Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

Contents

2023, 35(8): 0-0.

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Cloning, sequence analysis, prokaryotic expression of thymidine kinase from jujube witches’-broom phytoplasma

SONG Chuansheng, KANG Xiaofei, FAN Qingzhong, WANG Jungang, SHI Xue, ZHANG Ziru, TAN Qingqing, ZENG Xiaojiao, LIU Fang, LI Yingsai, HOU Changyue

2023, 35(8): 1763-1772. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221392

Abstract ( 322 )

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Jujube witches’-broom (JWB), commonly known as the “cancer” of jujube trees, is an infectious disease caused by the JWB phytoplasma, which had caused serious harm to the cultivation and production of jujube in China. The study on the proliferation gene of JWB phytoplasma is helpful to the effective prevention and control of the JWB disease. To obtain the thymidine kinase gene (tdk) of JWB phytoplasma, it was amplified by PCR and then sequenced. The results showed that it contained a complete open reading frame which was composed of 576 nucleotides and encoded a protein of 191 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 21.76 ku. The genetic distance matrices based on tdk and 16S rDNA gene sequences indicated that the tdk gene in phytoplasma was more variable than its 16S rDNA gene. Also, the phylogenetic trees constructed respectively using the tdk and 16S rDNA genes of the same phytoplasmas were highly similar. So, the tdk gene was suitable for molecular classification of phytoplasma. To obtain the TDK protein of JWB phytoplasma, the prokaryotic expression vector of pET-28a-JWB-Heze-tdk was successfully constructed. A large amount of soluble recombinant protein with 6×His tag fused to N-terminus of JWB-Heze TDK was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) bacteria when induced using 0.1 mmol·L^-1 IPTG at 20 ℃ and 140 r·min^-1. Then, the soluble JWB-Heze TDK fusion protein was purified with Ni-IDA agarose resins. This study laid a foundation for the enzyme activity assays in vitro and antibody preparation of the JWB-Heze TDK.

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Genetic diversity analysis of Trapa L. cultivars in Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces using SLAF-seq

YUAN Ye, LIU Rui, WANG Lingyun, SHEN Meng, YE Xuelian, QUAN Xinhua, WANG Ruisen, YAO Xiangtan

2023, 35(8): 1773-1781. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20220965

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By using SLAF-seq technology, 17 main cultivated varieties and one wild variety of Trapa L. in Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas were high-throughput sequenced, 445 594 SLAF tags were obtained, and 95 931 polymorphic SLAF tags were identified. A total of 269 338 SNP markers obtained were used to construct the phylogenetic tree and analyze the population structure for the 18 samples of Trapa L. The results showed that SLAF-seq technology could efficiently develop a large number of SNP markers which could be used for population genetic analysis. Different types of Trapa L. were distinguished well by the SNP-based phylogenetic analysis. These results provided a reference for the further identification of germplasm resources and the research on the genetic evolution of Trapa L.

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Effects of different fertilizer formulations of agricultural wastes on growth, yield and quality of cabbage

ZHANG Bo, LIU Zeci, WANG Jie, LI Zhaozhuang, LI Lushan, HU Linli, YU Jihua

2023, 35(8): 1782-1792. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221098

Abstract ( 261 )

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In order to investigate the effects of different fertilizer formulations of agricultural waste on the growth, yield and quality of cabbage, nine different organic fertilizer formulations of sheep manure, vegetable residue, cow manure, mushroom residue and corn straw were prepared according to different mass ratios. T1 (sheep manure∶cabbage vegetable residue with volume ratio of 5.5∶4.5), T2 (sheep manure∶vegetable residue∶cow manure with volume ratio of 6∶3∶1), T3 (sheep manure∶cabbage vegetable residue∶mushroom residue with volume ratio of 6∶3∶1), T4 (sheep manure∶cabbage vegetable residue∶cow manure∶mushroom residue with volume ratio of 6∶3∶1), T5 (sheep manure∶ cabbage vegetable residue∶cow manure: mushroom residue with volume ratio of 6∶2∶1∶1), T6 (sheep manure∶cabbage vegetable residue∶cow manure∶corn straw with volume ratio of 6∶2∶1∶1), T7 (sheep manure∶cabbage vegetable residue∶mushroom residue∶corn straw with volume ratio of 6∶2∶2∶1), T8 (sheep manure∶cabbage vegetable residue∶cow manure∶mushroom residue∶corn straw with volume ratio of 5∶2∶1∶1∶1). CK1 (no application of organic fertilizer) and local commodity organic fertilizer formula CK2 (sheep manure∶cabbage vegetable residue=6.5∶3.5) were served as the control groups. In order to provide basis for fertilizer utilization of agricultural waste, the differences of growth, yield and quality of cabbage under different organic fertilizer cultivation conditions were investigated. The results showed that in T6 treatment, the projection area of open field cabbage was higher than that of other treatments at the pelleting stage and harvesting stage, the plant height at the pelleting stage was higher than that of other treatments, and the maximum leaf area at the pelleting stage and harvesting stage was higher than that of other treatments. The root activity at cabbage rosette stage in T6 treatment was significantly higher than other growth stages. Compared with CK2 treatment, the biomass yield and dry matter accumulation in T6 treatment increased by 7.18% and 55.99%, respectively. The contents of soluble sugar and vitamin C in T6 treatment were higher than those in other organic fertilizer treatments. The nitrate content was lower than that of other organic fertilizer treatments. Compared with CK1, the content of mineral elements in each treatment increased to different degrees. The membership function analysis of 17 indexes showed that T6 was the best treatment, followed by T4>T3>T8>T7>T1>CK2>T2>T5>CK1.

