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25 June 2023, Volume 35 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Crop Science
Animal Science
Horticultural Science
Plant Protection
Environmental Science
Food Science
Biosystems Engineering
Agricultural Economy and Development
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Contents 2023, 35(6):  0-0.  Abstract ( 125 )   PDF (3758KB) ( 330 )   Related Articles | Metrics

Crop Science

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Comprehensive evaluation of waterlogging tolerance of 18 wheat varieties at jointing stage YU Guihong, SONG Guicheng, ZHANG Peng, WANG Huadun, FAN Xiangyun 2023, 35(6):  1235-1242.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.01 Abstract ( 548 )   HTML ( 1635778671 )   PDF (762KB) ( 632 )   In order to explore the waterlogging tolerance of wheat at jointing stage, the waterlogging tolerance of 18 wheat varieties (lines) were identified and evaluated by pot cultivation waterlogging method. The results showed that the sensitivity of 11 wheat traits to waterlogging stress during jointing stage was as follows: yield per plant>number of effective panicle>number of green leaves per main shoot>number of tillers>leaf length>chlorophyll content>total weight of main spike>1 000-grain weight>plant height>length of main spike>spikelet number per main spike. The 11 investigated traits were transformed into 4 comprehensive indexes by using principal component analysis, and the cumulative contribution rate of the 4 comprehensive indexes was 82.66%. The membership function value of the 4 comprehensive indexes calculated, the comprehensive evaluation values (D) of waterlogging resistance of 18 varieties were distributed between 0.14-0.78 with average value 0.55 and coefficient of variation 25.40%. Through cluster analysis by using K-means method, 18 varieties were divided into 5 categories: high resistance (1 variety), resistance (6 varieties), moderate resistance (5 varieties), sensitivity (5 varieties) and high sensitivity (1 variety). There were 7 varieties including Ningmai23, Ningmai21, Emai803, Huamai18P10, Ningmai13, Ning1710 and Luomai163 whose waterlogging tolerance reached the level of resistance or above. The D value of waterlogging tolerance had significant positive correlation with the waterlogging tolerance coefficient of 5 traits including yield per plant, chlorophyll content, plant height, total weight of main spike and number of green leaves per main shoot at P<0.01 level. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of rice straw returning to fields by wet harrow in autumn on leaf-soil ecological stoichiometry of rice at different growth stages WANG Xintong, WAN Zuliang, YANG Zhenzhong, WANG Guojiao 2023, 35(6):  1243-1252.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.02 Abstract ( 433 )   HTML ( 16 )   PDF (1587KB) ( 557 )   In order to improve soil fertility and make full use of straw resources, the effect of straw returning to fields by wet harrow in autumn on the stoichiometric characteristics of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in rice leaves and soil and their relationships with rice yield were explored. The experiment was carried out in Panjin City, Liaoning Province,China, with a random block design. Three treatments were set as no straw returning to the field (CK), one-year straw returning to the field by wet harrow in autumn (S1), and two consecutive years of straw returning to the field by wet harrow in autumn (S2). The C, N, P contents in rice leaves and soil at different growth stages were determined, and their stoichiometric ratios were calculated. The results showed that the soil organic carbon content under S1 and S2 treatments was significantly (P<0.05) increased by 8.71% and 28.36%, respectively, compared with the CK treatment. Soil total phosphorus content under S1 and S2 treatments at each growth stage was significantly higher than that under CK, and the soil total nitrogen content under S2 treatment was significantly higher than that under CK at tillering stage and maturity stage. The soil C/P ratio under S1 treatment was significantly decreased at each growth stage as compared with CK. However, the soil C/P ratio under S2 treatment was only significantly lower than that of CK at the jointing stage. The soil N/P ratio ranged from 2.02 to 2.74. Except the maturity stage, the soil N/P ratio among treatments signifiantly increased as S1<S2<CK at the other growth stages. The C, N, P contents of rice leaves were not significantly affected by straw returning, and the leaf N/P ratio ranged from 8.68 to 11.50. The leaf C/N raito and C/P raito were significantly positively correlated with soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. The theoretical yield and actual yield of rice under S2 treatment were significantly increased compared with those under CK. Rice yield was significantly (P<0.01) positively correlated with soil organic carbon, soil total nitrogen, soil C/P ratio and soil C/N ratio, but was not significantly correlated with the ecological stoichiometric characteristics of rice leaves. In conclusion, short-term continuous straw returning to the fields by wet harrow in autumn could improve soil nutrients contents and rice yield. But, the relatively lower N/P raito in rice leaves and soil indicated that the rice growth in the experimental conditions was limited by N. Therefore, nitrogen fertilizer management should be oprimized on the basis of straw returning to ensure stable and increased rice yield. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and functional research of MYB transcription factor AsMYB44 from Angelica sinensis LIU Guangrui, ZONG Yuan, LI Yun, CAO Dong, LIU Baolong, BAO Xuemei, LI Jianmin 2023, 35(6):  1253-1264.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.03 Abstract ( 469 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (4495KB) ( 631 )   In order to study the mechanism of biosynthetic regulation of Angelica sinensis phenolic acids, a MYB transcription factor AsMYB44 gene was cloned from Angelica sinensis and the relevant bioinformatics analysis of the sequence was carried out using biological software. The Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation system was overexpressed in Samsun tobacco, and a multi-omics combined analysis of the transgenic tobacco was performed. The CDS (coding sequence) of the AsMYB44 was 903 bp, encoding 300 amino acids, and with the complete SANT and MYB domains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AsMYB44 had higher homology with Arabidopsis thaliana AtMYB11 (AF062863.1), AtMYB12 (AF062864.1) and Salvia miltiorrhiza SmMYB97 (KF059561.1). The results of transcriptome sequencing showed that the differentially expressed genes were mostly enriched in the phenylpropane synthesis and metabolism pathway in AsMYB44 transgenic tobacco. Expression levels of phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene (PAL), cinnamic acid-4-hydroxyl (C4H), 4-coumaric acid: coenzyme A ligase gene (4CL), caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase gene (COMT), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene (CAD) and other structural genes were upregulated. Metabolomic analysis showed that the contents of metabolites such as phenolic acids, lipids, alkaloids, flavonoids and other compounds in transgenic tobacco changed significantly. These results indicated that the AsMYB44 transcription factor could positively regulate the metabolic synthesis of phenolic acids, which provided a theoretical basis for the biosynthesis mechanism of phenolic acid secondary metabolites in Angelica sinensis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Estimation of rice leaf water content based on leaf reflectance spectrum and chlorophyll fluorescence ZHANG Xuenan, WANG Lele, NIU Mingxuan, ZHAN Ni, REN Haojie, XU Haocong, YANG Kun, WU Liquan, KE Jian, YOU Cuicui, HE Haibing 2023, 35(6):  1265-1277.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.04 Abstract ( 531 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (2632KB) ( 621 )   Rapid and non-destructive monitoring to leaf water content (LWC) in rice is of great significance for guiding precision irrigation of paddy fields and improving water use efficiency of rice plants. In this study, three different water treatments including traditional flooded irrigation, mild dry-wet alternation with-15 kPa supplementary irrigation critical value, severe dry-wet alternation with-30 kPa supplementary irrigation critical value were set in pot experiment to precisely regulate plant growth. The LWC of the canopy, single leaf spectral data and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the top 1 (L1), top 2 (L2), and top 3 (L3) leaves were continuously measured in the water-sensitive periods from heading to grain filling period. Water-sensitive bands were screened out through the full spectral bands to establish a new vegetation index. An accurate monitoring model for rice LWC based on leaf position combination was established in combination with the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. It was found that: The sensitive water band is in the near-infrared band (1 000-1 400 nm), and a new vegetation index NDSII(1114,1387) was constructed. By screening the fluorescence parameters with a high correlation with LWC, the coupled monitoring model based on the actual photochemical efficiency Y(Ⅱ) and the vegetation index NDSII(1114,1387) was 71.807%-83.976% better accuracy than the single vegetation index NDSII(1114,1387) model. Compared with the single leaf, the Y(Ⅱ) and vegetation index NDSII(1114,1387) coupling model of L2and L3leaf position combination significantly improved the accuracy of LWC monitoring of rice canopy by 11.641% and 23.029% compared with L2and L3. This showed that the coupling of leaf reflectance spectrum and chlorophyll fluorescence could effectively monitor the LWC in the water-sensitive period of rice, providing a theoretical basis for optical instrument monitoring of rice LWC and theoretical support for future research on crop photosynthesis using the reflectance spectrum and fluorescence parameters. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of growth promoting hormones on physiological and biochemical indexes of mulberry leaves during senescence ZHU Yan, WEI Jia, XU Zilong, LIN Tianbao, YANG Sheng, LIU Yan, LYU Zhiqiang, LIU Peigang 2023, 35(6):  1278-1285.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.05 Abstract ( 525 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (1393KB) ( 549 )   The content of auxin (IAA), cytokinin (CTK), and gibberellin (GA) and main physiological and biochemical indexes in leaves of Qiangsang 1 (late senescence) and Heyebai (early senescence) before and after application of exogenous hormones and inhibitors were determined in this study for examining the effect of growth-promoting hormones on the senescence of mulberry leaves. The results showed that the IAA, CTK and GA in Qiangsang 1 were significantly higher than those of Heyebai at the same time; the content of them were up-regulated significantly after treatment by exogenous hormones (P<0.05) and down-regulated significantly after treatment by those inhibitor (P<0.05). In addition, after treatment by exogenous hormones, the activities of CAT, POD, and SOD, and SP content and Pro content in leaves were up-regulated significantly, while MDA content was down-regulated significantly (P<0.05). The activities of CAT, POD and SOD, MDA content, SP content and Pro content in mulberry leaves changed differently due to the mulberry varieties and the types of inhibitors after treatment with inhibitors. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Animal Science

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Cloning and analysis of RdRp gene in two strains of GI.1 and GI.2 RHDV PANG Xueqing, TANG Shi, ZENG Hongmei, ZHAO Wei, WANG Yin, LUO Yan, YAO Xueping, REN Meishen, REN Yongjun, YANG Zexiao 2023, 35(6):  1286-1296.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.06 Abstract ( 477 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (3412KB) ( 539 )   In order to understand the genetic stability and variation of RHDV RdRp gene, the RdRp gene of RHDV SCH04 strain and RHDV2 SCCN03 strain were cloned respectively in this study, then the gene sequences were compared and phylogenetic analysis was carried out. The bioinformatics analysis of RdRp was carried out by predicting the physical and chemical properties, signal peptides, transmembrane region, secondary structure, tertiary structure, phosphorylation and glycosylation modification sites of the coding protein. The results showed that the full length of RdRp gene sequences of the two strains were 1 548 bp, encoding 516 amino acids. The sequence similarity between GI.1 RHDV strains was 86.9%-99.9% and that between GI.2 RHDV strains was 91.3%-99.9%. The sequence similarity between GI.1 and GI.2 RHDV strains was 84.3-88.3%. SCH04 and SCCN03 strains belonged to GI.1a and GI.2 RHDV respectively, and the similarity of nucleotide sequence of RdRp gene between SCH04 and SCCN03 strains was 84.95%. There were 17 amino acid difference sites in coding protein, the amino acid sequence similarity was 96.71%. Both of them belong to stable proteins without signal peptides and transmembrane regions. There was no significant difference in molecular weight, isoelectric point, fat-soluble coefficient, average hydrophilic coefficient and instability coefficient. The proportions of α helix and β rotation of RdRp in SCH04 strain were slightly higher than those in SCCN03 strain (41.86% and 4.26%, respectively), while the proportions of extended chain and random curl in SCCN03 strain were slightly higher than those in SCH04 strain (12.79% and 43.41%, respectively). SCCN03 strain’s RdRp had 4 more phosphorylation sites and 1 more N-glycosylation site than SCH04 strain’s RdRp. The results showed that the nucleotide variation rate of RHDV RdRp gene among different types was large, and the variation range of GI.1 RHDV strain was larger than that of GI.2 RHDV strain. The amino acid sequence similarity of RHDV RdRp of SCH04 strain and SCCN03 strain is higher than that of nucleotide, the difference between secondary structure and advanced structure is small, and the inheritance is relatively stable. These results provide scientific reference for the molecular etiology of RHDV such as genetic evolution and biosynthesis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation, identification of Elizabethkingia miricola of Pelophylax nigromaculatus with cataract and cloning of PNGase gene GONG Baorong, WU Hongjun, LI Benzhen, XU Dayang, ZOU Wenteng, QU Junyi, BAO Chuanhe, ZHU Ruolin 2023, 35(6):  1297-1306.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.07 Abstract ( 422 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1656KB) ( 568 )   In order to provide treatment protocols for the cataract disease of black-spotted pond frog (Pelophylax nigromaculatus) in Shucheng area, Anhui Province, four dominant bacterial strains were isolated from the liver, eyes, spine and brain, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene and gyrB gene sequences of the isolated strains were analyzed, and the results showed that the four strains were Elizabethkingia miricola, which was confirmed by physiological and biochemical identification. N-glycosidase (PNGase) genes of the isolated strain was cloned and analysed, and the results showed it contained two types, PNGase F and PNGase F-Ⅱ. The phylogenetic analysis of PNGase F and PNGase F-Ⅱ both showed that the isolated strain was clustered with Elizabethkingia miricola in Elizabethkingia genus, which indicated that they can be used as reference genes for the classification of Elizabetha genus. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the four isolates were only sensitive to florfenicol in amidols, intermediary to neosporin in coumarin, erythromycin in macrolide and rifampin in rifamycin, and resistant to other 14 antibiotics. The experiment results will provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of the bacterial diseases of black-spotted pond frog. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Horticultural Science

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Diversity evaluation of agronomic traits and construction of core collection and taste quality evaluation system in vegetable soybean germplasm resources BU Yuanpeng, LIU Na, ZHANG Guwen, FENG Zhijuan, WANG Bin, GONG Yaming, XU Linying 2023, 35(6):  1307-1314.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.08 Abstract ( 386 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (2159KB) ( 691 )   The identification and evaluation of germplasm resources is the first step to make full use of elite genes to accelerate the improvement of varieties. In order to explore the genetic diversity of agronomic traits and build an evaluation system for taste quality, 379 vegetable soybean lines widely collected throughout the country were adopted and 25 agronomic traits were investigated in 2 years. The diversity of this whole collection was analyzed and evaluated based on phenotypic data. The results showed that the 25 agronomic traits of the panel contained abundant genetic variation. Except for three quality traits, the diversity index of 22 quantitative traits varied from 1.40 to 2.06. Among the 8 methods of core gemplasm clustering, the core gemplasm constructed by the longest distance method was the most representative, covering all the traits variations of the original gemplasm. Seven key physical and chemical indexes affecting the taste quality of vegetable soybean and six sensory latitudes were determined in this core collection. A multiple linear regression model for vegetable soybean quality was constructed. It was clear that soluble total sugar, oil and total free amino acid contents were three key physical and chemical indexes affecting the taste quality. The three dimensions of sweetness, waxiness and hardness could explain 68.2% of the overall preference change rate. The results of this study are expected to provide a reference for improving the evaluation and utilization efficiency of vegetable soybean germplasm resources and accelerating the cultivation of high-yield and high-quality vegetable soybean varieties. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and analysis of PAT gene family in three kinds of Apiaceae vegetable crops ZHANG Xinye, LI Wenjing, ZHU Shu, SUN Yanxiang, WANG Congyan, YAN Xunyou, ZHOU Zhiguo 2023, 35(6):  1315-1327.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.09 Abstract ( 498 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (6664KB) ( 567 )   The objective of this study was to identify the PAT gene family in three kinds of Apiaceae vegetable crops (Daucus carota, Apium graveolens, Coriandrum sativum) at genome scale and provide a reference for further exploration of their roles in plant growth, development and stress tolerance. The PAT proteins were identified from genomes of the three species by BLAST and hmmsearch. TBtools was used to depict chromosome locations of PAT genes. The isoelectric point and molecular weight were analyzed by Expasy. TMHMM-2.0, CELLO v.2.5 and WoLF PSORT were used to predict transmembrane regions and subcellular localization of PAT. MEGA6 was used to construct the phylogenetic tree, and MEME was used to analyze conserved motifs of PAT proteins. Based on real time quantitative PCR results and transcriptome data, TBtools was used to draw gene expression heat map, and tissue expression characteristics and responses to stress of PAT genes were analyzed. The results showed that 27, 25, 27 PAT gene family members were identified in Daucus carota, Apium graveolens, Coriandrum sativum respectively, which were named as DcPAT1-27, AgPAT1-25, CsPAT1-27. These members with transmembrane regions distributed unevenly on chromosomes of three species, and they had different physical and chemical properties. According to phylogenetic analysis, PAT proteins from Apiaceae and other species were divided into 7 groups, and Apiaceae PAT proteins were distributed throughout all groups. Structural analysis showed that all PAT proteins had DHHC-CRD domain, and conserved amino acid residues in this domain had varied among different species. Gene expression analysis showed that the expression levels of PAT genes were different across different tissues of Daucus carota, Apium graveolens, Coriandrum sativum. Some members showed high or low expression levels in all tissues, and the expression levels of some DcPAT genes had changed after salt stress or low temperature stress. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Requirement characteristics of nutrient elements in different development stages of Wujiuxiang pear XU Kai, ZHAO Deying, ZHANG Shaoyu, YAN Shuai, HOU Guixue 2023, 35(6):  1328-1337.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.10 Abstract ( 212 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1250KB) ( 318 )   To provide theoretical basis for rational fertilization of pear cultivation, Wujiuxiang pear (Pyrus communis L. cv. Wujiuxiang) was used as test material, the whole plant samples were taken during critical developmental periods to measure the content of different nutrient elements in various parts of the plant and calculate the demand for each nutrient element, and the requirement characteristics was studied. The results showed that the annual demand ratios of macroelements from high to low were nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg), while the annual demand ratios of microelements from high to low were ferrum (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), boron (B) and copper (Cu). Before sprouting, blossom and fruit bearing periods, the highest demand ratio for macroelement was N, and the highest demand ratio for microelement was B. During the fruitlet growth period, the highest ratio for macroelement was K, and the highest ratio of microelement was Zn; During the slow growth period, the highest demand ratio for macroelement was Ca, and the highest demand ratio for microelement was Fe. Before fruit harvest and before dormancy of the tree, the highest demand ratio for macroelement was N, and the highest demand ratio for microelement was Fe. The results of absorption and distribution ratios of nutrient elements at different developmental stages showed that the highest period for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu were before fruit harvest, the highest period of Fe and Zn were the slow growth period, the highest period of Mn was before dormancy of the tree, the highest period of B was blossom and fruit bearing period. The nutrient elecment requirements for producing 1 t fruit of Wujiuxiang pear fruits were N 4.26 kg, P 2.64 kg, K 3.03 kg, Ca 3.93 kg, Mg 1.19 kg, Cu 2.02 g, Fe 65.86 g, Zn 23.09 g, Mn 18.03 g and B 18.00 g. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application status and optimization strategy of bamboo resources in rain gardens in Hangzhou,China WU Wenting, WANG Yimin, QIN Xinzi, SUI Yan, REN Yi 2023, 35(6):  1338-1348.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.11 Abstract ( 238 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (5629KB) ( 385 )   Bamboo plants have good ecological benefits and high aesthetic value, but the current research on the application of bamboo plants in rain gardens is basically blank. The bamboo plant resources of 25 rain gardens in Hangzhou were analyzed by combining field research and data analysis, including application ratio, species composition, growth status, application area and configuration mode. The results showed that only 5 of the 25 rain gardens surveyed planted bamboo plants, accounting for 20%. There were only 3 species of bamboo plants, namely Bambusa multiplex cv. Alphonso-Karri, Indosasa tessellatus(Munro) P. C. Keng and Phyllostachys sulphurea var. viridis R. A. Young, among which B. multiplex cv. Alphonso-Karri is mostly used. The application area is concentrated in the marginal area and buffer zone, water storage area no application. The configuration modes are mainly group planting and patch planting. At present, the bamboo plant resources in the rain garden in Hangzhou have the problems of low application ratio, single species, insufficient application area and monotonous configuration mode. In view of the existing problems, the diversity improvement strategy, ecological suitability strategy and expansion of configuration mode strategy of rain garden bamboo plants are discussed. The research results can provide a reference for the application expansion and landscape diversity of bamboo plant resources in rain gardens and sponge city construction. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Plant Protection

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Spatial and quantitative relationships between Ectropis obliqua hypulina and their natural enemy of spiders in 6 tea gardens WU Xiaomeng, XU Yue, CHENG Honghao, CHEN Shiyan, ZHOU Xiazhi, ZOU Yunding, BI Shoudong 2023, 35(6):  1349-1359.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.12 Abstract ( 376 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (979KB) ( 528 )   To exlore the spatial and quantitative relationship between natural enemy of spiders and Ectropis obliqua hypulina, so as to provide scientific basis for the comprehensive management of E. obliqua hypulina in tea garden. From July 8 to September 17 in 2021, the population of E. obliqua hypulina and its natural enemy in National High Tech Agricultural Park of Anhui Agricultural University, including Anji albino tea, Huangshan large leaf, Longjing 43, Nongkangzao, Pingyangtezao and Wuniuzao. The population dynamics of E. obliqua hypulina larvae and their natural enemy in 6 tea gardens were analyzed by using geostatistics, angle cosine coefficient method, closeness index and grey correlation degree, and the close degree of spatial and quantitative relationship between spider natural enemy and E. obliqua hypulina were studied. According to the sum of closeness index of the 6 tea gardens, the top 2 spiders closely related to the space of E. obliqua hypulina were Tetragnatha squamata and Misumenops tricuspidatus. The top 2 spiders closely related to the number of E. obliqua hypulina were Erigonidium graminicolum and T. squamata. According to the comprehensive analysis, the top 3 spiders closely related to the space and number of E. obliqua hypulina were T. squamata, Theridion octomaculatum and M. tricuspidatus. T. squamata was the most important natural spider natural enemy of E. obliqua hypulina in 6 tea gardens. The results provided a reference for the biological control, rational protection and utilization of spider natural enemy of E. obliqua hypulina. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of nectar plants in field ridge on diversity of natural enemy insects in paddy fields ZHANG Lili, CHENG Jingwen, LI Agen, YANG Yajun 2023, 35(6):  1360-1367.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.13 Abstract ( 571 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (825KB) ( 538 )   Planting nectar plants in field ridge is becoming a common green measure for preventing and controlling insect pests through improving the habitat in the field and the control effect of the agricultural ecosystem on pests. To further clarify the influence of nectar plants on the diversity of natural enemy insects in rice fields, this study investigated the insect species in paddy fields with ridges growing Sesamum indicum, Zinnia elegans Jacq., Cosmos sulphureus, and Cosmos bipinnatus, and analyzed their diversity and functional groups of natural enemy insects. In this study, 42 species of natural enemy insects were classified into 5 orders and 19 families, including 32 species of 10 families in Hymenoptera, 1 species of 1 family in Coleoptera, 4 species of 3 families in Diptera, 3 species of 3 families in Odonata and 2 species of 2 families in Hemiptera. The Chao1, Ace, Shannon and Simpson index of natural enemy insects did not differ in paddy fields with ridge growing different nectar plants, but the Chao1, Ace, and Simpson index of natural enemy insects were significantly higher in paddy fields with ridges growing nectar plants than those of the control. Furthermore, we analyzed the functional groups of natural enemy insects and found 13 species of predator insects (9 species of larval predators and 4 species of larval-egg predators), and 29 species of parasitic insects (17 species of larval parasites, 4 species of larval-pupal parasites, 3 species of pupal parasites and 5 species of egg parasites). The number of parasitic and predator natural enemy insects in paddy fields with ridges growing nectar plants was higher than those of the control. The numbers of partial parasitic natural enemy insects in paddy fields with ridges growing S. indicum and C. bipinnatus were higher than that of Z. elegans and C. sulphureus. Overall, ridges growing S. indicum, Z. elegans, C. sulphureus and C. bipinnatus facilitated the preservation of the diversity of natural enemy insects and promoted the population of natural enemy insects. Ridges growing S. indicum and C. bipinnatus are slightly more effective than the other two nectar plants, especially in maintaining some parasitic natural insect enemy groups. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and identification of Pepper cryptic virus 2 in Qinghai Province, China LUO Hailin, YUAN Lei, YAN Jiahui, GUO Qingyun 2023, 35(6):  1368-1374.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.14 Abstract ( 451 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (734KB) ( 621 )   Pepper cryptic virus 2 is one of the new viruses in pepper. It often infects with other viruses, seriously reducing the yield and quality of pepper. In 2021, suspected pepper’s leaf samples were collected from Haidong, Qinghai. Two dsRNA complete gene sequences of PCV2 were obtained by using RT-PCR and gene cloning. The two-length sequence of Qinghai isolates were 1 579 bp and 1 435 bp. The nucleotide sequence identities against other Pepper cryptic virus 2 isolates were over 95%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PCV2 Qinghai isolate clustered with Chiltepin53 in a sub-clade. All these results showed that the virus infected pepper was an isolate of PCV2. Analyzing the nucleotide sequence of PCV2-QH and PCV2-XJ, the results showed that there were multiple differences. This is the first report of PCV2 infecting pepper in Qinghai. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of sex ratio on mating and reproductive capacity of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) HAN Hailiang, BAO Fei, CHEN Bin, XU Hongxing, WANG Guiyue, LYU Zhongxian, ZHAO Fucheng 2023, 35(6):  1375-1384.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.15 Abstract ( 226 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1863KB) ( 403 )   In order to clarify the effect of sex ratio on mating and reproduction of Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) adults, and to provide theoretical basis for the efficient application of sex attractants, 7 sex ratios (female to male) were set as 4:1, 3∶1, 2∶1, 1∶1, 1∶2, 1∶3, 1∶4, the effects of different sex ratios on the mating ability of adults were investigated by dissecting the mated females, and the effects of sex ratios on the adult longevity, pre-oviposition period, oviposition duration, oviposition quantity and hatching rate of female moths were investigated through biological methods. Results showed that reducing the proportion of male moths could significantly (P<0.05) reduce the mating rate of female moths. The average mating times of single female moths increased significantly with the increase of the proportion of male moths, from 0.39 times at sex ratio of 4∶1 to 2.31 times at 1∶4. The average mating time of single male moth decreased from 1.56 times at sex ratio of 4∶1 to 0.50 times at 1∶4. The longevity of adults was the longest when the sex ratio was 1∶1. When the sex ratio was greater than 1, the number of eggs laid by a single female and the egg hatching rate were relatively low. Along with the decrease of sex ratio, those two parameters increased significantly until the sex ratio was 1∶1, when the number of eggs laid by a single female and the egg hatching rate were 949.48 and 73.68%, respectively. But, the further decrease of sex ratio did not significantly increase these parameters. At different sex ratios, the egg laying and larval hatching of female moths were concentrated within 7 days after eclosion. With the decrease of the proportion of male moths, the oviposition duration was prolonged and the peak value was reduced relatively. It was concluded that when the sex ratio was 1∶1, the female moth had the maximum life span, it could fully mate and have the highest single female oviposition and egg hatching rate. Reducing the proportion of male moths could reduce the mating rate and the mating times of female moths, hence reduce the number of eggs and hatching rate of a single female. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biocontrol efficacy and action mechanism of Trichoderma harzianum LTR-2 and Arthrobacter ureafaciens DnL1-1 against crown rot of wheat YANG Kai, CHEN Kai, LI Hongmei, ZHAO Zhongjuan, HU Jindong, LI Jishun, YANG Hetong 2023, 35(6):  1385-1395.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.16 Abstract ( 254 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (7903KB) ( 586 )   To assess the synergism control of Trichoderma harzianum LTR-2 and Arthrobacter ureafaciens DnL1-1 against wheat crown rot. The antimicrobial activities of LTR-2 and DnL1-1 against pathogenic fungus Fusarium pseudograminearum were examined using confrontation culture experiment and disease-control pot experiment. Then the inhibitory mechanism of LTR-2 and DnL1-1 against F. pseudograminearum was studied by measuring mycelial growth and spore germination. The results showed that with the decrease of F. pseudograminearum inoculation concentration, the disease index of wheat crown rot gradually decreased, and the control effects of various treatments on wheat crown rot were significantly (P<0.05) different. Among these treatments, the combined inoculation of LTR-2 and DnL1-1 showed the best control effects on wheat crown rot with the values of 34.7%, 50.3% and 87.2%, respectively. In plate confrontation test, the inhibitory rates of LTR-2+DnL1-1 and LTR-2 alone against F. pseudograminearum were both 100%, and there was no significant difference between the two treatments. The microscopic results of confrontation test showed that the morphology of F. pseudograminearum mycelia changed significantly with protoplast condensation, septum increase and mycelium fracture under the effect of LTR-2 alone and LTR-2 and DnL1-1 synergy. The fermentation filtrates of the LTR-2 alone culture and combined culture of LTR-2 and DnL1-1 both had a significant effect on the mycelia morphology of F. pseudograminearum, resulting in mycelial expansion and distortion, and affected the sporulation type, so that only produced conidia, but almost no chlamydospore. In addition, the germination of conidia was inhibited significantly. In conclusion, DnL1-1 had a synergistic effect on the control effect of LTR-2 against wheat crown rot, and the above results afforded scientific basis for the combined application of the two strains. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Environmental Science

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Effects of soybean root exudates on insoluble phosphorus in soil under low phosphorus stress YANG Songhua, SHI Guiyang, WANG Jingqin, CHEN Zhu 2023, 35(6):  1396-1406.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.17 Abstract ( 397 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1358KB) ( 546 )   Through the nutrient solution hydroponics experiment, 10 different soybean varieties were selected to collect the root exudates under different phosphorus levels, determine the organic acid components and their secretion, and study the activation of the exudates on insoluble phosphorus in the soil. The results showed that low phosphorus stress affected the secretion of organic acids, and the total organic acid secretion of Qd11, Ax, Jd23, Jd12 and Fd increased under low phosphorus stress. The main organic acids secreted by different soybean varieties were different. Td, Cd, Qd11, Tf, Dd and Qd7 mainly secreted oxalic acid, while Ax, Jd23, Jd12 and Fd mainly secreted tartaric acid. The activation effect of soybean secretion on four kinds of insoluble phosphorus was Ca-P>Al-P>O-P>Fe-P; Under low phosphorus stress, Jd23 had the best activation effect on Al-P, with activation rate of 32.39%. Qd7 has the best activation effect on Fe-P, with activation rate of 12.60%, followed by Qd11, with 11.81%. Qd11 has the best activation effect on O-P and Ca-P, with activation rate of 32.69% and 41.73% respectively. The secretion of malic acid was significantly correlated with the dissolution of Fe-P, and the secretion of succinic acid was significantly positively correlated with the dissolution of calcium and phosphorus. Low phosphorus stress affected the secretion of organic acids in soybean roots and the activation of soil insoluble phosphorus. The organic acids secreted by soybean were mainly oxalic acid and tartaric acid. On the whole, the secretions of Qd11 and Qd7 had better activation effect on the four insoluble phosphorus. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of struvite precipitation pretreatment on membrane concentration process of piggery biogas slurry XIAO Hua, XU Xing, XIE Chuanqi, ZHOU Xin, ZHOU Weidong, TANG Wensheng 2023, 35(6):  1407-1415.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.18 Abstract ( 229 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (6236KB) ( 467 )   Biogas slurry contains a large amount of suspended solids, organic matters and inorganic salts, which would cause serious membrane pollution and rapid decline of membrane flux during membrane concentration. In the present study, struvite precipitation was used as the pretreatment, to explore its effect on slowing down membrane fouling rate and improving the filtration efficiency of membrane. It is proved that after struvite precipitation, the turbidity, electrical conductivity and ammonia nitrogen concentration of biogas slurry are greatly reduced. The struvite precipitation increases the membrane flux and volume reduction factor of subsequent ultra filtration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO). The turbidity removal efficiency of biogas slurry by UF is more than 99%, and the turbidity of UF permeate is less than 2.0 NTU. The struvite precipitation improves CODCr (chemical oxygen demand) removal rate of biogas slurry by UF, and enhances the removal efficiency of CODCr and salinity by RO. The CODCr, ammonia nitrogen concentration and electrical conductivity of the final effluent are 135 mg·L-1, 21 mg·L-1, 0.16 mS·cm-1. All these quality parameters are better than those of the effluent without struvite precipitation, and satisfiy the limit of national standards of GB 5084—2021 Standard for irrigation water quality and GB 18596—2001 Discharge standard of pollutants for livestock and poultry breeding. It is confirmed that struvite precipitation is an efficient pretreatment for membrane concentration of biogas slurry. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Feasibility of Auricularia cornea cultivation with bamboo sawdust instead of wood sawdust and comprehensive evaluation of quality YE Lei, ZHANG Bo, YANG Xuezhen, LI Xiaolin, ZHANG Xiaoping, TAN Wei 2023, 35(6):  1416-1426.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.19 Abstract ( 319 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1971KB) ( 663 )   In order to evaluate the feasibility of bamboo sawdust in cultivation medium of Auricularia cornea, an experiment was carried out. Four treatments with different substitution proportions of bamboo sawdust instead of wood sawdust were set, as well as the original formula as the control. The mycelium growth, yield, agronomic characteristics and amino acid composition of fruiting bodies were determined. Principal component analysis (PCA), cluster heat map, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and amino acid coefficient method were used to comprehensively evaluate the effect of different treatments on artificial cultivation of A. cornea. It was shown that replacing 8% wood sawdust with bamboo sawdust worked for the cultivation of A. cornea. Substitution of wood sawdust in the medium with bamboo sawdust could significantly (P<0.05) increase the contents of amino acid, ash, and protein in fruiting bodies, and reduce crude fiber content. Besides, when the substitution proportion was 8% to 16%, it could significantly increase the crude polysaccharides content in the fruit bodies. The fruiting bodies obtained from 5 treatments all contained 17 amino acids, of which 7 were essential. The content of essential amino acids in fruiting bodies under the experiment was higher than that of FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)/WHO (World Health Organization) model, yet lower than that of whole egg model. Lysine was the first limiting amino acid among all the essential amino acids. The lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) content of fruiting bodies under all the treatments complied with national food safety standards. In conclusion, cultivation of A. cornea with 8% bamboo sawdust instead of wood sawdust was feasible, and it could promote the accumulation of amino acids, improve the taste, and the nutritional value of protein. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of planting and breeding waste composting on nutrient utilization and soil properties of zucchini in greenhouse TIE Jianzhong, LIU Yayu, GAO Xueqin, XU Zhiqi, HU Linli, YU Jihua 2023, 35(6):  1427-1439.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.20 Abstract ( 387 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF (1935KB) ( 542 )   In view of the excessive application of chemical fertilizers in greenhouses vegetables production and the large amount of planting and breeding waste in northwest China, planting and breeding wastes, such as sheep dung, vegetable waste, cow dung, mushroom residue, straw, were used in 8 recipes of aerobic composting. The treatment without fertilization application and the treatment with local commercial organic fertilizer were set as controls, and were denoted as CK1 and CK2, respectively. Except CK1, 6 000 kg·hm-2 composting products were applied in the other treatments, respectively, as the base fertilizer. The effects of treatments on nutrient utilization of zucchini and soil properties were studied. Compared with the CK2 treatment, the dry matter accumulation of zucchini under T4 (co-composting of sheep dung, vegetable waste and straw at a mass ratio of 6∶3∶1) and T7 (co-composting of sheep dung, vegetable waste, mushroom residue and straw at a mass ratio of 6∶2∶1∶1) was significantly (P<0.05) increased by 14.69% and 9.97%, respectively. The yield of zucchini under T4 and T7 was significantly increased by 23.12% and 18.01%, respectively. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer utilization rates were the highest under the T4 treatment, which were significantly higher than those under CK2 by 8.19, 12.24 and 14.38 percentage points, respectively. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in the fruit were significantly increased under T4 treatment than those under CK2, whiles the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in the root were significantly increased under T7 treatment than those under CK2. Besides, the contents of soil organic matter, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were significantly increased under T4 and T7 treatments. It was concluded that T4 treatment showed the best performance, as it was conducive to maximize the nutrient uptake and utilization capacity of zucchini, promote nutrients translocation to the fruit, as well as effectively improve soil physiochemical properties, hence to increase yield. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Food Science

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Effects of different drying methods on antioxidant ability and flavor of bayberry pomace powder ZHANG Saili, FANG Xiangjun, WU Weijie, GAO Yuan, CHEN Hangjun, YANG Hailong, GAO Haiyan 2023, 35(6):  1440-1451.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.21 Abstract ( 451 )   HTML ( 14 )   PDF (5522KB) ( 603 )   Bayberry pomace, a by-product of bayberry processing, is rich in various nutrients such as phenolics, sugars, and dietary fiber. To utilize the processing by-product, bayberry pomace was dried by hot air drying, vacuum drying and freeze drying, respectively, and the physical properties, flavor quality, and antioxidant activity were analyzed and compared in this study. Results showed that the sample dried by freeze drying had the lowest bulk density, the higher L* value, and the higher a* value, the highest total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and anthocyanin content, resulting in stronger reducing power, ABTS free radical scavenging ability, and DPPH free radical scavenging ability. Meanwhile, the sample dried by freeze drying contained higher total sugar content, and lower total acidity. Furthermore, freeze drying maintained more aldehydes, esters and ketones. There is no significant difference in physical properties and antioxidant activity between samples dried by hot air drying and vacuum drying, but the total sugar content in sample dried by hot air drying was lower. Samples dried by vacuum drying contained higher total acidity, especially acetic acid, which worsened the flavor of bayberry pomace powder. Samples dried by freeze drying and hot air drying had a higher fruity and ester aroma. Comprehensively, freeze drying was more suitable for the processing of bayberry pomace powder. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Biosystems Engineering

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Numerical simulation and optimization of key structure for centrifugal variable fertilizer spreader XIN Yapeng, WANG Lin, SHI Yinyan, WANG Xiaochan, WU Changwei, LIU Hui 2023, 35(6):  1452-1461.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.22 Abstract ( 249 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (3534KB) ( 419 )   In order to solve the problems of uneven fertilization and poor particle distribution caused by double disc centrifugal fertilizer spreader in the process of throwing rice fertilizer, the key structure of the current centrifugal double disc variable fertilizer spreader was optimized to improve the uniformity of fertilizer application. Based on the theoretical analysis of the key structure, the discrete element method was used to establish the simulation model of the centrifugal variable fertilizer spreader, and the three factor and three-level rotation orthogonal test was designed to simulate the parameters and optimize the structure of the fertilizer disc type (represented by brachistochrone curve shape), the number of blades on the fertilizer disc and the rising angle of the spiral blanking device. The results showed that the influence of factors on the distribution coefficient of variation (Cv) decreased as brachistochrone curve shape of the fertilizer disc>the number of blades>the rising angle of spiral blanking device. Through regression analysis and optimization, it was found that when the brachistochrone curve shape of the fertilizer disc was 0.276, the number of fertilizer blades was 4, and the rising angle of the spiral blanking device was 47.02°, the Cv reached the minimum value of 13.29%. The average relative error between the measured value verified by the experiment and the numerical simulation optimization was 8.99%. These results indicated that the simulation of fertilizer spreading based on discrete element method could optimize the working parameters of centrifugal fertilizer spreading device.The model had high reliability and could provide theoretical reference to improve the field performance of variable fertilizer spreader. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Plant disease identification based on pruning ZHU Dongqin, FENG Quan, ZHANG Jianhua 2023, 35(6):  1462-1472.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.23 Abstract ( 430 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (11962KB) ( 549 )   In order to automatically detect plant diseases in real time, disease identification model need to be deployed on edge/mobile devices. However, the deep convolutional neural networks with superior performance in the field of disease identification cannot be directly deployed due to the limitation of model size and computing resources. In order to solve this problem, a disease identification method based on pruning was proposed, which used the γ coefficient in the BN layer to perform channel pruning to achieve the compression of Vgg16, ResNet164 and DenseNet40 networks. Taking the PlantVillage dataset as the research object, the 3 networks were compressed. The experimental results showed that the average accuracy of the compressed Vgg16-80%、ResNet164-80% and DenseNet40-80% were 97.46%, 99.12% and 99.68%, respectively, and DenseNet40-80% had the highest accuracy and the least amount of parameters, only 0.27×106. Vgg16-80% had the most obvious compression effect, pruned 97.83% of the parameters and 96.77% of the computation. The computation of the pruned Vgg16-80% were the smallest, only 0.01×109. The accuracy of the pruned Vgg16-80% and DenseNet40-80% were higher than the original model. Therefore, this method could solve the problem of over-parameterization of large-scale neural networks, reduce computing costs, and provide ideas for the deployment of existing large-scale networks on small devices. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Agricultural Economy and Development

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Construction of evalution system for rural ecological health-care space and emperical study: in case of “Dragon Gate Wonderlands” village scenic spot SHAO Yingying, ZHANG Jianguo 2023, 35(6):  1473-1484.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.24 Abstract ( 213 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (2898KB) ( 427 )   In order to effectively display the health benefits of the rural ecological environment, the suitability of rural ecological health-care space was evaluated to ensure the development of rural recreation tourism. By sorting out the main factors influencing the development suitablity of rural ecological health-care space, an evaluation system is constructed via hierarchical analysis method, which includs objeetive layer, criterion layer, element layer and index layer with a total of 35 specific indicators. The evaluation criteria and levels are determined. Based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, an empirical study is also carried out by taking the “Dragon Gate Wonderlands” village scenic spot in Hangzhou as a case. The results shows that factors influencing the development suitabiligy of rural ecological health-care space consists of five aspects, inamely, scenic beauty, environmental sanitation, comfort degree, natural degree and activity suitability, among which, environment and climate conditions are important factors influencing the construction of rural ecological health-care space. Based on the constructed evaluation system, the comprehensive evaluation score of the case site is 4.162, which belongs to the excellent grade, indicating the case site is suitable for the development as rural ecological health-care space. The evaluation result is consistent with the actual situation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Review

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Research progress on molecular mechanisms of seed dormancy and germination regulated by plant hormones XIN Xiaoyue, LIU Peng 2023, 35(6):  1485-1496.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.06.25 Abstract ( 715 )   HTML ( 1509949467 )   PDF (903KB) ( 678 )   Endogenous phytohormones and external environmental signals precisely regulate the processes of seed dormancy and germination, endogenous hormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellins (GA), auxin, etc. play important roles in these processes, among which ABA and GA are the primary hormones, ABA is a major inducer and protector of seed dormancy, whereas GA breaks dormancy and stimulates seed germination. In this review, we summarize the emerging findings concerning seed dormancy and germination controlling by phytohormones. We describe the regulatory roles of the changes of endogenous hormone levels and components involved in phytohormone metabolism (biosynthesis and catabolism) and signaling cascades during these processes. We also discuss molecular mechanisms of the crosstalk of diverse hormonal signals in seed dormancy and germination. The regulatory mechanisms would provide references for crop yield improvement and quality improvement. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics