Bidirectional regulatory mechanisms of starch phosphorylase and their roles in plant starch metabolism and stress resistance

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250424

Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis ›› 2026, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (7): 1493-1506.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250424

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Bidirectional regulatory mechanisms of starch phosphorylase and their roles in plant starch metabolism and stress resistance

WANG Yu(), ZHU Fangyi, ZHANG Chong, PANG Hongbo, HE Haisheng, ZHANG Ying^*()

College of Life Sciences, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China

Received:2025-06-09 Online:2026-07-25 Published:2026-08-20

Abstract

Abstract:

Starch phosphorylase (SP) is a key enzyme in plant starch metabolism, bidirectionally regulating starch synthesis and degradation through reversible phosphorolysis. Plastidial phosphorylase (PHO1) and cytosolic phosphorylase (PHO2) in higher plants exhibit significant differences in substrate specificity and function. PHO1 is primarily involved in starch synthesis, while PHO2 is associated with maltose metabolism. SP is mainly composed of an N-terminal region, a regulatory domain, an L80 domain, and a catalytic domain. The L80 domain can dynamically regulate enzyme activity through phosphorylation and proteasome-mediated degradation. Regarding the catalytic mechanism, PHO1 prefers amylopectin synthesis, whereas PHO2 tends to catalyze phosphorolytic degradation. The concentrations of metabolites such as glucose-1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) and inorganic phosphate (Pi), as well as metal ions, synergistically regulate metabolic balance by influencing reaction direction and enzyme activity. SP possesses multiple physiological functions. It not only directly participates in starch metabolism by elongating glucan chains and degrading starch but also regulates Pi homeostasis in photosynthesis and optimizes carbon allocation through multi-enzyme complexes to enhance plant stress resistance. This paper systematically reviews the bidirectional regulatory mechanism of SP as a core hub regulator in plant starch metabolism and its central role in coordinating carbon flow distribution, maintaining Pi homeostasis, and improving abiotic stress tolerance. It highlights SP's unique mechanism of achieving functional plasticity via the formation of dynamic multi-enzyme complexes to adapt to environmental changes. However, the spatial conformation and dynamic assembly regulatory networks of SP multi-enzyme complexes, as well as the molecular evolutionary mechanisms underlying its functional differentiation across species, remain incompletely elucidated. Future research should integrate structural biology and multi-omics technologies to explore the non-canonical pathways of SP in the cross-regulation of carbon and phosphorus metabolism, and apply gene-editing techniques for the targeted optimization of SP activity or complex assembly, thus offering new perspectives and potential targets for the targeted improvement of crop starch metabolism efficiency, yield and stress resistance.

Key words: starch phosphorylase, starch metabolism, reversible phosphordysis, stress resistance, complex

CLC Number:

Q945.11

WANG Yu, ZHU Fangyi, ZHANG Chong, PANG Hongbo, HE Haisheng, ZHANG Ying. Bidirectional regulatory mechanisms of starch phosphorylase and their roles in plant starch metabolism and stress resistance[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2026, 38(7): 1493-1506.

Figures/Tables 2

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特征Characteristics	PHO1(质体型)PHO1 (Plastidial)	PHO2(胞质型)PHO2 (Cytosolic)
亚细胞定位 Subcellular localization	叶绿体/淀粉体Chloroplast/amyloplast	细胞质Cytoplasm
分子量 Molecular weight	110 ku	95 ku
结构特征 Structural characteristics	含L80结构域、部分物种含有PEST Contains L80 domain; PEST motif present in some species	缺失L80结构域、部分物种含有loop78环 Lacks L80 domain, loop78 ring present in some species
底物偏好性 Substrate preference	支链淀粉、线性麦芽寡糖(DP≥5) Amylopectin, linear malto-oligosaccharides (DP≥5)	直链葡聚糖、麦芽寡糖 Linear glucan, malto-oligosaccharides
催化反应方向 Catalytic reaction direction	合成(葡聚糖链延伸)Synthesis (glucan chain elongation)	降解(磷酸解生成Glc-1-P)Degradation (phosphorolysis to Glc-1-P)
核心生理功能 Core physiological functions	主导淀粉合成起始与延伸,结构修饰,Pi稳态调节 Dominates starch synthesis initiation and elongation, structural modification and Pi homeostasis regulation	麦芽糖代谢、淀粉降解(磷酸解)、应急供能 Maltose metabolism, starch degradation (phosphorolysis) and emergency energy supply
关键调控因子 Key regulatory factors	Glc-1-P、Pi和S566位点磷酸化 Glc-1-P, Pi and S566 phosphorylation	乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、Mg²⁺和Pi Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA), Mg²⁺ and Pi

特征Characteristics	PHO1(质体型)PHO1 (Plastidial)	PHO2(胞质型)PHO2 (Cytosolic)
亚细胞定位 Subcellular localization	叶绿体/淀粉体Chloroplast/amyloplast	细胞质Cytoplasm
分子量 Molecular weight	110 ku	95 ku
结构特征 Structural characteristics	含L80结构域、部分物种含有PEST Contains L80 domain; PEST motif present in some species	缺失L80结构域、部分物种含有loop78环 Lacks L80 domain, loop78 ring present in some species
底物偏好性 Substrate preference	支链淀粉、线性麦芽寡糖(DP≥5) Amylopectin, linear malto-oligosaccharides (DP≥5)	直链葡聚糖、麦芽寡糖 Linear glucan, malto-oligosaccharides
催化反应方向 Catalytic reaction direction	合成(葡聚糖链延伸)Synthesis (glucan chain elongation)	降解(磷酸解生成Glc-1-P)Degradation (phosphorolysis to Glc-1-P)
核心生理功能 Core physiological functions	主导淀粉合成起始与延伸,结构修饰,Pi稳态调节 Dominates starch synthesis initiation and elongation, structural modification and Pi homeostasis regulation	麦芽糖代谢、淀粉降解(磷酸解)、应急供能 Maltose metabolism, starch degradation (phosphorolysis) and emergency energy supply
关键调控因子 Key regulatory factors	Glc-1-P、Pi和S566位点磷酸化 Glc-1-P, Pi and S566 phosphorylation	乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、Mg²⁺和Pi Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA), Mg²⁺ and Pi

复合体组成 Complex composition	核心功能 Core function	调控因素 Regulatory factors
PHO1-DPE1	低温下作为引物合成麦芽寡糖、降低Glc-1-P的K_m 值Synthesizes malto-oligosaccharides as primers under low temperature, and reduces the K_m of Glc-1-P	温度(低温促进组装)、非ATP依赖 Temperature (low temperature promotes assembly), ATP-independent
PHO1-BGC1	调控B型淀粉颗粒起始 Regulates the initiation of B-type starch granules	器官特异性(仅在胚乳中进行) Organ specificity (occurs only in endosperm)
PHO1-SBEⅠ	支链淀粉合成,保护分支点不被水解 Amylopectin synthesis, protects branch points from hydrolysis	Glc-1-P浓度(高浓度促进组装) Glc-1-P concentration (high concentration promotes assembly)
PHO1-SBEⅡb/SSⅡa	支链淀粉链延伸与分支协同 Synergism of amylopectin chain elongation and branching	S566磷酸化(增强结合)、ATP S566 phosphorylation (enhances binding) and ATP
PHO1-PSⅠ (PsaC亚基) PHO1-PSⅠ (PsaC subunit)	优化光合电子传递、减少ROS积累 Optimizes photosynthetic electron transport, and reduces ROS accumulation	温度(低温下复合体更稳定)、是否存在L80结构域 Temperature (complex is more stable at low temperature), presence or absence of L80 domain
PHO1-20S蛋白酶体 PHO1-20S proteasome	PHO1降解,产生高活性降解片段 PHO1 degradation, produces highly active degradation fragments	PEST基序磷酸化(促进结合) PEST motif phosphorylation (promotes binding)

复合体组成 Complex composition	核心功能 Core function	调控因素 Regulatory factors
PHO1-DPE1	低温下作为引物合成麦芽寡糖、降低Glc-1-P的K_m 值Synthesizes malto-oligosaccharides as primers under low temperature, and reduces the K_m of Glc-1-P	温度(低温促进组装)、非ATP依赖 Temperature (low temperature promotes assembly), ATP-independent
PHO1-BGC1	调控B型淀粉颗粒起始 Regulates the initiation of B-type starch granules	器官特异性(仅在胚乳中进行) Organ specificity (occurs only in endosperm)
PHO1-SBEⅠ	支链淀粉合成,保护分支点不被水解 Amylopectin synthesis, protects branch points from hydrolysis	Glc-1-P浓度(高浓度促进组装) Glc-1-P concentration (high concentration promotes assembly)
PHO1-SBEⅡb/SSⅡa	支链淀粉链延伸与分支协同 Synergism of amylopectin chain elongation and branching	S566磷酸化(增强结合)、ATP S566 phosphorylation (enhances binding) and ATP
PHO1-PSⅠ (PsaC亚基) PHO1-PSⅠ (PsaC subunit)	优化光合电子传递、减少ROS积累 Optimizes photosynthetic electron transport, and reduces ROS accumulation	温度(低温下复合体更稳定)、是否存在L80结构域 Temperature (complex is more stable at low temperature), presence or absence of L80 domain
PHO1-20S蛋白酶体 PHO1-20S proteasome	PHO1降解,产生高活性降解片段 PHO1 degradation, produces highly active degradation fragments	PEST基序磷酸化(促进结合) PEST motif phosphorylation (promotes binding)

Bidirectional regulatory mechanisms of starch phosphorylase and their roles in plant starch metabolism and stress resistance

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