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Growth and N, P, K stoichiometric characteristics of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings in response to light and fertilizer

SUN Lijuan, LI Shimin, GUO Huanxian, JIN Youfan, LI Shuping, DONG Qiong

2023, 35(8): 1793-1804. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221220

Abstract ( 241 )

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To investigate the growth characteristics and N, P, K allocation patterns of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings in response to light and fertilizer, and to reveal the coordination mechanism between the growth regulation, physiological characteristics, and light and fertilizer of C. betacea seedlings, experiments were carried out using 3 fertilizer levels: no fertilizer (F0), moderate fertilizer (F1, 20 g per plant) and high fertilizer (F2, 40 g per plant), and 4 shading levels: no shading [L0, 100% natural light (NR)], light shading (L1, 75.0% NR), moderate shading (L2, 52.8% NR), and heavy shading (L3, 30.0% NR), with a total of 12 treatment combinations. Results showed that C. betacea seedlings adapted to low light environment by increasing investment in aboveground biomass and reducing investment in underground parts (roots). At 52.8% NR, adding 20 g compound fertilizer per plant resulted in the maximum growth index and biomass of C. betacea seedlings. N, P, K contents and their chemical stoichiometry ratios in different organs had their own changing patterns in different treatment combinations, with N, P, and K contents reaching the maximum in the leaves. There were significant correlations between N, P, K contents and their ratios in various organs. With changes in fertilizer and shading levels, there were balancing phenomena in nutrient allocation to various organs. Under full sunlight, moderate fertilizer benefited the allocation of N and K to the stem and P to the coarse root. After shading, N was distributed to the leaves, while P and K were allocated to the stem. Moderate shading and the addition of 20 g compound fertilizer per plant could promote the distribution of N, P, and K contents in various organs. Under heavy shading and after adding 40 g compound fertilizer per plant, nutrient contents significantly decreased. Overall, the functional traits of C. betacea showed a series of adaptive changes under different light and fertilizer treatments. Light and fertilizer had a significant (P<0.05) impact on the growth and chemical stoichiometry features of C. betacea seedlings. Moderate shading and fertilization treatments could effectively improve the growth, nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency, and the accumulation of N, P, and K contents in various organs of C. betacea seedlings, promoting their growth and development.

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Effects of compound substrate with residues of Solanaceous vegetables on cucumber seedling

FU Hongfei, GUO Saisai, ZHENG Jirong

2023, 35(8): 1805-1813. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221274

Abstract ( 185 )

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To better address the disposal problem of vegetable residues of Solanaceae, 4 residue pile fermentation treatments were set up using vegetable residues of Solanaceae as raw materials, chicken manure, and fermentation bacterial agents as additives. The fermented residues were then blended with commercial seedling substrates to produce mixed substrates. The effects of the mixed substrates on cucumber seed germination rate, seedling morphology, chlorophyll content, seedling biomass, and seedling root growth indices were studied. The correlation analysis was also conducted on seedling biomass, root indices, and other factors. The results showed that when Solanaceae vegetable residues were fermented without additives and blended with commercial seedling substrates in a ratio of 1∶3, the volume and surface area of cucumber seedling root increased by 0.30 cm³ per plant and 8.66 cm² per plant, respectively. The growth rate of dry matter accumulation (G value) of the cucumber seedlings was significantly (P<0.01) positively correlated with fresh weight, dry weight, above ground dry weight, underground dry weight per plant and seedling index. The seedling index was significantly (P<0.01) positively correlated with fresh weight, dry weight, above ground dry weight and underground dry weight per plant. The dry matter content was significantly (P<0.01) negatively correlated with fresh weight per plant. In addition, the number of root tips of cucumber seedlings was significantly(P<0.01) positively correlated with root length, root volume, and root surface area. Root length was significantly (P<0.01) positively correlated with root volume and root surface area. Root diameter was negatively correlated with the number of root tips and root length. Therefore, when Solanaceae vegetable residues were fermented without additives and blended with commercial seedling substrates in a ratio of 1∶3, the resulting mixed substrates were suitable for cucumber seedling cultivation.

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Genomic features of 3 bovine viral diarrhea viruses isolated from newborn claves

WANG Mengzhu, YANG Guangmei, WU Yuhu, YANG Xuanye, WANG Huihui, CAO Xiaoan, LI Yong, MA Zhongren, MA Xiaoxia

2023, 35(8): 1814-1822. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221234

Abstract ( 208 )

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To study the genetic evolution of Bovine viral diarrhea virus(BVDV)-infected newborn calves in different regions of China, the newborn Holstein calf serum from Shandong, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia provinces preserved in the laboratory was used as the material, and the calf serum was detected by RT-PCR for BVDV RNA, and the positive serum was inoculated into Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells (MDBK). Three isolates were identified as BVDV and named as 21NM-44, 21NX-53 and 21SD-16, respectively. According to the cytopathic ability of the 3 isolates to MDBK cells, 21NM-44 was determined to be a non-cytopathic strain, while 21NX-53 and 21SD-16 could cause cytopathic and were determined to be cytopathic strains. Using specific PCR primers, the whole genome sequences of the 3 viruses were cloned and identified. Based on the whole genome sequences, a phylogenetic tree was established and their genetic evolution relationship was analyzed. The results showed that the 3 wild BVDV isolates from different regions had a high degree of genetic evolution relationship with the BVDV GXNN1 strain (BVDV-1c). This study made a foundation for further research on the evolution of BVDV in China.

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Characterization of transgenic insect resistance and glyphosate tolerance rice expressing cry1Ab-vip3Af2 and cp4-epsps

ZHANG Siyu, LIN Chaoyang, YE Yuxuan, SHEN Zhicheng

2023, 35(8): 1823-1833. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230491

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In order to develop a transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) with insect resistance and herbicide tolerance, a T-DNA with both expression cassettes of the insecticidal fusion gene cry1Ab-vip3Af2 and glyphosate tolerance gene cp4-epsps was constructed and transferred into japonica rice Xiushui 134. A leading event named VB3 was selected based on molecular characterization, insect-resistance and herbicide-tolerance assays. Hi-Tail PCR suggested that the T-DNA insertion site of VB3 does not encode any known or predicted functional genes. Southern blotting suggested that the VB3 was a single copy insertion event. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting showed that the exogenous proteins were detected at high levels in different tissues of VB3, and had no significant difference among different generations. The laboratory bioassay showed that the VB3 was highly resistant to Sesamia inferens, Chilo suppressalis and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. The mortality of three target insect larvae on VB3 was about 90% in 48 hours and 100% in 72 hours. The glyphosate tolerance test showed that the VB3 showed no visible damage with 20、40 and 80 mL·hm^-2 of recommended glyphosate dosage respectively. In collusion, the VB3 event has potential value for possible commercial development.

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Analysis of relationship between number of Ricanidae in tea plantations and biochemical substances in tea leaves

XU Yue, WU Xiaomeng, WANG Guoqing, ZOU Yunding, BI Shoudon

2023, 35(8): 1834-1843. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221267

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To clarify the correlation between the population size of Ricanidae and the content of biochemical substances in tea leaves, to provide the scientific basis for biological control and insect resistance breeding. Contents of 6 types of ionic compounds including sugars, amino acids, catechins, oligomeric proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids and flavonol glycosides in tea leaves were detected by high performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD). The relationship between the number of Ricanidae and 6 types of biochemical substances was studied by using correlation analysis, gray correlation analysis, path analysis and regression analysis, and the closeness of the relationship between the content of different biochemical substances and the number of Ricanidae was obtained. From the correlation coefficients, the strongly correlated components of the 47 ionic compounds with the number of Ricanidae were: aspartic acid (-0.656 3), citrulline (-0.697 9), abscisic acid (0.694 1), ornithine (-0.728 3), 3-caffeoylquinic acid (0.654 8), and flavonol glycoside K3 (0.741 4). The relationship between the total content of 6 major ionic compounds and the number of Ricanidae was as follows: phenolic acids and flavonol glycosides were significantly correlated with the number of Ricanidae. The top 3 ionic components that were closely related to the number of Ricanidae from the gray correlation were: 3-caffeoylquinic acid (0.849 7), flavonol glycoside K3 (0.821 1), and ornithine amino acids (0.756 2). From the path coefficients and regression analysis, it was concluded that phenolic acids and flavonol glycosides were the 2 biochemicals with the most significant correlation with the number of Ricanidae. Ionic components closely related to the number of Ricanidae were: 3-caffeoylquinic acid, flavonol glycoside K3 and ornithine amino acids. Phenolic acids and flavonol glycosides were two types of biochemical substances closely related to the number of Ricanidae. The results could provide references for breeding tea trees against Ricanidae.

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Effects of organic fertilizer coupled with chemical fertilizer on growth and quality of tea and soil fertility

ZHANG Ning, TAO Ronghao, LIU Peishi, HU Hanxiu, GAO Linlin, GUO Long, ZHU Zunyou, MA Youhua

2023, 35(8): 1844-1852. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20220956

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In order to alleviate the adverse effects of long-term single application of chemical fertilizer on tea garden soil,and improve the yield and quality of tea, a field experiment was carried out in Lu’an Guapian tea garden for two consecutive years to study the effects of organic fertilizers made from rapeseed cake, straw, pig manure, cow manure, biogas residue, biomass (denoted as RCO, SO, PO, CO, BRO, BO, respectively) combined with chemical fertilizer (70% nutrient substituted by organic fertilizer)on tea growth, quality and soil fertility.The results showed that SO or PO combined with chemical fertilizer significantly (P<0.05) increased the 100-bud weight and bud density of tea as compared with the control (CK, all nutrients were input by chemical fertilizer). For chemical components of tea (tea polyphenol, free amino acid, ratio of phenol to amino acid, caffeine, aqueous extract), the highest contents were recoreded when SO or PO or BO was applied with chemical fertilizer. SO or PO application coupled with chemical fertilizer could improve soil fertility, as the nutrients contents and soil enzymes activities were elevated. Given the 2-year results, application of SO and chemical fertilizers had the best effect on promoting tea plant growth, improving tea quality and soil fertility under the experiment conditoins.

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Potential of straw returning as substitute for chemical fertilizer of main grain crops in Zhejiang Province, China

WANG Jie, LU Ruohui, ZHU Weifeng, CHEN Yupei, SHAN Yingjie

2023, 35(8): 1853-1863. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221488

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Straw is important resource in agricultural production. Reasonable straw returning has become one of the most effective measures to achieve fertilizer reduction. Based on the agricultural statistical data of Zhejiang Province from 2018 to 2020, three main grain crops (rice, wheat and maize) and three nutrient elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) were combined to explore the nutrients resources of main grain crop straws and their potential in replacing chemical fertilizers in Zhejiang Province by the method of grass-grain ratio calculation. The results demonstrated that the average annual yields of rice, wheat and maize straw in Zhejiang Province were 5.932×10⁶, 5.15×10⁵, 5.29×10⁵ t, respectively, and the average annual nutrients resources were 2 015.6, 110.1, 123.2 t, respectively. The amount of potassium (1 487.0 t) was the highest, which was followed by nitrogen (561.3 t) and phosphorus (200.5 t). The highest nutrients resource amount for rice and wheat straw was recorded in Jiaxing, while the highest nutrients resouce amount for maize straw was found in Hangzhou. The total nutrients resouce of straw in 3 main grain crops was the highest in Jiaxing (365.2 t). Among the three main grain crops, maize exhibited the highest nitrogen substitution potential, while rice showed the highest phosphorus and potassium substitution potential, which turned out to be the highest total substitution potential. The nutrients substitution potential of rice straw in Jiaxing and Huzhou was relatively higher, the nutrients substitution potential of wheat straw in Ningbo and Huzhou was relatively higher, and the nutrients substitution potential of maize straw in Huzhou and Jiaxing was relatively higher. In general, the nutrients resources of main grain crop straws in Zhejiang Province are abundant. The rational utilization of straw nutrient resources is an important way to realize chemical fertilizer reduction. To achieve the optimal effect, diverse straw returning technical modes should be investigated to local conditions coupled with chemical fertilizer reduction.

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Response of bacterial community to planting cover crops in virgin upland red soil

SI Linlin, XU Jing, CAO Kai, ZHANG Xian, WANG Jianhong

2023, 35(8): 1864-1875. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221096

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In the present assay, field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of 3 treatments, i.e., non-planting (CK), planting bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. humilis Alef), and planting sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor × S. sudanense) on the bacterial community structure of virgin red soils under newly-cultivated upland, in Suichang County and Jingning She Autonomous County, Zhejiang Province, China, respectively. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to study the diversity and community structure of bacteria in soil. Moreover, the correlation within soil environmental factors and bacterial communities was analyzed. The results showed that significant (P<0.05) differences were observed in the soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content after planting cover crops, and the effect of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid was better than that of bean. The diversity of bacterial communities did not alter significantly between the 2 types of cover crops. The predominant phyla were Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteriota, Acidobacteriota, Planctomycetota, Myxococcota, and Verrucomicrobiota, of which the relative abundance accounted for over 84%. Planting cover crops decreased the qualities of distinct biomarkers, especially when planting beans. At the phylum level, beans dramatically increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidota in rhizosphere soils compared with the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. Moreover, the relative abundance of Rhodanobacter and Dokdonella in bean rhizosphere soils was significantly (P<0.05) increased by 5-6 folds compared with the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid under the genus level. Redundancy analysis and correlation analysis revealed that pH, available potassium content, and soil microbial biomass carbon content were the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of soil bacterial phyla, such as Patescibacteria, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, Gemmatimonadota, Firmicutes, Myxococcota, Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria. Overall, planting cover crops on virgin upland red soils could improve soil environmental conditions and promote soil bacterial communities participating in soil nutrient cycling.

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Prediction of multi-source fusion of β-carotene during pumpkin drying

NING Wenkai, LI Jing, SHEN Xiaodong, WU Xin, LI Zhenfeng

2023, 35(8): 1876-1887. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221004

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β-carotene is an important index of pumpkin quality. The traditional method has a long period and a complicated process. To achieve the prediction of β-carotene content in pumpkin in the process of microwave drying, this study built a microwave drying system containing moisture content detection unit, machine vision and electronic nose units, the moisture content and appearance shape (surface shrinkage rate, and color difference) and odor characteristics of pumpkin under different temperatures of 60, 70, 80 ℃ in the drying process were on-line detected, meanwhile, the content of β-carotene was detected. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between the content of β-carotene and the appearance and flavor characteristics of pumpkin during drying. By establishing a monophyletic (machine vision or electronic nose) and multi-source fusion extreme learning machine (machine vision fusion electronic nose) model, the β-carotene content of pumpkin in the process of drying was predicted, and the results showed that the monophyletic model in machine vision had better prediction effect than electronic nose model, and the prediction accuracy of multi-source fusion model was the highest, $R p 2$ >0.97. The extreme learning machine model based on multi-source fusion can effectively predict the content of β-carotene in microwave drying of pumpkin, which has a good application prospect in automatic processing and quality monitoring of pumpkin.

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Comparative studies of polysaccharides of three Dendrobium species from Zhejiang Province and exploration of their physiological functions

LI Jingrui, TAO Wenyang, YANG Ying, ZHOU Wanyi, LU Shengmin, WANG Yangguang

2023, 35(8): 1888-1895. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221009

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To comparatively study the basic physicochemical properties and immunological efficacy of the three Dendrobium officinale(D. officinale) stems polysaccharides from the industrial base of Yandang Mountain, and to provide reference for their precise utilization, in this paper, polysaccharides from D. officinale cv. Yanhu 1 (DOP1), D. officinale cv. Yanhu 3 (DOP2) and D. officinale cv. Shenglan 8 (DOP3) were extracted. Their monosaccharide composition, total sugar content, molecular weight and monosaccharide linkages were respectively analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), phenol-sulfuric acid method, high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) and fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). Their effects on immune function were further investigated. The results showed that all the three polysaccharides contained three polysaccharide fractions with different relative molecular weights, and DOP2 having the highest relative molecular weights. All the three DOP consisted of four monosaccharides, including arabinose, galactose, glucose and mannose, but they had different monosaccharide ratios. Their results of FT-IR spectra were almost the same, which showed the presence of pyran heteropolysaccharides with a predominantly β-configuration. All the three polysaccharides had certain proliferative effects on RAW 264.7 cells and the DOP3 was the best (P<0.000 1). In addition, DOP3 (1 600 μg·mL^-1) significantly promoted the release of NO from RAW 264.7 cells (P<0.05). The results indicated that there were significant differences in the physicochemical properties and immune efficacy of the three polysaccharides, and the immunomodulatory activity of DOP3 was superior to the other two Dendrobium polysaccharides, which might be related to their differences in structure and composition.

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Determination of 2, 4-epibrassinolide residues in Dendrobium officinale by solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

LU Lanfei, ZHAO Xueping, MA Zheng, FANG Nan, LUO Yuqin, WANG Xiaomei, YE Hui, LEI Yuan, WANG Qiang, ZHANG Changpeng

2023, 35(8): 1896-1903. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221050

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In order to establish an efficient, sensitive and accurate residue analysis method for 2,4-epibrassinolide in Dendrobium officinale, the samples of Dendrobium officinale were extracted by ultrasonic and vortex coupling, and then cleaned by Cleanert Pesti Carb/NH₂and determined by HPLC-MS/MS. This method is clear and colorless after purification, matrix effect is reduced, easy to operate and fast. The limits of quantification and limits of detection of 2,4-epibrassinolide in Dendrobium officinale were 0.005 mg·kg^-1and 0.000 5 mg·L^-1, respectively. The average recoveries of 2,4-epibrassinolide in Dendrobium officinale were 94.70%-102.25% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.3%-3.4% in the spiked range of 0.005-0.5 mg·kg^-1. It showed that the sensitivity, accuracy and precision of the method met the requirements for the analysis of pesticide residues of 2,4-epibrassinolide in Dendrobium officinale. The samples of Dendrobium officinale were obtained by indoor pot test, and the method was used to determine the 2, 4-epibrassinolide in the samples of Dendrobium officinale. The digestion dynamics of 2,4-epibrassinolide in Dendrobium officinale conformed to the first-order kinetics, and the half-lives of stem and leaf were 10.35-22.36 d and 8.89-11.00 d, respectively. It showed that this method can be applied to the detection of actual samples of Dendrobium officinale.

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Inversion of leaf nitrogen content in potato canopy based on unmanned aerial vehicle hyperspectral images

GUO Faxu, FENG Quan, YANG Sen, YANG Wanxia

2023, 35(8): 1904-1914. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221475

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To realize the rapid inversion of leaf nitrogen content (LNC) in the canopy of field potatoes, the spectral data of potato canopy leaves were obtained by an imaging spectrometer of a low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform. Based on the comprehensive comparison of original reflectance (R), reciprocal transformation reflectance (1/R), first-order differential transformation reflectance [D(R)], second-order differential transformation reflectance [D(2R)], and logarithm of reciprocal transformation reflectance [lg(1/R)], [D(2R)] was selected for the subsequent experiment. Correlation analysis (CA), competitive adaptive reweighed sampling (CARS) and uninformative variables elimination (UVE) algorithms were introduced to screen the characteristic spectral bands, and partial least squares regression (PLSR) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms were used to construct the LNC estimation model. It was shown that 26, 12 and 19 characteristic bands were screened out by CA, CARS and UVE algorithms, respectively. Among all the established PLSR models, the one based on characteristic bands sreend out by UVE [UVE-D(2R)-PLSR for short] had the best performace, as its determinatino coefficient (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE) on the validatin set were 0.806 8 and 0.193 2, respectively. Among all the established SVM models, the one based on characteristic bands screened out by CARS [CARS-D(2R)-SVM for short] had the best performance, as its R² and RMSE on the validation set were 0.831 6 and 0.183 0, respectively. Compared with UVE-D(2R)-PLSR, CARS-D(2R)-SVM showed better modeling effect. The constructed CARS-D(2R)-SVM model was used to estimate LNC based on the spectral image of potato canopy, and the inverse diagram of LNC was plotted, which could help the growers intuitively grasp the potato growth in the field and provide data support for the potato field management.

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Near-infrared quantitative detection of fat in peeled Korean pine seeds based on manifold learning

QIU Xunchao, CAO Jun, ZHANG Yizhuo

2023, 35(8): 1915-1926. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221056

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Quantitative detection of fat in peeled Korean pine seeds is an important indicator of its edible and breeding value. In addition, near-infrared spectroscopy was used to detect nondestructively. Based on the result of standard normalized variate+first derivative+symlet4 (SNV+1^st-Der+Sym4) pretreatment method, considering the traditional dimensionality reduction, principal components analysis (PCA) has some problems, such as insensitive to nonlinear complex structures and removing the linear correlation information between features completely. Isometric mapping (Isomap), locally linear embedding (LLE), modified locally linear embedding (MLLE), local tangent space alignment (LTSA) and Hessian based locally linear embedding (HLLE) were used to reduce dimensions separately. Taking the model which was established by partial least square (PLS) as the calibration model. Furthermore, ridge regression (Ridge), support vector regression (SVR) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) were adopted to establish mathematical models, respectively. As shown by the results, the quality of the parameter optimization model established by MLLE+SVR was the best, and the optimized parameters were as follows: neighborhood number (neighbors) was 30 and dimension (components) was 16, and the mean value of mean squared error of validation (mean-MSEV) was 0.646 4, and the mean relative error (MRE) of test set was 0.999 2%. Therefore, the MLLE+SVR model can be well applied to the quantitative detection of fat in peeled Korean pine seeds.

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Automatic detection method of corn seed germination based on Mask RCNN and vision technology

MA Qiliang, YANG Xiaoming, HU Shuixing, HUANG Zihong, QI Hengnian

2023, 35(8): 1927-1936. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221222

Abstract ( 282 )

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In the standard germination test of seed, manual timing is required to collect data on seed germination and growth, such as germination rate, germination vigor, shoot length, and root length. However, this measurement process is time-consuming, laborious, and can easily damage germinating seedlings. To address these issues, a automatic detection method for maize seed germination is designed based on the Mask RCNN (region-based convolutional neural network) model and machine vision technology. First, within the 7-day germination test period of maize seeds, images for model training and testing are collected daily, and the seed positions are annotated using the Labelme tool, then a seed localization model is trained based on the annotated images. Second, based on the seed mask regions located by the model, an elliptical region for monitoring seed germination is defined, and the seed germination status is automatically identified. Finally, the main skeleton line of germinating seedlings is extracted using skeleton extraction and depth-first search algorithms, shoot length and root length are measured separately by calculating the centroid coordinates of seed masks. The results show that this method can effectively recognize germinating seeds and automatically measure indicators such as germination rate, germination vigor, shoot length and root length in maize seed germination experiments, providing a technical reference for the automation management of seed germination tests.

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Bidirectional dilemma of agricultural supply chain financing mode and cracking mechanism based on perspective of new institutional economics: a case study of citrus supply chain in Kecheng District, Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China

LI Mengqi, GUO Pei, KE Xuelong

2023, 35(8): 1937-1949. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20226924

Abstract ( 183 )

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Although the agricultural supply chain plays a certain role in improving the availability of financing for agricultural operators, the bidirectional dilemma between the core subject and small- and medium-sized agricultural operators is prominent, which is specifically reflected in: the requirement of high trust degree among supply chain players and the dilemma of uneven development of third-party guarantors, the low cost and high conversion requirements of collateral and the inconsistent evaluation of agricultural industry assets, the demand for industrial development and the instability of self-compensation closed-loop. Based on the theory of new institutional economics, it is found that compared with the traditional supply chain financing model of “company+cooperative+farmer”, the supply chain financing model of Farmers Cooperatives Union has obvious advantages in terms of contract structure, transaction cost and self-compensation level. The citrus supply chain in Kecheng District, Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China is selected as an example, and the cracking mechanism of bidirectional dilemma is analyzed and verified. It is found that the new agricultural socialized service organizations represented by Farmers Cooperatives Union can integrate formal institutional constraints and informal social constraints, and have strong advantages in information, transaction costs and self-compensation, which can effectively improve the cooperation effect, synergistic effect and division of labor effect of supply chain, and alleviate financing difficulties. Therefore, the breakthrough to alleviating the bidirectional dilemma of agricultural supply chain financing mode lies in the construction of new agricultural socialized service organization, which should be co-built and shared by operating entities based on specialized service, strengthening market-oriented operation and promoting large-scale development.

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Research on development of rural tourism resources under background of common prosperity based on tourism gaze theory

WEI Xiaoliang, WANG Ying

2023, 35(8): 1950-1959. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230746

Abstract ( 203 )

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Taking Longxian Village, Qingtian County, Zhejiang Province as the research case, taking common prosperity as the research entry point, starting from the perspective of subject and object in the micro region, and taking tourism gaze theory as the research framework, this paper investigated and studied the tourism resources in the cognition of community residents and tourists in rural tourism destinations, explored the differences of tourism resources in their cognition, and put forward development strategies to adapt to the development of tourism resources in rural areas. In addition, discussions were conducted on the promotion of regional economic development by rural tourism, the reduction of income disparities among residents, the ways for community residents to participate, and the issue of spatial justice in the process of tourism development. The research results indicated that there was a significant difference in the perception of tourism resources between community residents and tourists, and the richness of community cognition was greater than that of tourists From a spatial perspective, the scope of resources in community cognition was smaller than that of tourists’ cognition, and mostly revolved around one’s own living space and activity range.

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Multidimensional evaluation of “variety, quality, efficiency and application” of Tartary buckwheat and research progress of high-value utilization of active ingredients

WANG Di, YANG Hanmei, LI Yangqian, JIA Mengting, ZOU Liang, YANG Fan

2023, 35(8): 1960-1974. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230387

Abstract ( 229 )

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Tartary buckwheat, known as the “king of five grains”, is a typical embodiment of the homologous culture of Chinese medicine and food. It is rich in amino acids, vitamins, biological flavonoids and other functional components, and has extremely high nutritional and medicinal value. In this paper, the varieties, quality, efficacy and application of Tartary buckwheat were systematically described and evaluated. Meanwhile, the research methods and strategies of high-value utilization of active ingredients in Tartary buckwheat in recent years were comprehensively reviewed. The aim is to provide valuable reference for Tartary buckwheat industry, food health care and medicine research and development.

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Research progress on microbial degradation of antibiotics in livestock and poultry breeding wastes

XIE Xiaojie, XU Shuangyan, WANG Wenfan, YANG Jian, ZHAO Zhuoqun, WANG Min, ZHENG Huabao

2023, 35(8): 1975-1992. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20236225

Abstract ( 268 )

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Antibiotics are widely used in animal husbandry for the treatment of animal infections. However, animals cannot completely metabolize and absorb antibiotics, and most of the antibiotics are released into the environment with urine and feces, which leads to antibiotic residues and contamination of antibiotic resistance genes. In the present assay, we reviewed the usage of antibiotics in livestock and poultry breeding and the hazards of antibiotic residues, and summarized the pure culture of microorganisms which could degrade antibiotics and the degradation mechanisms. Furthermore, the applications of antibiotics-degrading bacteria in composting were discussed, and the development prospects of microbial degradation of antibiotics were explored, to provide references for the treatment of antibiotic pollution in livestock and poultry breeding wastes.

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Research progress of deep learning in intelligent identification of disease resistance of crops and their related species

PAN Pan, ZHANG Jianhua, ZHENG Xiaoming, ZHOU Guomin, HU Lin, FENG Quan, CHAI Xiujuan

2023, 35(8): 1993-2012. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20236105

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Accurate identification of disease resistance of crops and their related species is the critical link in screening and breeding disease resistant varieties of crops, an important way to safely and effectively control crop diseases, and an essential basis for the ex-situ conservation and exploitation of wild germplasm resources. The traditional disease resistance identification methods rely heavily on the subjective judgment of investigators, which is time-consuming and laborious.Rapid, accurate and intelligent identification of disease resistance of crops and their related species is in great need. In recent years, with the rapid development and application of deep learning methods, the intelligent identification of disease resistance of crops and their related species based on deep learning has become possible. In the present assay, we firstly introduced the traditional disease resistance identification methods and standards by taking three main diseases in rice (rice blast, rice leaf blight and rice sheath blight) as an example, then reviewed the progress of deep learning in intelligent identification of disease resistance in crops and their related species from three aspects of disease detection, disease segmentation, and diseases index assessment. Finally, we summarized difficulties and challenges in the application of deep learning in disease resistance identification, and discussed the feasibility and development trend to provide references for further research on deep learning in disease resistance identification of crops and their related species.

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Research advances of Cordyceps cicadae

LIANG Shiwei, WANG Hongkai

2023, 35(8): 2013-2022. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20220072

Abstract ( 364 )

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Cordyceps cicadae, well-known as Chanhua fungus in China, is a valuable edible and medicinal fungus and has been utilized as traditional Chinese medicine for centuries in China. With the increasing emphasis on healthy living, research had made rapid progress in recent years. This paper reviewed the progress of taxonomy, application status, bioactive components, pharmacological mechanism and molecular biology research of Cordyceps cicadae, pointed out the current problems in production and research of Cordyceps cicadae and outlooked the research direction and prospect.

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