bioinformatics analysis were used to amplify the CDS sequence of bovine FoxO1 gene and predict the physicochemical properties and functions of bovine FoxO1 respectively. Additionally, the expression patterns of FoxO1 and adipocyte-specific genes (PPARγ, C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, FABP4 and LPL) were measured during bovine adipocyte differentiation stages by qPCR. The results showed that the CDS region of FoxO1 was 1 998 bp in length and encoded 665 amino acids. Its molecular formula was C3016H4711N871O979S35, theoretical isoelectric point was 6.38. It was predicted that FoxO1 interacted closely with adipose growth and development regulatory proteins AKT1, AKT2, AKT3, SIRT1, PRKACA, CDK2 and MAPK8. Phylogenetic tree results showed that bovine FoxO1 was evolutionarily conserved and had the highest homology with closely related sheep and goat species. Temporal expression of FoxO1 in bovine adipocyte differentiation stages showed that the relative expression level reached a peak on day 6 compared with day 0 of differentiation (P<0.01) and was subsequently down-regulated. Both PPARγ and C/EBPβ had higher expression on day 0, and the levels of them on day 4 and 6 were significantly higher than those on day 0(P<0.01). The expression level of C/EBPα on day 2, 4, 6, 10 of differentiation was significantly higher than that on day 0 (P<0.01). However, FABP4 it was lower at on day 0 and 2 of differentiation, and increased to the peak on day 4 of differentiation (P<0.01), then decreased gradually (P<0.05). It increased with the progress of differentiation on LPL and peaked on day 10 (P<0.01). These data will provide the reference information for further exploration of the molecular mechanism of bovine FoxO1. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning, expression, cellular localization of chicken DDX41 gene and its role in regulation of natural immunity by avian adenovirus type 4 infection LIU Qi, CAO Yingli, WEI Ningbo, YANG Kankan, LIANG Yueqiao, SONG Xiangjun, SHAO Ying, TU Jian, QI Kezong 2023, 35(5):  1028-1036.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.06 Abstract ( 589 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1917KB) ( 497 )   To obtain the prokaryotic expression protein of chicken DDX41 (chDDX41) and to investigate the subcellular localization of chDDX41 and its in natural immunity induced by avian adenovirus type 4 (FAdV-4) infection, based on the sequence of chDDX41 gene in GenBank, specific primers were designed to amplify and ligation of amplified sequences to pET-32a, pCAGGS-HA, pCMV-3×Flag and pmCherry-C1 empty vectors using LMH cell cDNA as template to construct recombinant plasmids. The pET-32a-chDDX41 was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) receptor cell with IPTG-induced expression. The subcellular localization of chDDX41 in chicken liver cancer cells (LMH) and chicken macrophage cell line (HD11) cells was observed by laser confocal microscopy, and the effect of overexpression of chDDX41 on cytokine expression in FAdV-4-infected LMH cells was examined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The result showed that chDDX41 gene was of 1 854 bp in size, encoding 617 amino acids. SDS-PAGE showed that the recombinant protein pET-32a-chDDX41 was mainly expressed as soluble protein in the supernatant, and the specific band appeared at around 90 ku was identified by Western Blot, which was consistent with the expected results. chDDX41 was mainly localized in the nucleus in LMH and HD11 cells; FAdV-4 infection of LMH cells after overexpression of the chDDX41 gene revealed an upregulation of the expression of cytokines such as IFN-β, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-8 at the mRNA level, indicating that chDDX41 was involved in the natural immune response induced by FAdV-4. The result provided a basis for further study of the gene function of DDX41 and its specific molecular mechanism in natural immunity. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of RNA interference with PhCatC1/2 gene on expression of related immune genes in Panulirus homarus LIANG Feishuang, LIANG Huafang, Huang Jiayu, WANG Panmei, WEN Chongqing 2023, 35(5):  1037-1047.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.07 Abstract ( 441 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (6981KB) ( 521 )   Preliminary study of the effect of RNA interference with the PhCatC1/2 gene on the expression of immune genes associated with Panulirus homarus,the expression of PhCatC1/2, PhTlr13, PhLys and Phβ-G genes were detected by qPCR and changes in hepatopancreatic tissue were observed. The results showed that the expression of PhCatC2 was significantly different from the control group after PhCatC1-dsRNA injection (P<0.05), the PhTlr13 gene expression showed a significant increase in the first period and then a decrease compared with the control group,expression of both PhLys and Phβ-G genes increased with increasing duration of dsRNA interference. Expression of PhTlr13 and Phβ-G genes increased with increasing duration of dsRNA interference after silencing of the PhCatC2 gene, PhCatC1 gene expression showed an alternating trend of down- and up-regulation, PhLys gene expression showed a trend of down-regulation followed by up-regulation. Preliminary speculation from analysis of the PhCatC1/2 gene after silencing that the lobster Panulirus homarus may be involved in the immune response by promoting Toll-like receptor and lysosomal pathways and concluding that the PhCatC1/2 gene has an immune function. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation, identification and genetic evolution analysis of novel goose astrovirus in Anhui Province, China JIA Beiping, LYU Xuan, YANG Qing, WANG Yinan, LI Wanxiao, XIE Xindi, ZHU Yingqi, WANG Bei, YIN Dongdong, ZHANG Yunkai, WANG Qing, WANG Guijun 2023, 35(5):  1048-1057.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.08 Abstract ( 427 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (3695KB) ( 550 )   To reveal the etiological and genetic characteristics of the novel goose astrovirus epidemic strains causing goose gout in recent years, the samples were collected from goslings suspected to be infected with the novel goose astrovirus in Anhui Province, China. The viruses were isolated by using healthy goose embryos, and the whole genome sequences of the isolated viruses were determined and analyzed. The results showed that five samples infected with novel goose astrovirus were identified. Five strains of goose astrovirus were successfully isolated from goose embryos by blind transmission for 3 generations. The strains were named as AHAU2018, DY-19, ZY02, HR2105/2 and HR2100/1, respectively. The whole genome sequencing results showed that the total genome length of the isolated strains was 7 175 nt. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the five isolated strains belonged to the novel goose astrovirus causing goose gout, and the novel goose astrovirus isolated before 2019 and after 2019 were in different evolutionary sub-branches. The novel goose astrovirus has been mutated in China, and new evolutionary sub branches have emerged. But, whether the dominant genotype has changed remains to be further studied. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Horticultural Science

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Creation of Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility (Ogura CMS) material of Brassica juncea LI Chongjuan, LYU Fengxian, YANG Ding, ZHANG Liqin, LAN Mei, YANG Hongli, XU Xuezhong, HU Jingfeng, SHEN Shipin, WU Yufei, HE Jiangming, DONG Xiangshu 2023, 35(5):  1058-1068.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.09 Abstract ( 467 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (5543KB) ( 478 )   In order to obtain Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility Brassica juncea, the B genome of Brassica juncea was introduced into Chinese cabbage by hybridization, and the male sterility gene of Chinese cabbage was created by backcrossing combined with embryo rescue technique. With CCR17001 Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility Chinese cabbage and leaf mustard JC17000 hybridization, and leaf mustard as recurrent parent for 5 consecutive backcross generations, the Ogura cytopathic male sterile mustard material was obtained and identified by morphology, cytology and molecular biology. The results showed that the plant morphology of this material was similar to that of its recurrent parent, with well-developed nectaries, highly degenerated stamens into petals, 100% sterility and sterility rate, stable sterility, normal seed setting ability, which could be used as a reliable material for breeding advantage of mustard. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of foliar spraying of zinc fertilizer and citric acid on yield, quality and Cd absorption and transport ation of pepper CHAI Guanqun, ZHOU Wei, LIANG Hong, FAN Feifei, ZHU Dayan, FAN Chengwu 2023, 35(5):  1069-1079.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.10 Abstract ( 556 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF (1470KB) ( 677 )   In order to clarify the effects of ZnSO4 and citric acid on the pepper and to provide a theoretical basis for the safe production of Cd in pepper, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate effects of foliar spraying of 200 μmol·L-1 ZnSO4, 40 μmol·L-1 citric acid and the combination on the absorption and transportation of Cd in pepper, yield and quality of pepper fruit. The results showed that compared with foliar spraying of pure water, synergistic spraying of 200 μmol·L-1 ZnSO4 and 40 μmol·L-1 citric acid (Zn200+CA40) significantly reduced fruit yield, soluble sugar and amino acid contents, and increased soluble protein content, but had no significant difference in capsaicin. Pod pepper Qing Hong Yuan Shuai had a strong ability to absorb Cd from soil, Cd content in different tissues were as follows: leaf on main stem>root>fruit>leaf on fork stem>fork stem≈main stem. Content of Cd in pod pepper fruit ranged from 0.58 to 0.79 mg·kg-1. Compared with foliar spraying of pure water, the Cd content of pepper fruit treated with Zn200+CA40 was significantly reduced by 26.58%, and this treatment significantly reduced the net Cd uptake by root and its transfer efficiency of Cd from the leaf on the main stem and the leaf on the fork stem to the fruit, and significantly increased the transfer efficiency of Cd from root to main stem, fork stem, and leaf on the main stem and leaf on the fork stem, and it also significantly increased the distribution ratio of Cd in the aboveground vegetative organs of pepper, especially the distribution ratio of Cd in the leaf on the main stem. In summary, the decrease of Cd content in fruit treated with Zn200+CA40 was mainly due to the decrease of net Cd uptake by pepper root and the efficiency of Cd transport from leaf on main stem to fruit. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chilling and heat requirements of different Prunus mume cultivars ZHANG Yuhan, ZHANG Jitang, MA Kaifeng, ZHANG Ruoxi, WEI Linxin, LI Qingwei 2023, 35(5):  1080-1087.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.11 Abstract ( 500 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1244KB) ( 406 )   In this study, four typical perennial seedlings of early-flowering Prunus mume cultivars, P. mume cv. Zaoyudie, P. mume cv. Zaohualve, P. mume cv. Nanjinggongfen and P. mume cv. Gulihong, were used as test materials. The experimental methods of natural dormancy of P. mume blossoms and early warming to promote flowering were conducted to study the chilling and heat requirements of the most widely planted P. mume cultivars in Yanling, Henan. Effects of different low temperature accumulations on the flowering characteristics of P. mume blossoms were analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the cultivation techniques for regulating the flowering period of P. mume. The results showed that according to the statistics of the chilling requirement of the 4 cultivars according to the Utah model, it was concluded that the chilling requirement of P. mume cv. Zaoyudie was 372 CU, P. mume cv. Zaohualve was 348 CU, and P. mume cv. Nanjinggongfen was 396 CU, and P. mume cv. Gulihong was 408 CU. The 4 cultivars all belonged to the cultivars with low chilling requirement, among which P. mume cv. Zaohualve was the lowest, and the other 3 cultivars had little difference. According to the model of growth length, the heat requirement of flower buds of P. mume cv. Zaoyudie, P. mume cv. Zaohualve, P. mume cv. Nanjinggongfen and P. mume cv. Gulihong were 9 756.28、10 129.51、9 865.46、9 171.14 GDH ℃, respectively; According to the effective accumulated temperature model, the heat requirements for flowering were 397.10, 414.80, 400.65, 375.50 ℃, respectively. There was a negative correlation between the chilling demand value under the Utah model and the heat requirement value under the 2 heat requirement evaluation models. Therefore, the 4 P. mume cultivars were all low chilling requirement cultivars, and the accumulation of chilling capacity played a role in promoting the flowering quality; the ranking and estimation of the heat requirement by the 2 heat requirement models were consistent; there was a negative correlation between the chilling requirement and the heat requirement, which both played important role in relieving dormancy and flower bud germination. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation, identification and biological characteristics of a wild Flammulina filiformis strain FENG Lianrong, ZHANG Yan, ZHAO Xinwen, SONG Lizhi, LIANG Dejun 2023, 35(5):  1088-1096.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.12 Abstract ( 468 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (2818KB) ( 535 )   The isolation, identification and biological characteristics of a wild edible fungus were studied to provide candidate strain resources for the development and utilization of wild edible fungi. The wild macrofungi JC423 collected from poplar stumps was taken as the research object, and its taxonomic status was clarified through morphological identification, fruiting test, ITS sequences analysis and phylogenetic analysis. The effects of different carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, vitamins, pH and temperature on the growth of JC423 hyphae were studied by single factor experiment. The results showed that the collected wild edible fungi were preliminarily identified as Flammulina velutiper according to the shape of the fruiting bodies. The 773 bp target fragment was obtained by ITS sequence analysis. BLAST sequence alignment showed that the highest similarity between this strain and F. filiformis strain F007 was 99.34%. Partially similar sequences were downloaded and an evolutionary tree was constructed by MEGA 7.0. JC423 and F. filiformis strain F007 with the serial number MN337400.1 were clustered together. Combined with morphological characteristics, JC423 was identified as F. filiformis. The results of biological characteristics showed that the suitable carbon source for the growth of JC423 mycelium was fructose, the suitable nitrogen source was peptone, the suitable pH range was 9-10, and the suitable growth temperature was 25 ℃. Inorganic salts and vitamins had little effect on mycelial growth. The study clarified the nutritional requirements and conditions for the growth of wild F. filiformis, and laid a foundation for the development and utilization of F. filiformis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Plant Protection

