Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

Effects of different rotation patterns on physiological characteristics, yield and quality of foxtail millet during grain filling stage

LI Xiaoxia, LI Dan, LI Wanxing, JIN Kunpeng, LIU Yongzhong, HAN Wenqing, HUANG Xuefang, LIU Xin, TIAN Gang, CAO Jinjun

2023, 35(7): 1499-1510. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221110

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To clarify the effects of different crop rotation patterns on physiological characteristics, yield and quality of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) during grain-filling stage, 7 treatments including continuous cropping of foxtail millet, corn-soybean-foxtail millet, corn-sorghum-foxtail millet, corn-peanut-foxtail millet, corn-sweet potato-foxtail millet, corn-potato-foxtail millet, and corn-glutinous corn-foxtail millet were set up from 2018 to 2020. Physiological characteristics, yield and quality changes of foxtail millet under different treatments were studied. The comprehensive evaluation of foxtail millet yield and quality was performed by principal component analysis. Results showed that except for corn-sorghum-foxtail millet and corn-glutinous corn-foxtail millet modes, chlorophyll content during grain filling stage of foxtail millet in other crop rotation treatments increased significantly by 2.17% to 8.40% compared with continuous cropping. The net photosynthetic rate of various crop rotation treatments during grain filling stage increased significantly by 5.31% to 24.40% compared with continuous cropping. Nitrate reductase activity in functional leaves of foxtail millet increased or significantly increased in all crop rotation treatments. Leaf area index of various crop rotation treatments in the jointing stage, tasseling stage, flowering stage, grain filling stage and maturity stage were greater than or significantly greater than continuous cropping. The grain filling initiation of various crop rotation treatments was earlier than continuous cropping. Except for corn-glutinous corn-foxtail millet pattern, foxtail millet yield in various crop rotation treatments was significantly higher than continuous cropping or not significantly different from continuous cropping. The corn-soybean-foxtail millet crop rotation pattern had significantly higher amino acid content, crude protein content and viscosity than continuous cropping. The principal component analysis of foxtail millet yield and quality showed that corn-soybean-foxtail millet was the best crop rotation pattern, which could effectively improve the phenomenon of yield decline and quality reduction caused by continuous cropping obstacles.

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Identification and expression analysis of NPR gene family members and cloning of cold-induced CsNPR3 gene in tea plants (Camellia sinensis)

XUE Chengjin, ZHAO Lanxin, ZHAO Degang, HUANG Xiaozhen

2023, 35(7): 1511-1522. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20220895

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Cold stress is the main abiotic stress that affects the yield and quality of tea plants (Camellia sinensis). The non-expresser of pathogenesis-related genes, NPRs are major immune regulatory proteins which have been implicated in plant disease resistance pathway. However, the function of NPR genes has not been well investigated in tea plants. In this study, we identified three members of NPR gene family which located on different tea plant chromosomes by using bioinformatics technology. They were named as CsNPR1, CsNPR2 and CsNPR3 (GenBank No. ON794747) respectively. These genes all contain highly conserved BTB/POZ domain, ankyrin repeat domain and multiple cysteine residues. Although the phylogenetic analysis showed that the number of NPR family members in tea plants was different from that of other species, it still showed highly conservation in evolution, which was the same as that of Arabidopsis and other species. Gene structure analysis showed that tea NPR family and Arabidopsis had similar exons-intron structure. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) technique was used to identify the different tissue expression patterns of CsNPR1, CsNPR2 and CsNPR3, as well as their responses to cold stimulation and hormone salicylic acid (SA). Furthermore, CsNPR3, which was induced both by cold signal and SA was further cloned. It was found that there were variety differences in the amino acid sequence of the protein. This study can provide important scientific and theoretical basis for further clarifying the involvement of NPR gene family in cold stress and salicylic acid regulation in tea plants.

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Effect of mulch types and irrigation amounts on photosynthetic parameters, yield and quality of cotton

TIAN Yugang, WAN Sumei, LIN Jiao, CHEN Guodong, LI Hao, HU Yukai, LI Yanfang, HU Shoulin, MAO Tingyong, ZHAO Shuzhen

2023, 35(7): 1523-1531. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20220751

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In order to explore the effects of different mulch types (normal mulch, biodegradable mulch, liquid mulch) and different irrigation amounts (6 000, 4 500, 3 000 m³·hm^-2) on photosynthetic parameters, yield and quality of cotton, a two-factor experiment with randomized block design was carried out. It was shown that the average soil temperature in 0-25 cm layer was significantly (P<0.05) increased with normal mulch and biodegradable mulch, as compared with the treatment without mulch. The photosynthetic capacity, yield and quality of cotton was relatively better with the irrigation amout of 6 000 m³·hm^-2 under all much types. Compared with the treatment without mulch, the cotton yield was significanlty increased by 19.97% and 21.15% with biodegreadable much and normal mulch, respectively. Given the photosynthetic capacity, yield and quality of cotton, the biodegradable mulch showed no signifiant adverse effect compared with the normal mulch. Therefore, the biodegradable mulch was feasible to replace the normal mulch to reduce the white pollution in cotton production. Correaltion analysis and gray correlation analysis results revealed that the SPAD value, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate were signifiantly positively correlated with the micronaire, fiber length, uniformity index and yield per plant. SPAD value showed the highest gray correlation with micronaire, maturity, lint percentage. Tranpiration rate showed the highest gary correaltion with yield per plant. Stomatal conductance showed the highest gary correaltion with fiber length and uniformity index. Net photosynthetic rate showed relatively higher gray correlation with micronaire, uniformity index and yield per plant. Thus, these four indexes (SPAD value, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate) could be further used as important indicators to evaluate the effect of mulch type and irrigation amount on cotton yield and quality.

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Isolation and identification of endophytic bacteria from soybean nodule and their effects on soybean plant

SUN Xiujuan, XU Weihui, WANG Zhigang

2023, 35(7): 1532-1541. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221120

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To study the growth-promoting effect of endophytic bacteria in soybean root nodules on soybean growth, soybean root nodules were used as experimental materials to isolate and screen nodule endophytic bacteria, and their ability to secrete plant hormones and their promotion effect on soybean plant height, stem diameter, dry weight, fresh weight, and root growth were measured. The results showed that a total of 17 endophytic bacteria were screened out from root nodules. After physiological and biochemical analysis and 16S rDNA identification, 10 strains belonged to Bacillus spp., 3 strains belonged to Priestia spp, and the remaining 4 strains belonged to Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, and Agrobacterium. Through hemolysis test and 16S rDNA identification, 10 strains with strong growth-promoting ability were selected. Among them, the IAA secretion of Klebsiella S8 was highest at 147.55 mg·L^-1; the gibberellins of Agrobacterium S10 had the highest secretion at 39.34 mg·L^-1; the siderophores activity of Bacillus S3 was the highest at 70.57%. The plant height, root length, dry fresh weight and stem diameter of soybean treated by these 10 strains were significantly higher than those of the control. In conclusion, the endophytic bacteria screened in this experiment had strong growth-promoting effect on soybean growth.

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Effects of regulated deficit drip irrigation under film on plant growth, yield and water use of seed-producing maize

LEI Lian

2023, 35(7): 1542-1549. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221365

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In order to explore the effects of regulated deficit irrigation at different growth stages on the yield and water use efficiency of seed-producing maize in Hexi Corridor, full irrigation (CK) was selected as the control, two deficit adjustment gradients of mild water deficit (accounting for 60%-70% of field capacity) and moderate water deficit (accounting for 50%-60% of field capacity) were set up, and different deficit adjustment gradient tests were carried out at seedling stage and jointing stage. In total, six treatments were set including control. Leaf area index and dry matter accumulation of maize were measured at each growth stage, and the yield and its components were measured after harvest. It was shown that the yield, water use efficiency, and irrigation water use efficiency of maize under mild water deficit at seedling stage were not significantly higher than those of CK (P>0.05). While, the yield of maize under moderate water deficit at seedling stage, mild water deficit at jointing stage, moderate water deficit at jointing stage, mild water deficit at seedling stage+moderate water deficit at jointing stage was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of CK by 7.07%-23.90%. Given yield and water use efficiency, the regulated irrigation of mild water deficit at seedling stage, i.e. soil water content was maintained at 60%-70% of field capacity at seedling stage and 70%-80% at other growth stages, was suitable in the cultivation of seed-producing maize in the irrigation area of oasis in Hexi Corridor.

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Genome-wide association analysis of stomatal characters of cultivated local tea plants in Guizhou, China

BAI Dingchen, ZHAO Zhifei, GONG Xue, LIU Yuan, NIU Suzhen, CHEN Zhengwu

2023, 35(7): 1550-1563. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230261

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In order to provide a basis for the development and utilization of cultivated local tea trees in Guizhou. Through Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) on the stomatal traits of cultivated local tea trees in Guizhou, the genes related to stomatal development were identified.This study utilized Simplified Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) technology to conduct GWAS analysis on 253 cultivated local tea tree germplasm resources in Guizhou. The results showed that a total of 45 SNP loci were associated with 5 stomatal phenotypic traits, and a total of 20 genes were detected within the 45 SNPS loci range of 50 kb downstream. Among them, 6 genes are related to stomatal length (SL), 1 gene is related to stomatal width (SW), 7 genes are related to stomatal area (SA), 2 genes are related to stomatal density (SD), and 4 genes are related to stomatal perimeter (SP). This research achievement is beneficial for the development and utilization of cultivated tea tree resources with complex genetic backgrounds and rich ecological types, and for screening excellent tea tree varieties with strong adaptability and promoting the adjustment of the tea industry variety structure in Guizhou.

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Cloning sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of DRA gene of yak

ZHANG Li, WANG Yuanyuan, WANG Rui, LIU Lixia

2023, 35(7): 1564-1570. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20212021

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In order to comprehensively analyze the structure and function of yak MHCⅡ gene, molecular cloning and sequencing technology was used to estimate the coding region of DRA gene of Datong yak and conduct bioinformatics analysis. The results showed a DRA gene open reading frame in the coding region containing 762 bp, a total of 253 amino acids encoding; a total of 3 SNPs (g.2376C>T, g.2851C>G, g.3016C>A). In exons 2 and 3, there was one synonymous mutation in C→T and a missense mutation (L→M) in C→A, respectively, both mutations reduced the stability of mRNA secondary structure of DRA gene. There were differences in the molecular mass, total number of atoms, fat coefficient, instability coefficient, and total average hydrophilicity of the protein encoded by the g.3016C>A mutation. Methodological analysis by bioinformatics revealed that the BoLA-DRA gene were highly conserved genes in the MHC gene family. The results laid the foundation for the structure and function of DRA in Datong yak.

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Flower bud formation and physiological biochemistry characteristics of Hongmeiren citrus hybrid in northern Zhejiang, China

WANG Zhihao, XI Xinyan, WANG Li, YANG Shuna, GAO Zhiyuan, YIN Yiming, ZOU Hui, JIA Huijuan

2023, 35(7): 1571-1581. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221126

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In order to reveal the flower bud differentiation rules and physiological biochemistry characteristics of different female branches of Hongmeiren citrus hybrid, and provide theoretical basis for the regulation of flowering and cultivation management. 6-year-old Hongmeiren citrus hybrid trees were used as materials. The frozen section technology was used to observe the morphological characteristics. In addition, endogenous hormones [abscisic acid (ABA), trans-zeatin-riboside (ZR), gibberellin (GA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)] were determined by LC-MS and the leaves were dried for total carbon and nitrogen content determination. The morphological differentiation of flower buds was divided into 6 stages, including undifferentiated stage, initial differentiation stage, sepal differentiation stage, petal differentiation stage, stamen differentiation stage and pistil differentiation stage. The general trend was that the flower bud differentiation process of the front end shoots was faster than that of the middle and rear end shoots, and the proportion of flower bud in the pistil differentiation stage was higher. In three shoots, the carbon/nitrogen ratio(C/N), ABA/GA, ZR/GA, IAA/GA of autumn shoot in spring shoot and summer shoot and autumn shoot (SSA-AU) were higher than that of summer shoot in spring shoot and summer shoot and autumn shoot (SSA-SU) and spring shoot in spring shoot and summer shoot and autumn shoot (SSA-SP), while the C/N, ABA/GA, ZR/GA, IAA/GA of summer shoot in spring shoot and summer shoot (SS-SU) were higher than that of spring shoot in spring shoot and summer shoot (SS-SP), and the C/N, ABA/GA, ZR/GA, IAA/GA of autumn shoot in spring shoot and autumn shoot (SA-AU) were higher than that of spring shoot in spring shoot and autumn shoot (SA-SP). Before petal differentiation stage, GA content was high, ABA content, ZR content, ABA/GA and ZR/GA were all at low levels; after entering stamen differentiation stage and pistil differentiation stage, ABA content, ZR content, ABA/GA and ZR/GA all increased rapidly. Flower formation of the front end shoots was better, and the flower formation ability of middle and rear end shoots were weak, which was related to the difference in flower bud differentiation process, nutrient accumulation and endogenous hormone levels, and the hormones played a major regulatory role. The stamen differentiation stage (February 5 to February 20) was the critical period. Therefore, in the process of cultivation and management, special attention should be paid to the rational allocation of different types of female branches, the timing of topping and shoot release in summer and autumn, and trying to use hormones to regulate flower bud differentiation.

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Effects of different calcium preparations on postharvest storage quality of Yanfu 3 apple fruit

CUI Yuzhao, YAN Dongyun, WANG Wenhao, TAN Huiting, SUN Wei

2023, 35(7): 1582-1590. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20220904

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In order to provide a theoretical basis for postharvest preservation of apple, this study investigated the effects of calcium nitrate, sorbitol mixed calcium (chelating rate was 0%) and sorbitol chelated calcium (chelating rate was 100%) on the main physiological and biochemical indexes of Yanfu 3 apple during storage, and explored the response mechanism to fruits softening. Yanfu 3 apple were soaked in the above calcium preparations with the mass fraction of calcium ion of 0.34% for 20 minutes after harvest, respectively. The effects of different forms of calcium treatment on the fruit hardness, soluble solid, acidity, pectin, vitamin C, malondialdehyde content, the activities of pectin methyl esterase and superoxide dismutase were studied. The results showed that, compared with the control group of water, different calcium morphologies could maintain fruit hardness, acidity, soluble solid and pectin content, inhibit the increase of pectin methylesterase activity and malondialdehyde content, and increase vitamin C content and superoxide dismutase activity. Compared with the initial storage stage, the fruit hardness of control, calcium nitrate, sorbitol mixed calcium and sorbitol chelated calcium treatments decreased by 30.89%, 24.92%, 23.07% and 22.94% after 60 days of storage, respectively. Therefore, postharvest soaking with sorbitol chelated calcium showed the best effect, which can improve the storage quality and prolong the shelf life of apple.

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Genome-wide identification and bioinformatics analysis of SWEET gene family in melon

SHOU Weisong, HE Yanjun, SHEN Jia, XU Xinyang

2023, 35(7): 1591-1603. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20220943

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Sugars will eventually be exported transporter (SWEET) is a novel family of sugar transporters that are involved in plant growth and development, plant-pathogen interaction, and stress tolerance. Due to the lack of reports of SWEET family genes in melon, this study carried out the genome-wide identification and bioinformatics analysis of CmSWEET. A total of 17 melon CmSWEET genes were identified by homology search. These genes that distributed on 8 chromosomes all have a typical MtN3/saliva domain. Phylogenetic analysis classified the SWEET proteins of Arabidopsis, cucumber and melon into four evolutionary clades, of which subfamily Ⅲ is unique to melon and cucumber. The cis-acting elements in the gene promoter region showed that CmSWEET contains many regulatory elements related to plant hormones and stress, suggesting that CmSWEET plays an important role in regulating growth and environmental adaptation in melon. Tissue-specific analysis showed that most of the CmSWEET genes were highly expressed in female and male flowers and roots, and some CmSWEET genes were highly expressed during fruit development. Furthermore, RNA-Seq results suggested that CmSWEET genes might be involved in resistance to Fusarium oxysporum and powdery mildew infection. This study lays a solid foundation for future research into their molecular function of CmSWEET in melon developmental processes and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.

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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of expansin gene family in corm expansion of Colocasia esculenta

LI Bicong, LI Huiying, XIAO Yao, LUO Sha, ZHOU Qinghong, HUANG Yingjin, ZHU Qianglong

2023, 35(7): 1604-1616. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20220960

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Expansin is a group of proteins that can promote cell wall elongation and increase cell wall flexibility. The study identified the expansin gene family at taro whole genome, and analyzed the structural characteristics, phylogeny and expression pattern of the expansin gene family in taro corm expansion. The results showed that the whole taro genome contained 31 expansin genes, which were distributed at 8 chromosomes and 2 contigs. Phylogenetic tree analysis of all expansin genes in taro, Arabidopsis, rice and potato species showed that 31 expansin genes of taro were divided into four subfamilies, of which 23, 5, 1 and 2 expansin genes of taro were in EXPA, EXPB, EXLA and EXLB, respectively. Colinearity analysis showed that there were 7 pairs of colinear expansin genes between taro and Arabidopsis. Gene expression analysis showed that most members of the taro expansin gene family had low gene expression with no significant difference during taro corm expansion, but the five expansin genes (CeEXPA2, CeEXPA11, CeEXPA13, CeEXPA23 and CeEXLA1) had high gene expression with significant difference during taro corm expansion, suggesting that they could play important roles in regulating the corm expansion. The results of our study will help to understand the characteristics of the taro expansin gene family and its molecular function in taro corm expansion, and provide a theoretical basis for revealing the molecular regulation mechanism of taro corm growth and development.

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Optimization of nondestructive testing method for soluble solid content of peach based on visible/near infrared spectroscopy

ZHANG Xiaobin, ZHU Yihang, ZHAO Yiying, CHEN Miaojin, SUN Qinan, XIE Baoliang, FENG Shaoran, GU Qing

2023, 35(7): 1617-1625. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20220862

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Soluble solid content (SSC) is one of the most critical quality indexes of peach. Nondestructive detection of SSC in peaches is mainly realized by visible/near-infrared (VIS/NIR) spectroscopy, but it has some limitations. In this paper, the applications of NIR spectroscopy in the nondestructive detection of peaches under different circumstances were comprehensively explored and analyzed. The modeling and detection methods of different cultivars were analyzed and compared to improve the accuracy of nondestructive detection of SSC in peaches. In this study, three local cultivars of peaches collected from Fenghua were selected as the research object, and the spectral data were acquired for modeling. Firstly, the self-modeling H-100 nondestructive sugar content detector was used to conduct the experiment. The results showed that the root mean square error (RMSE) and R² values of the NIR models established on different cultivars were different, among which the Xinyu model obtained the best results, with RMSE of 0.22 and R² of 0.98. The model based on single cultivars had the best predictive ability to detect the respective cultivar, but it performed worse when detecting other cultivars. The more cultivars of peaches, the larger amount of data, the better the model. The R² of the model based on three cultivars was as high as 0.92. Secondly, Kubota K-SS300, ATAGO PAL-HIKARi 10, and self-modeling H100 were used to detect the same part of three local cultivars of Fenghua peaches, respectively. The correlation analysis was conducted between the values predicted by the nondestructive detectors and those obtained by the destructive ATAGO PAL-1. The results showed that the H100 detector had the highest predictive accuracy for all the cultivars. Next, SSC detection at different depths of mixed cultivars of Fenghua peaches. The results showed that the SSC levels obtained by the H100 device could better reflect the overall quality. In contrast, Kubota K-SS300 and ATAGO PAL-HIKARi 10 could only reflect the SSC levels of the external areas. Finally, the influence of the SSC levels of two peach cultivars on the result of H100 detector under different hardness conditions was explored. The results showed that the decrease in peach hardness would significantly affect the nondestructive detection of SSC in peaches. Therefore, the H100 nondestructive detector combined with the effective prediction model could better avoid the limitations of NIR spectroscopy and provide a reference for the nondestructive detection of SSC in peaches.

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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of key genes response to vernalization in radish (Raphanus sativus)

CHEN Guohu, LI Guang, WEN Hongwei, YIN Qian, WU Siwen, WANG Ying, LIU Xueqing, ZHAO Longlong, KHAN Afrasyab, GUI Shangzhi, TANG Xiaoyan, WANG Chenggang

2023, 35(7): 1626-1637. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20220927

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Bolting and flowering is an important character of Cruciferous crops. The vernalization would be completed in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) by low temperature environment in autumn and winter, which will be resulting in premature bolting. In this study, 272 flowering related genes were identified by multiple sequence alignment and evolutionary tree analyses. The RNA-Seq sequencing data of radish varieties NHJS1, NHJS2 and 2# were analyzed, and 25 key vernalization responded genes were identified combined with the META analysis. The potential links between these key genes were estimated by the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Furthermore, the key genes enriched in vernalization, cold responses, gibberellin biosynthesis and signal transduction pathway were verified by qRT-PCR, suggesting that RsGA20ox1, RsAGL18, RsFLC2 and other genes play important roles in vernalization. These results will lay a foundation for further understanding the molecular mechanism vernalization in radish.

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Effects of exogenous spraying of amino acid fertilizer on growth and selenium uptake of watercress

XIAO Jiachang, LEI Fengyun, GE Sang, MA Junying, HE Maolin, LI Yanwen, ZHENG Yangxia

2023, 35(7): 1638-1647. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221184

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In order to improve the selenium absorption capacity of watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.), pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different concentrations of amino acid fertilizer (dilute 0, 600, 900, 1 200 and 1 500 times) on growth and selenium absorption of watercress under selenium treatment (5 mg·kg^-1). The results showed that exogenous application of amino acid fertilizer could increase the biomass of root and shoot of watercress, promote the content of chlorophyll and carotenoid in leaves, increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), and reduce the content of soluble protein. The results of principal component analysis showed that 900 times dilution of amino acid fertilizer had the best growth promotion effect on watercress, and the root and shoot biomass increased significantly by 73.03% and 56.65% compared with the control, respectively. The application of 900-1 500 times dilution of amino acid fertilizer could also increase the total selenium accumulation in root, stem and leaf of watercress, but had no positive effect on the selenium content in root, stem, leaf and shoot of watercress. Correlation analysis showed that the biomass and total selenium accumulation of watercress were positively correlated with chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, POD activity, SOD activity, CAT activity and soil pH value. In conclusion, amino acid fertilizer can promote the growth of watercress and increase the total selenium accumulation in watercress.

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Transcriptome-based analysis of the role of endogenous hormones in regulating flower development in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)

XU Hongxia, LI Xiaoying, GE Hang, ZHU Qixuan, CHEN Junwei

2023, 35(7): 1648-1661. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230143

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To study the flower development mechanism in Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. ‘Ninghaibai’, transcriptome analysis was performed on the apical buds, floral buds, or inflorescences at 5 different stages, including physiological differentiation stage (EjS1), morphological differentiation stage (EjS2), inflorescence emergence and expansion stage (EjS3), single flower development stage (EjS4) and blossoming stage (EjS5). The aim was to identify the highest correlated metabolic pathways associated with the flower developoment. The changes of hormone levels of auxin (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), and zeatin riboside (ZR) during flower development were determined, and the specific expression patterns of hormone metabolism and signal transduction genes as well as MADS-box family genes were analyzed. Some flower development-related genes were verified by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The results showed that differentially expressed genes at different developmental stages were significantly enriched in plant hormone metabolism and signal transduction pathways. Low content of IAA and GA and high content of ABA were beneficial to the formation of loquat flower buds, while high level of GA and ABA promoted the flowering of loquat. High levels of ZR promoted flower bud differentiation and panicle formation in loquat, and may be related to flower organ formation. The genes related to plant hormone metabolism and signal transduction pathway interact with each other to regulate hormone levels, and together with MADS-box family genes to regulate the development process of loquat flowers. This study may contribute to clarifying the mechanism of endogenous hormones in the development process of loquat flowers.

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Screening, identification and biocontrol effect of endophytic fungus from Lycium barbarum

HOU Caixia, DING Dedong, HE Jing, ZHAO Jitao, LI Yanxiang, ZHAO Qian, ZHANG Chongqing, LI Nan

2023, 35(7): 1662-1671. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221161

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In order to screen antagonistic strains with significant inhibitory effects against Fusarium solani, the main pathogenic fungus of Lycium barbarum root rot, endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy L. barbarum plants using tissue separation method. Antagonistic strains were selected through plate confrontation method, and their taxonomic status was determined based on morphological features and molecular biology identification. The effects of endophytic fungi treated with different culture media on the mycelial growth and spore germination of F. solani were compared by mycelial growth rate method and droplet method, and their biocontrol effects were verified by pot experiments. The results showed that out of the 106 endophytic fungi isolated, one antagonistic strain YBG8 was selected, which had a significant inhibitory effect against F. solani, and was identified as Alternaria alternata. The inhibition rate of YBG8 against F. solani mycelial growth was the highest (70.49%) at a volume fraction of 20%, and showed concentration dependence. When YBG8 filtrate volume fraction was 50%, the inhibition rate against F. solani spore germination was the highest (82.4%). Pot experiments showed that pre-inoculation with A. alternata followed by F. solani could effectively reduce the incidence of L. barbarum root rot, achieving a relative preventive effect of up to 50%. These findings provided a theoretical basis for the effective use of endophytic fungi to control L. barbarum root rot.

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Difference analysis of main cuticular hydrocarbons of red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) from different geographical populations in Zhejiang Province, China

LIU Yueze, HUANG Jun, ZHANG Juan, LI Xiaowei, ZHANG Jinming, ZHANG Zhijun, LYU Yaobin

2023, 35(7): 1672-1679. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20220808

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Red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) is an eusocial insect, and is one of the 100 most dangerous invasive pests in the world. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are important signal substances for nestmate recognition of S. invicta and play an important role in population stability. Recently, the differences of main CHCs of S. invicta among related species, different insect stages and various castes have been compared, but the differences of CHCs components and their relative proportions in different geographical populations and different body parts of S. invicta have been rarely reported. Here, the CHCs of 3 different geographical populations (Wenzhou, Lishui and Yiwu) of S. invicta were comparatively analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Further analysis of the relative proportion of the main components of CHCs showed that this value was relatively regular in the head of S. invicta. 3-methyl heptadecane and 3,9-dimethyl heptadecane in the 5 main CHCs fluctuated among different geographical populations, while n-heptadecane, 13-methyl heptadecane and 13,15-dimethyl heptadecane were relatively stable between Wenzhou and Lishui populations. This study can provide important reference for revealing the regulation mechanism of genetic and environmental factors on CHCs components of red imported fire ants.

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Study on composting method of green waste and its potential in replacing peat

WANG Ke, SHAO Yeyao, ZHANG Peiyun, DU Yanchun, XU Qianglong, WANG Yanyan, RUAN Wenbin, XU Sijie, GE Jieke, YE Duo, LIU Peng, XING Chenghua

2023, 35(7): 1680-1689. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20220991

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To reveal the effect of inoculation of strains on composting of green waste and test the potential of composting product in the substrate for plant cultivation instead of peat, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trichoderma koningii were selected as test materials. Firstly, compatibility experiment and inoculation timing were carried out to optimize the inoculation sequence. Then, the water content, inoculation amount and ratios of strains were optimized by single-factor experiments and surface response analysis. Under the optimized conditions, the green waste was composted, and the dynamics of temperature, nutrients and seed germination index were determined throughout the process. Finally, the compost products were mixed with peat to test its potential in the cultivation of Epipremnum aureum. After 30 d, the influence on plant growth and chlorophyll content was measured. It was shown that inoculation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium first and Trichoderma koningii 3 days later could enhance the lignin and cellulose degradation rate. The optimized composting conditions were as follows: the water content was 60%, the inoculation amount was 15%, the ratio of Trichoderma koningii to Phanerochaete chrysosporium was 1.1∶2. Under these conditions, the degradation rate of lignin and cellulose reached 28.37% and 31.56%, respectively. During composting, the experiment group with inoculation of strains completed first, and the contents of total humic acid, available nitrogen and available phosphorus were higher, as well as the seed germination index met the standard requirement earlier. Compared with the other designs, when peat, vermiculite and compost products were mixed with the ratio of 5∶3∶2, it promoted plant growth, as the plant height, root length, biomass accumulation and chlorophyll content were higher. In general, composting of green waste with inoculation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trichoderma koningii could get mature faster and improve the quality of product. Mixture of peat, vermiculite and compost products by the ratio of 5∶3∶2 could be used as the substrate for plant cultivation and reduce peat consumption.

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Nutrients characteristics of pig manure in large-scale farms and effect of filler addition during composting

PAN Yajie, CHANG Huiqing, SONG Panpan

2023, 35(7): 1690-1698. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20226908

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Based on the survey of nutrients contents in the pig manure of large-scale farms, the effect of fillers on nutrients changes during composting was investigated to provide basis for the maintenance of nutrients, especially nitrogen. The dehydrated pig manure from typical pig farms in the western Henan Province was selected, and its nutrients contents were consecutively monitored for 171 d. Then, the effects of fillers (calcium superphosphate, bentonite, humus) addition on nutrients changes during the 90-d composting were studied. It was shown that the contents of total nitrogen (TN), P₂O₅, K₂O, and organic matter in the pig manure samples ranged from 0.54% to 1.52%, 1.20% to 3.35%, 0.31% to 0.84%, and 54.03% to 79.70%, respectively, and the pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were 6.79 to 8.14, and 0.59 to 2.62 mS·cm^-1, respectively. Aerobic composting could achieve harmless composting of pig manure, as the period with temperature>50 ℃ exceeded 7 d. Addition of 3% calcium superphosphate or 3% humus could increase the reaction temperature during composting, as the maximum temperature reached 62.7 ℃ and 58.9 ℃, and the high temperature (>50 ℃) period lasted 15 d and 16 d, respectively. The contents of TN, P₂O₅, and K₂O during composting increased, yet the organic matter content showed a decreasing trend. Compared with the other treatments, the addition of 3% calcium superphosphate or 3% humus better maintained nitrogen during composting, of which the TN content was 1.63% and 1.75%, respectively, after composting. It was concluded that fillers should be added according to the nutrients contents in pig manure for composting. Under the experiment conditions, humus and calcium superphosphate are recommended to preserve total nitrogen during composting.

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Characteristics of soil organic carbon and its components in different green space types in Tongzhou District of Beijing, China

ZHA Guichao, SUN Xiangyang, LI Suyan, YU Lei, YUE Zongwei, WANG Chenchen, WEI Ningxian, XU Xijie

2023, 35(7): 1699-1708. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20220867

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In order to explore the content and distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its components in green space in Tongzhou District of Beijing, China, we took four typical green space types of urban green space, orchard, nursery and plain plantation as the research object. The contents and distribution of SOC, fulvic acid carbon (FAC), humic acid carbon (HAC), humin carbon (HC), light fraction organic carbon (LFOC) and heavy fraction organic carbon (HFOC) in different soil layers (0-20, 20-40 cm) were analyzed based on chemical composition and density grouping technology. The relationship between SOC and its components with soil physical and chemical factors were revealed by correlation analysis. The results showed that, in 0-40 cm soil depth, the contents of SOC, FAC, HAC, HC, LFOC and HFOC in different green space types were 7.30-18.29, 1.71-2.96, 1.57-4.92, 3.98-10.41, 2.24-6.23, 4.85-12.06 g·kg^-1. SOC and its components showed a decrease trend with the depth of the soil layer in vertical direction. In 0-40 cm soil layer, the organic carbon density of different green spaces were 46.50-88.41 t·hm^-2, and the highest value was recorded in orchard, which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the others. The content of SOC and its components were significantly (P<0.01) positively correlated with total porosity, field capacity, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium, yet were negatively correlated with pH and soil bulk density. In general, SOC and its components of different green space types in Tongzhou District showed obvious surface aggregation, and the carbon sequestration potential of orchard was the highest.

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Effects of aquatic animals-plants synergistic purification system on water quality and economic benefit in mandarin fish pond

YANG Kun, HOU Guanjun, ZHAO Xiuxia, FANG Ting, WANG Lijun

2023, 35(7): 1709-1719. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221119

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In order to clarify the effects of the synergistic purification system of aquatic animals-plants (Ipomoea aquatica+Oryza sativa+Cristaria plicata) on water quality and economic benefits of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) culture ponds, one control group (0-F, without purification system) and two purification groups with a plant coverage rate of 10% (10%-F, 5% coverage for each of water spinach and rice) and 30% (30%-F, 15% for each of water spinach and rice) were set up. Crested mussels were also hunging cultured (50 ind per 667m²) in the ponds in the latter two groups. The water quality and growth rate of mussels were regularly monitored during the experiment, and the survival rate, yield and harvest of aquatic plants were determined at the end of the experiment. The results showed that there was no significant difference in water temperature and pH value among different groups. The water transparency of the purification groups was always higher than that of the control group. Compared with the initial mass concentration, the final mass concentration of total nitrogen (TN) in the 0-F group increased by 35.5%, and that of the 10%-F group and 30%-F group decreased by 23.8% and 49.0%, respectively. The final mass concentration of NH⁺₄-N in 0-F group, 10%-F group and 30%-F group increased by 167%, 53% and 34% of the initial mass concentration, respectively. The final mass concentration of COD_Mn in 0-F group, 10%-F group and 30%-F group increased by 138.5%, 100.0% and 88.9% compared with the initial mass concentration, respectively. The total phosphorus (TP) mass concentration in each group showed a fluctuating downward trend with time. At the end of the experiment, the water quality, mandarin fish survival rate, yield and economic benefit were the best in the 30%-F group, followed by the 10%-F group, and the 0-F group was the worst. The per unit area yields of water spinach and rice in the 10%-F group were higher than those in the 30%-F group. The wet weight growth rate of mussels in 30%-F group was higher than that of 10%-F group. In general, the synergistic purification system can significantly improve the water quality and economic benefits of mandarin fish ponds, and the application effect of the purification system with 30% plant coverage was slightly better than that of purification system with 10% plant coverage.

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Residue and dissipation dynamics of two formulations of pyraclostrobin in strawberry

YE Hui, CHEN Yuting, LUO Yuqin, FAN Xuyan, LEI Yuan, LU Lanfei, HAO Peipei, CHENG Youpu, ZHANG Changpeng

2023, 35(7): 1720-1728. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20220807

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To clarify the residue patterns of pyraclostrobin on strawberry in the form of emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and microencapsulated suspension (CS), dynamic trials of pyraclostrobin residues in strawberry and soil were conducted at two doses (90 and 150 g·hm^-2) during ripening, respectively. The results showed that the minimal concentration of detection of pyraclostrobin based on QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS were 0.002 (strawberry and soil) and 0.005 mg·kg^-1 (leaf, stem and root), respectively. The average recoveries of pyraclostrobin (strawberry and soil) were 88%-110% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1%-9% at the spiked levels of 0.002-2 mg·kg^-1. The average recoveries (root, stem and leaf) in the range of 0.005-2 mg·kg^-1 were 74%-108% with RSDs of 2%-9%. The results of residue trials showed that the residues of pyraclostrobin in EC and CS in strawberry after 1 d of application were 0.20-0.28 mg·kg^-1 (90-150 g·hm^-2) and 0.14-0.20 mg·kg^-1 (90-150 g·hm^-2), respectively. The residues were lower than 0.5 mg·kg^-1, which were in accordance with the limit values of China and EU in strawberry. The degradation dynamics of pyraclostrobin only in strawberry, stem and leaf were in accordance with the first order kinetic model, and the half-lives in strawberry were 6.6-6.8 d (EC) and 7.7-9.8 d (CS), which were easily degradable pesticides. The trial results provided data to support the safe consumption of microencapsulated suspension dosage form of pyraclostrobin on strawberry.

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Identification of harm grades of cotton spider mites based on transfer learning and improved residual network

ZHANG Yan, ZHOU Baoping, WANG Yu, FENG Jie, YE Fankai, HE Yunlong

2023, 35(7): 1729-1739. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221148

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In view of the low accuracy, long time consuming and high cost of traditional artificial diagnosis of cotton spider mites, a method for detection and classification of harm grade was proposed based on transfer learning and improved residual network. The cotton leaf images either healthy or with 3 harm grades of cotton spider mites were collected both in single background and natural environment to construct image dataset. First, the PlantVillage dataset was used to pretrain the model. Data augmentation was carried out to expand training samples. Then, based on the original ResNet50 network, an improved ResNet50 network was constructed by introducing focal loss functions, embedding attention mechanism modules in different network layers, and optimizing with the Dropout regularization. Finally, the performance of the improved ResNet50 network was compared with other models. It was shown that with the attention mechanism module introduced both in the deep and shallow layers, the momentum being 0.9, and the learning rate being 0.001, the improved ResNet50 network had the best classification effect, which was superior than the original ResNet50, VGG16, MobileNet, AlexNet and SENet models, with the average recognition accuracy of 97.8%.

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Development potential of educational tourism in agricultural heritage sites: a case study of Deqing Traditional Freshwater Pearl Utilization System in Zhejiang Province, China

WANG Bojie, HE Siyuan, MIN Qingwen, YANG Lun, SHU Xinyue, YANG Xiao

2023, 35(7): 1740-1754. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20220888

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The tourism resources of Agricultural Heritage Systems (AHS) sites are unique and outstanding, which are mainly attributed to their traditional farming technology, culture and knowledge of agro-system, agro-biodiversity and social-cultural landscape during long-term human-nature interactions. As an innovative attempt, the induction of educational tourism is considered to be an effective way to couple heritage conservation with the tourism and hospitality industry in AHS sites. Accordingly, we tried to evaluate the development potential of educational tourism in AHS sites. A four-dimensional evaluation framework was developed, which considered the resource values potential, heritage carrying potential, facility service potential and market development potential. Ten criterion levels, including agricultural history and culture values, agricultural education values, nature education values, heritage resource endowment, policy conservation level, transportation accessibility, facility reception levels, safety and security capacities, educational tourism market support, stakeholder support levels, which were further expressed by 19 indexes. Subsequently, the weights of criterion levels and indexes were developed through Analytic Network Process (ANP) and Entropy Weight Method (EWM), and the development potential was analyzed using overlay and reclass functions in ArcGIS software. Finally, the evaluation framework was applied in Deqing Traditional Freshwater Pearl Utilization System, an AHS site in Zhejiang Province, China. The results suggested that Fuxi Street had the most outstanding development potential for educational tourism. Towns of luoshe, Zhongguan, Xinshi, Qianyuan, and Leidian had a high development potential based on the strengthening of relevant research and infrastructures. The tourism resources and service facilities in towns of Xin’an and Yuyue did not develop well, and therefore the development potential for educational tourism in these towns were low. To further enhance the development potential of educational tourism in advantaged areas, it was suggested to diversify consumption options through a combination of human-nature resources, and to enhance the interactivity and experience of educational tourism products. From the perspective of development potential, the holistic evaluation framework of educational tourism provided both theoretical guidance and methodological support for the tourism sectors in AHS sites.

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Virus-host interaction: an overview on recent advances in porcine circovirus type 3

SUN Renjie, SHAN Ying, AN Huiting, WANG Yating, XIE Ronghui, ZHANG Chuanliang, ZHAO Ling-yan, FANG Weihuan, LI Xiaoliang

2023, 35(7): 1755-1762. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230183

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Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is an important emerging pathogen of swine disease, which has been reported in swine industry of several countries and regions since its discovery in 2015. Current understanding of PCV3 pathogenesis is limited. The majority of studies are focus on the retrospective investigation, genetic characterization, phylogenetic analysis and establishment of detection methods. PCVs-host relationship is close and complex, which involves various cellular and viral processes. The interaction between them determines cell fate and transmission and survival of PCVs. Recently, some researchers have conducted studies on the PCV3-host interaction at the virus component or whole virus level by utilizing transient expression system, clinical isolation and propagation and reverse genetics system. This review summarizes the recent progress on host response to viral infection, virus-host proteins interaction and viral life cycle, and could be helpful in understanding PCV3 pathogenesis.

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