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Transcriptomic analysis of Fusarium solani infecting sweetpotato LUO Qinchuan, TANG Wei, MA Jukui, CHEN Jingwei, YANG Dongjing, GAO Fangyuan, SUN Houjun, XIE Yiping, ZHANG Chengling 2023, 35(5):  1097-1107.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.13 Abstract ( 519 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (3230KB) ( 606 )   Fusarium solani is an important pathogen that causes root rot and canker disease of sweetpotato. To determine the change trend of F. solani genes during different infection stage, the high-throughput sequencing platform, Illumina Hiseq 4000 was used. The results showed that, a total of 1 068 861 644 clean reads were obtained. Total 1 056, 995, 737 and 935 differentially expressed genes were screened out at 6 h, 24 h, 3 d and 5 d after infection respectively, including 587, 679, 430 and 551 up-regulated genes and 469, 316, 307 and 384 down-regulated genes, respectively. These genes mainly belong to molecular function and cell component by GO enrichment analysis, and metabolic and genetic information processes by KEGG pathway analysis. The top 20 genes of expression level in the genes whose differential expression fold more than two times were selected to carry out further analysis. Among them, 15 genes were related to metabolism, involving carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and amino acid metabolism, 3 genes were related to translation, protein processing and modification, and 2 genes were related to autophagy. Nine genes were randomly selected to verify the expression trend by quantitative real-time fluorescence PCR. The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression trend was consistent with the results of transcriptome data. In this study we found that the genes related to the metabolism of F. solani expressed differentially with significance during the pathogen infecting sweetpotato. The possible reason is that the pathogen needs a lot of nutrients, and then convert them to energy and intermediate, to break out the host defense and colonize in sweetpotato at last. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and bioinformatics analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase gene family of Setosphaeria turcica ZHANG Shuhong, ZHANG Yunfeng, WU Qiuying, GAO Fengju, LI Yazi, JI Jingxin, XU Ke, FAN Yongshan 2023, 35(5):  1108-1115.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.14 Abstract ( 371 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1291KB) ( 579 )   Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is a major enzyme of short chain alcohol metabolism in all organisms and plays an important role in the process of substance metabolism and energy conversion. Utilizing the KEGG database of Setosphaeria turcica genome, 22 members of the ADH gene family (StADH1-StADH22) of Setosphaeria turcica were obtained in this paper. The ADH genes were distributed over 12 scaffolds with 232-495 aa in length, the theoretical isoelectric point of 5.65-9.22, 81.8% acidic family members and 72.7% hydrophilic proteins. Four family members were located in mitochondria, 2 members in peroxisome, and the other 16 family members were located in cytoplasm. Phylogenetic analysis results show that there are 11 Setosphaeria turcica ADH family proteins closely related with yeast ADH gens (YADH1-7) which have the similar conservative motifs and structure domains, and the other 11 StADH family proteins are far from yeast ADH and contain different conservative motifs and structure domains. Through the analysis of Setosphaeria turcica-Zea mays gene expression transcriptome, there are four StADH family genes StADH1, StADH4, StADH6 and StADH12 participate in the pathogen infection process, and StADH1, StADH4 and StADH12 play very important roles in the later period of infection. Furthermore, StADH1 might be related to the pathogenicity specificity of the pathogen. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Field population dynamics analysis and biotype identification of Spodoptera frugiperda in Hangzhou, China WANG Guodi, FENG Hangli, WU Taoqi, WANG Yanxin, WU Huiming, RAO Qiong, ZHANG Lili 2023, 35(5):  1116-1122.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.15 Abstract ( 526 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (1793KB) ( 463 )   The armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, which invaded China in January 2019, has been an outbreak in many provinces of China, causing a great impact on food security production. In order to determine the distribution and occurrence regularity of S. frugiperda in the field of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, monitoring sites were set up to monitor the population of S. frugiperda in different maize planting areas from 2019 to 2021, and the biotypes of S. frugiperda were identified by molecular biological methods. The results showed that S. frugiperda mainly distributed in Hangzhou area was identified as a hybrid of maize-type and rice-type by molecular identification, and its feeding preference was maize leaves. In 2019, S. frugiperda infestations occurred in many areas in Hangzhou, especially in September to November. The highest number of trapped male moths in a single trap was 388 moths per week. The occurrence of S. frugiperda in Hangzhou decreased significantly in 2020 and 2021. The highest number of trapped male moths in a single trap was 174 moths per week and 29 moths per week respectively. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Environmental Science

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Lead source identification and pollution risk assessment on tea production in Zhejiang Province, China DENG Meihua, GAO Na, WU Lintu, XU Huozhong, HONG Haiqing, ZHU Youwei 2023, 35(5):  1123-1131.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.16 Abstract ( 372 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (3063KB) ( 562 )   In the present study, the uptake and translocation characteristics of lead (Pb) in tea plants were explored via pot experiment and literature review. Based on the collected data in literatures, the regression model of Pb contents in soil and tea leaves was constructed. Based on the pollution source inventory method and census data, the Pb pollution risk of tea gardens in Zhejiang Province, China, was analyzed. It was shown that the Pb contents in tea plants increased with the elevated exogenous Pb addition. When the exogenous Pb addition amount reached 500 mg·kg-1, the Pb content in new leaves of tea could be 22.83 mg·kg-1. The Pb accumulation amount in tea plants increased as new leaves<old leaves<stem<root. Based on the collected data, when soil Pb content was below 100 mg·kg-1, the Pb content in tea leaves could meet the requirement of national standard. But, when soil Pb content was higher than 150 mg·kg-1, the Pb content in tea leaves would exceed the national standard. The Pb emission in Zhejiang exhibited spatial-temporal variation during 1990-2018. After a rapid growth in 2009-2014, the Pb emission was still relatively high. Efforts should be made to cut Pb emissions according to the local conditions. Based on the census data and the constructed model, it was predicted that the Pb pollution risk of tea in Zhejiang would be further increased under the current industrial mode. Thus, Pb pollution risk of tea production in Zhejiang should never be neglected. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of intercropping on stoichiometric characteristics and nutrients contribution rate of soil aggregates in Rosa roxbunghii Tratt. orchard WU Chuanmei, HE Ji, WU Wenshan, CAI Jun, XIANG Yangzhou 2023, 35(5):  1132-1143.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.17 Abstract ( 476 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1274KB) ( 593 )   To reveal the effects of intercropping on the stoichiometric characteristics of soil aggregates and soil nutrients in Rosa roxbunghii Tratt. orchard, three planting modes of corn-Rosa roxburghii intercropping, pepper-Rosa roxburghii intercropping and Rosa roxburghii monoculture were set up, and the eco-stoichiometric characteristics, available nutrients contents and soil nutrients contribution rate of aggregates in Rosa roxburghii orchard under different treatments were studied. The results showed that intercropping could effectively improve the nutrients contents of large aggregates (particle size ≥0.25 mm) in the 0-20 cm soil layer of Rosa roxbunghii orchard. The effect of corn-Rosa roxburghii intercropping on improving the organic carbon content of soil aggregates was better than that of pepper-Rosa roxburghii intercropping, yet the effect of pepper-Rosa roxburghii intercropping on improving the contents of total nitrogen and available nutrients of soil aggregates was better than that of corn-Rosa roxburghii intercropping. In 0-20 cm soil layer, the C/N ratio of aggregates was higher under intercropping than that under monoculture, yet the N/P ratio of aggregates was smaller under intercropping than that under monoculture. Based on this, it was inferred that the long term intercropping could enhance the limiting effect of soil nitrogen on the growth of Rosa roxburghii, while the long term monoculture could enhance the limiting effect of soil phosphorus. Under intercropping modes, the contribution rates of large aggregates to soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were 41.2%-56.8%, 44.8%-58.2%, 46.3%-60.0%, 51.9%-62.3%, 52.4%-66.3% and 43.5%-58.9%, respectively, under intercropping, while the contribution rates were 31.1%-31.6%, 30.6%-38.7%, 30.6%-46.4%, 37.9%-52.8%, 30.8%-38.9% and 27.2%-38.6%, respectively, under monoculture. In conclusion, intercropping was conducive to increase the content of large aggregates and their contribution to soil nutrients, so as to improve the soil nutrient supply capacity of soil in Rosa roxburghii orchard. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Food Science

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Optimization of ethanol extraction and purification process of loquat flowers based on in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory activity and preliminary identification of active components CHEN Qianqian, TAO Wenyang, ZHENG Meiyu, MA Zijia, WANG Lu, LU Shengmin 2023, 35(5):  1144-1153.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.18 Abstract ( 342 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1238KB) ( 364 )   In order to explore the whitening efficacy and its functional factors of loquat flowers, the tyrosinase inhibitory activity was used as an index to optimize the ethanol extraction process of loquat flowers with substances inhibiting tyrosinase activity through single factor and orthogonal experiments. The adsorption-desorption equilibrium time and the optimal purification process with macroporous resin D101 were determined by static and dynamic desorption-elution experiments. The main compounds in purified product were preliminarily identified using HPLC-MS analysis. The results showed that the optimal extraction process was extracting dry loquat flowers with substances inhibiting tyrosinase activity for 3 times with 1.0 h each time under the conditions of ratio of material to liquid 1∶20 (m∶V), 50 ℃, and 50% ethanol and the yield of crude extract was 30.01%. The D101 resin had an optimal adsorption equilibrium time of 4.5 h and elution equilibrium time of 3.5 h for the crude extracts. The optimal purification process was 40 mg·mL-1 of loading concentration and 3 BV·h-1 of loading flow rate with the eluent and elution speed of 60% ethanol and 4 BV·h-1, respectively, and the yield of purified product was 4.39%. There were 137 components identified in the purified product, classified into 26 categories such as flavonoids, cinnamic acid and its derivatives, benzene and its derivatives, among which 12 compounds including quercetin, isorhamnetin and p-coumaric acid were screened that had tyrosinase inhibitory activity after compared with literature at home and abroad. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of loquat flowers in whitening. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation of yeast form strain from Tremella aurantialba and optimization of medium for its exopolysaccharide production ZHANG Lu, LI Qiaochu, WANG Zengli, DING Qiang, WANG Honglei 2023, 35(5):  1154-1160.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.19 Abstract ( 362 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1874KB) ( 552 )   In order to obtain pure exopolysaccharide from Tremella aurantialba through liquid fermentation, the yeast form strain EF145 of T. aurantialba was isolated by basidiospore ejection method and identified by ITS method, the antioxidant activity of its exopolysaccharide was studied. Orthogonal test was employed to optimize the medium formula for high yield exopolysaccharide. The result showed that the shape of EF145 was oval with a size of (2.5-4.0) μm×(2.0-4.0) μm, which proliferated by budding and its colonies were milky white, convex, smooth and moist. ITS sequence was consistent with the small band of T. aurantialba fruiting body, which was identified as T. aurantialba by BLAST analysis. The scavenging rates of hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion and DPPH radical of polysaccharide of T. aurantialba were 57.67%, 51.73% and 17.43%, respectively. The best carbon, nitrogen and inorganic salts of EF145 were sucrose, ammonium tartrate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate, respectively. The optimal medium formula for exopolysaccharide production was sucrose 40 g·L-1, ammonium tartrate 7.5 g·L-1, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 4 g·L-1, potato powder 3 g·L-1 and vitamin B1 0.2 g·L-1. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products

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Effects of different storage conditions on quality of royal jelly from three pollen sources XIAO Lihan, XIN Meiguo, LU Wenjing, YE Qin, ZHANG Cen, XIAO Chaogeng, CHEN Di 2023, 35(5):  1161-1167.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.20 Abstract ( 511 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF (1126KB) ( 590 )   To study the effect of storage temperature and storage time on the quality of royal jelly, the contents of total protein, 10-HDA, free sugar, free amino acid and free fatty acid of royal jelly were determined on linden tree royal jelly, cole royal jelly and robinia royal jelly. The scavenging ability of hydroxyl radical and DPPH radical were also analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences in total protein content and 10-HDA content among different nectar sources. Short-term storage did not cause significant changes in total protein content and 10-HDA content, but the content of glucose and fructose of cole royal jelly increased and the content of sucrose decreased significantly (P<0.05). The contents of amino acids and free fatty acids were similar. After short-term storage, the contents of glutamic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid in cole royal jelly were significantly increased, while alanine, oleic acid in linden tree royal jelly and leucine and histidine in robinia royal jelly were decreased. The scavenging abilities of hydroxyl radical and DPPH free radical in three kinds of royal jelly from different sources were significantly decreased after storage (P<0.05). This study can provide theoretical reference for the quality evaluation of royal jelly in chemical composition and antioxidant activity. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different drying methods on quality and volatile flavor of pineapple WANG Xiaoyan, HAN Yanchao, WU Weijie, DENG Shanggui, CHEN Hangjun, FANG Xiangjun, GAO Haiyan 2023, 35(5):  1168-1177.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.21 Abstract ( 415 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1066KB) ( 436 )   In order to study the effects of three common drying methods on the quality and volatile flavor of pineapple, fresh pineapple was used as raw material. Three drying methods of microwave, hot air and vacuum freeze were used to analyze the changes of sensory score, color, texture, nutritional quality and aroma components of dried pineapple slices. The results showed that the pineapple slices prepared by hot air drying had high sensory score of 86, and strong springiness and reslience. After vacuum freeze drying, pineapple slices maintained good color, and the contents of vitamin C (VC) (837.2 mg·kg-1), total sugar (133.98 mg·g-1), total phenol (0.28 mg·g-1) and soluble protein (0.57 mg·g-1) were higher than the other treatments. The contents of VC and soluble protein in pineapple slices dried by microwave were the lowest, while the total sugar content of pineapple slices dried by hot air was the lowest. The volatile flavor components detected in the pineapple slices dried by vacuum freeze and hot air were similar, but the contents were relatively higher by vacuum freeze drying, which could maintain the good flavor of pineapple. Yet, the least kinds of volatile flavor compounds were detected in the pineapple slices prepared by microwave drying, and unique flavor substances such as 5-methylfurfural and 2-acetylfuran with caramel flavor were produced due to the uneven local heating during drying. Given the nutritional quality and volatile flavor, the quality of pineapple slices prepared by vacuum freeze drying was the best, which was followed by hot air drying. The loss of nutrition and flavor by microwave drying was the most serious. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Biosystems Engineering

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Design and test of bidirectional tangential flow feeding cyclone separation and cleaning device for rapeseed separation SHEN Yufeng, LUO Haifeng, WU Mingliang, GUAN Chunyun 2023, 35(5):  1178-1186.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.22 Abstract ( 227 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1695KB) ( 381 )   In order to meet the cleaning requirements of small rapeseed combine harvesters, a two-way cut-in cyclone separation and cleaning device for rapeseed separation was innovatively designed. The key components such as the cylindrical screen, the two-way conveying auger, the two-way cut-in cyclone separator, and the suction fan were designed and parameters were determined. The prototype was trial-produced and the indoor bench test was carried out. A single factor test was carried out with the feeding rate, the speed of the throwing plate and the speed of the suction fan as the factors that had a great impact on the cleaning performance, and the grain cleaning rate and loss rate were selected as the evaluation indexes, so as to find out the better range of the feeding rate, the speed of the throwing plate and the speed of the suction fan. The parameter combination of the feeding rate,the speed of the throwing plate and the speed of the suction fan were optimized. The single factor test results showed that under the condition that the feeding rate did not exceed 0.07 kg·s-1, the speed of the throwing plate was 600-800 r·min-1 and the speed of the suction fan was 1 600-1 800 r·min-1, the cleaning rate was ≥94%, and the cleaning loss rate was ≤8%. The orthogonal test results showed that the primary and secondary factors that affected the cleaning performance were: the speed of the suction fan, the feeding rate, and the speed of the throwing plate. The optimized parameter combination was that the feeding rate was 0.06 kg · s-1, the speed of throwing plate was 700 r · min-1, and the speed of suction fan was 1 800 r· min-1. The corresponding grain cleaning rate was 97.1% and the loss rate was 4.8%, far exceeded the requirements of national standards, with good cleaning performance. The research results provide a theoretical reference for the design and application of the cleaning device of the small rapeseed combine harvester. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Parameter optimization and field experiment of sugarcane harvester based on crop mechanical properties LIU Limin, REN Ping, CHEN Jianneng, ZHANG Xueheng 2023, 35(5):  1187-1194.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.23 Abstract ( 420 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (4105KB) ( 557 )   In the present study, the sugarcane variety Yuetang 54-474 was selected as the test object, and the mechanical properties parameters of sugarcane crusts and cores were determined. A special mechanical model of sugarcane was established based on these mechanical parameters, and finite element analysis and modification were carried out for sugarcane cutting. Based on this established model, orthogonal test was designed to optimize the working speed, tool reciprocating speed and tool angle for sugarcane harvester. Based on the parameters obtained from the orthogonal test, the hand-held sugarcane harvester was developed. The field test results of the prototype showed that the broken-root rate of sugarcane was 6.9%, the lodging rate in the special direction was 91%, and the loss rate was 1.4%, which all met the requirement in field. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Agricultural Economy and Development

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How does livestock and poultry restricted zone policy affect stability of China’s hog market? LIU Wei, TAO Jianping 2023, 35(5):  1195-1210.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.24 Abstract ( 389 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1819KB) ( 513 )   Based on the panel data of 30 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) in China (excluding of Hongkong, Macao, Taiwan and Tibet) from 2006 to 2020, the livestock and poultry restricted zone policy (RZP) was selected as a quasi-natural experiment, and a generalized difference-in-difference model and a moderated mediation model were adopted to evaluate the impact of this policy on the stability of hog market and to reveal its path. It was found that RZP significantly exacerbated hog price fluctuation, and the tightening of environmental protection restrictions had a negative impact on the stability of hog market. The policy worked through the moderated mediation effects path. Specifically, under the pressure of environmental protection, RZP forced the improvement of the scale breeding level, which could offset the direct aggravation effect of RZP on hog price fluctuation. However, in those regions with more severe swine epidemics, the stabilization effect of scale breeding on price fluctuation was weakened, and the direction of the effect was even reversed. As a result, RZP intensified the hog price fluctuation through its own direct effect and the conditional indirect effect of scale breeding. Further empirical test showed that the stabilization effect of hog price fluctuation of scale farming with different scales had different responses to pig epidemic. Small-scale farming and large-scale farming would aggravate hog price fluctuation due to the swine epidemics, while medium-scale farming was not significantly affected. The callback of environmental protection measures in response to the outbreak of African swine fever had boosted hog supply and had flattened price fluctuations during the epidemic period. In order to ensure the healthy development of hog market, the government should implement flexible environmental protection measures, strengthen environmental supervision, increase efforts to support small and medium-scale farming, and improve the epidemic prevention and control mechanism. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Does labor force aging and cultivated land fragmentation increase rice production cost?: based on microscopic investigation in southeast Hubei Province, China ZHANG Chaozheng, ZHANG Xupeng, CHEN Danling 2023, 35(5):  1211-1222.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.25 Abstract ( 342 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (2105KB) ( 578 )   Based on the survey data collected from 755 rice farmers in southeast Hubei Province, China, the impacts of labor force aging and cultivated land fragmentation on rice production cost were examined by using multiple linear regression model. The results indicate that the labor force aging significantly increases the total cost per unit output during rice production. Specifically, labor force aging obviously increases the cost of fertilizers, pesticides and labor, but significantly reduces the cost of seeds and hinders the use of machinery. Cultivated land fragmentation evidently increases the total cost per unit output. Specifically, cultivated land fragmentation obviously increases the cost of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and labor, but significantly restricts the input of machinery. The effects of labor force aging and cultivated land fragmentation on the total cost and its sub-costs of rice production are restricted by geomorphic types. By replacing explained and explanatory variables, the robustness tests results confirm that the main estimation results are considerably robust. Under the dual background of labor force aging and cultivated land fragmentation, reducing the cost of rice production is of particular practical significance in agricultural supply-side structure reform. Therefore, it is suggested to improve the availability of agricultural machinery services, promote the process of appropriate scale operation of cultivated land, and increase the coupling degree of cultivated land consolidation and transfer. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Review

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Research progress in gene cloning and molecular mechanism of rice lethal mutants XIA Xiaodong, ZHANG Xiaobo, SHI Yongfeng, XU Rugen 2023, 35(5):  1223-1234.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.05.26 Abstract ( 660 )   HTML ( 526 )   PDF (1770KB) ( 614 )   Rice lethal mutants mainly include leaf-color mutants and early senescence mutants. The cloning and functional analysis of related genes of these two mutants are of great significance for the analysis of rice lethal albinism and early senescence, they are mainly involved in the synthesis and degradation of photosynthetic pigments, chloroplast-related pathways, protein synthesis and degradation, hormone pathways, programmed cell death and transcription factor pathways. In this work, the cloning and molecular mechanism of rice lethal mutation genes were summarized, and their breeding value was analyzed. On the basis of elucidating the mechanism behind rice senescence regulation, the strategies of its molecular and cultivation regulation practices should be designed to explore its breeding potential. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics