Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

Kinetic analysis and antioxidant activity of Dendrobium officinale leaves under cadmium stress

JIANG Wu, WU Zhigang, CHEN Songlin, TAO Zhengming

2017, 29(9): 1421-1429. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.01

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In order to study the effects of cadmium (Cd) stress on antioxidant capacity of Dendrobium officinale, experiments of response relationship between Cd stress and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) in D. officinale leaves were done, and dynamics equation of SOD, CAT, POD activities based on logistic function were established. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between the SOD, CAT, POD activities and Cd concentration, and the antioxidant capacity was increased when treated by certain Cd concentration. The model parameter calculation displayed that the fitting degree of 12 model under different stress level were fine (R²>0.9, P<0.05). The model parameter calculation indicated that Cd concentration was positively correlation with the intrinsic rates, while negatively correlated with the environmental capacity and inflection points. Comprehensive D. officinale growth period and all inflection points showed that the limit Cd concentration was 2 mg·L^-1 which could improve antioxidant accumulation. Thus, low concentration of Cd stress not only had low toxicity to D. officinale, but also could increase the antioxidant accumulation to a certain extent. Dynamic model based on logistic function with Cd concentration could be a potential tool for predicting the dynamic process of D. officinale growth under Cd stress.

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Study on soil respiration of direct-sowing winter oilseed rape in paddy field under different tillage conditions

WU Yongcheng, NIU Yingze, HU Zongda

2017, 29(9): 1430-1436. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.02

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In order to explain the characteristic of soil respiration (RS) during the growth season of direct-sowing winter rapeseed in the paddy field, a field experiment was carried out to examine the variations of soil respirations and soil temperature (ST) and soil water content (SWC) at the 5 cm depth of winter oilseed rape under rice-rapeseed rotation system in Chengdu Plain of Sichuan Province from November 2012 to April 2013. It was shown that there was no significant difference of RS between rotary tillage (RT) treatment (1.97 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) and zero tillage (ZT) treatment (1.86 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) during growth season of winter oilseed rape. The monthly variation trend of RS was first decreased and then increased and the minimum value appeared in January 2013. Temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of RS was 2.07 and 2.16 under RT and ZT, respectively. In addition, there was a significant (P<0.05) positive correlation between RS and above-ground biomass, yet a significant (P<0.05) negative correlation between RS and soil organic carbon. Soil temperature of topsoil was the main influencing factor of soil respiration in direct-sowing winter rapeseed.

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Etiology analysis of the bacterial secondary infection of PRRSV in Sichuan Province from 2013 to 2016

LI Youyou, LI Xiaojing, GONG Shuangyan, AO Ying, ZHU Ling, XU Zhiwen

2017, 29(9): 1437-1444. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.03

Abstract ( 783 )

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This experiment was conducted to provide references for clinical management and treatment of PRRSV secondary infections. In this study, morphology observation, selective culture, biochemical identification were used to identify the secondary infective bacteria of PRRSV around 112 piglets from Sichuan province in 2013-2016. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli and Actinobacillus pleuropeumoniae were isolated. Isolation rate of Staphylococcus aureus was the highest (70%), followed by Pasteurella(50%), Escherichia coli (40%), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae(40%), Streptococcus (30%). Secondary infection occurred mainly in the liver and lungs, followed by spleen and pericardial effusion. Animal experiments showed that Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae were pathogenic. Susceptibility testing showed that Pasteurella multocida was highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, moderately sensitive to gentamicin; Escherichia coli was highly sensitive to amikacin, and moderately sensitive to ampicillin, gentamicin and neomycin; Streptococcus was moderately sensitive to kanamycin; Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was moderately sensitive to ciprofloxacin.

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Antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis

ZHU Ningyu, ZHENG Xiaoye, CAO Feifei, LI Yangyang, ZHENG Tianlun

2017, 29(9): 1445-1450. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.04

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The antimicrobial resistance of 10 Aeromonas hydrophila strains collected from diseased soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis was studied in this paper. Drug sensitive tests showed that all the 10 strains were sensitive to Amikacin, Neomycin, Cefoperazone, Aztreonam, Deoxytetracycline, Norfloxacin, Enrofloxacin and were risistent to Penicillin G, Lincomycin, Vancomycin, Sulfamethoxydiazine, but they showed different susceptibility to Florfenicol, Tetracycline, SMZ-TMP. At the same time, 17 antimicrobial resistant genes in the 10 strains were detected by PCR. The results showed that all these 10 strains carried 2-11 resistance genes. The highest detection rate of resistant gene qnrA and cat 1 reached 100% , while qepA, aph(3'), sul Ⅱ, sul Ⅲ, OXA were not detected. Different Aeromonas hydrophila strains showed different antimicrobial resistance, suggesting that it was necessary to carry out drug sensitivity tests before treating and preventing.

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Effect of Hg²⁺on antioxidant function of Ctenopharyngodon idella

NIU Jingyan, LIU Zhancai

2017, 29(9): 1451-1457. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.05

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This study was aimed to investigate the effect of Hg²⁺ on antioxidant function of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. The experimental fish were divided into control and treatment groups. The control group fish were fed in normally cultivated water, and the treatment group fish were exposed to water containing Hg²⁺ concentration of 0.07,0.22,0.37,0.52 mg·L^-1, respectively. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities as well as glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in their gill, hepatopancreas, spleen and kidney were tested on 1, 5, 12, 21 d after treatment. The results were as follows: compared with the control group, during the experimental period, for the tested organ tissues, the SOD, GPx activities(0.52 mg·L^-1)and GSH (0.37, 0.52 mg·L^-1) contents decreased significantly (P<0.05), while MDA contents (0.37, 0.52 mg·L^-1) increased remarkably(P<0.05). When exposed to Hg²⁺ for 1 d, the SOD, GPx activities (0.07, 0.22, 0.37 mg·L^-1 groups) and GSH contents (0.07, 0.22 mg·L^-1 groups) in the tested organ tissues rose in different degree, however, MDA content in gill fell dramatically (P<0.05). When exposed to Hg²⁺ for 5 d, the SOD activities in gill, spleen, kidney (0.37 mg·L^-1), the GPx activities in gill, hepatopancreas, kidney (0.37 mg·L^-1), the GSH contents in the tested organ tissues (0.37 mg·L^-1) reduced apparently (P<0.05), and the same changes took place in the SOD, GPx activities (0.37 mg·L^-1) when exposed to Hg²⁺ for 12 d. When exposed to Hg²⁺ for 21 d, the SOD , GPx activities in the tested organ tissues (0.22, 0.37 mg·L^-1) and GSH contents in the spleen and kidney(0.22 mg·L^-1) dropped significantly (P<0.05), nevertheless, MDA contents in the tested organ tissues (0.22 mg·L^-1) increased greatly (P<0.05). It could be concluded that for grass carp, the antioxidant function was promoted by low Hg²⁺ concentration in short time exposure, but inhibited by high Hg²⁺ concentration in long time exposure. The experiment showed that the stress responses of the organ tissues and the antioxidant components were not the same under Hg²⁺stress, this might be due to the characteristics of the organ tissues and the components, but also reflected the complexity of Hg²⁺ toxic effects.

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Effects of soy isoflavones on expression of IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α and INF-γ in male rats' spleen

LI Like, LUO Qihui, HUANG Chao, CHEN Xiaolin, CHEN Ping, LI Yifan, LIU Wentao, CHEN Zhengli

2017, 29(9): 1458-1464. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.06

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In the present study, effects of different dose of soy isoflavones (SIF) on splenic immune function in male rats were studied and mechanism was explained. Forty rats aged 6 weeks were randomly divided four groups fed with SIF 0 (control group),50 (low dose group),250 (medium dose group), 500 (high dose group) mg·kg^-1 body weight. Body weight were recorded every week, and at the end of experiment the rats' spleens were separated and weighed. The expression levels of IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α and INF-γ in rats spleen were detected by immunohistochemistry SABC method. The results showed that compared with control group, there were no significantly differences in spleen index among the groups. Splenic corpuscles in middle and high group were smaller than those in other groups with the lymphocytes number significantly decreased in red pulp. The expression of IL-2 in low dose group was significantly decreased, but rapidly increased in middle and high dose group with a dose-dependent. However, the expression levels of IL-4, TNF-α and INF-γ were all significantly reduced after treated by isoflavones. All above,even though high dose isoflavones can increase IL-2 level,the expressions of IL-4, TNF-α and INF-γ were inhibited with the dose of isoflavones increasing, which indicated SIF had potential immunosuppression to male rats and appeared dosage difference.

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ERIC-PCR typing and virulence-related genes detection of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from poultry in some areas of Sichuan Province

WANG Han, ZHANG Bo, MO Yaxia, LUO Zhengzhong, JIANG Sixun, SUN Chengliang, CAO Suizhong, YAO Xueping

2017, 29(9): 1465-1473. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.07

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In order to investigate the genetic diversity and virulence related genes of Campylobacter jejuni in some areas of Sichuan, the samples of the cecum and anal swab collected from the chickens, ducks and quails from Chengdu, Ya'an and Meishan were isolated and identified for C. jejuni, and the ERIC-PCR typing and seventeen virulence-related genes were detected and analyzed. The results of isolation showed a 10.23% separation rate (48/469), and the isolation rate from chicken was higher than that from quail(P<0.05). ERIC-PCR cluster analysis showed that forty-eight strains of C. jejuni could be divided into six clusters, and there were sixteen species and thirty-one genotypes. The isolates from each farm were clustered and distributed in some species or cluster, while some isolates showed cross distribution in different regions and different farms. The carrying rate of fifteen virulence related genes was above 50%, and the carrying rate of virulence related genes of quail was higher than other animals. The results suggested that the C. jejuni isolates from poultry of Sichuan area possessed high carrying rate and high genetic diversity.

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Molecular cloning and expression analysis of FAM134B gene in Tibetan sheep

LI Wenli, DU Xiaohua, LIU Xia, GAO Jingbo, SHEN Chaochao, ZHANG Chao, LIU Wei

2017, 29(9): 1474-1481. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.08

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The gene of FAM134B(family with sequence similarity 134, member B) was cloned by RT-PCR. The bioinformatics analysis was carried out by using biological software. The expression level of FAM134B was also studied by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The full length of FAM134B gene was 1 144 bp (GenBank accession number: KX580309), open reading frame 1 071 bp, encoding 356 amino acids. The phylogenetic tree showed that the Tibetan sheep FAM134B had a close relationship with the sheep and goat. The molecular formula of FAM134B protein in Tibetan sheep was C₁₇₁₇H₂₆₉₆N₄₄₈O₅₇₂S₁₂, its molecular weight was 39151.72 u, the theory isoelectric point was 4.49, the extinction coefficient was 24 450. The instability index was 43, the aliphatic index was 80.31, and the grand average hydropathicity was -0.422. It was unstable and soluble acidic protein. The secondary structure of FAM134B was mainly composed of α-helices and random coil and extended chain, with α-helices was 45.51%, random coil was 41.85% and extension chains was 12.64%, which belongs to mixed type of protein. The results of subcellular localization and function showed that the frequencies of FAM134B protein in endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic membrane were 30.4% and 21.7%. It mainly plays a role in protein transport and binding(77.3%). Phylogenetic tree showed that the amino acid sequence of FAM134B showed high homology with sheep and goat. qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of FAM134B gene was the highest in the stomach and lowest in the duodenum. The results can provide a theoretical basis for further study on the structure and physiological functions and genetic characteristics of FAM134B gene.

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Genetic diversity analysis of 30 fig varieties using capillary electrophoresis detection with fluorescent SSR markers

GUO Zhengbing, HAN Baiming, GUO Qiang

2017, 29(9): 1482-1488. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.09

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In order to analyze the genetic diversity of the fig species collected from home and abroad, the capillary electrophoresis detection with fluorescent SSR markers method was used to establish the fingerprint identification platform of 30 fig varieties. Analysis of 30 fig varieties was performed by using 15 pairs of SSR primers. The results showed that a total of 79 alleles were detected, the PIC value of 15 loci was between 0.332 8 and 0.875 7 with an average of 0.530 3 and the Shannon information index (I) of each point was between 0.604 9 to 2.127 3 with an average of 1.136 0. The genetic distance between the 30 varieties was 0.025 4-1.123 4. Among them, the heterozygosity and PIC value of primer FCUP038-6 were up to 0.846 8 and 0.861 1, respectively, which could be considered as the core marker of the purity of the hybrid test. Thirty fig varieties were rich in genetic diversity and were divided into two groups with different origins. There was no significant correlation between the genetic relationships and the origins of the varieties, as well as the phenotype feature.

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Effect of salicylic acid and proline on gene expression profiles in response to salt stress in lettuce

WU Jianhua, WU Zhongxia, WANG Yuanhua, FENG Yingna, YAN Zhiming, CAI Shanya, WANG Quanzhi, SUN Ying

2017, 29(9): 1489-1497. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.10

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In order to investigate the role of salicylic acid (SA) and proline (Pro) in alleviating salt stress in plants, a lettuce cultivar ‘Meiguodayesusheng' was used in this study. The lettuce seedlings were grown in hydroponic system under salt stress, and SA and Pro were added to the nutrition solution, respectively. In determination of the morphological and physiological indexes related to salt stress, the results showed that the growth of lettuce seedlings under salt stress was significantly alleviated when treated with 0.2 mmol·L^-1 SA and 0.2 mmol·L^-1 Pro for 24 hours. The expression levels of the genes related to salt stress were analyzed by RT-PCR and qRT-PCR,and the expression of LSNCED1, LSNCED2 and LSP5CS were remarkably up-regulated under salt stress. These results indicated that 0.2 mmol·L^-1 SA and 0.2 mmol·L^-1 Pro could reduce the injury to lettuce caused by salt stress to some extent.

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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of purple acid phosphatases genes in pepper

PANG Xin, CHENG Yuan, GUO Qinwei, ZHENG Jiaqiu, WAN Hongjian

2017, 29(9): 1498-1505. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.11

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Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) are members of the metallo-phosphoesterases involved in a variety of physiological functions, especially phosphate acquisition in plants. In this paper, genome-wide identification and analysis of PAP gene family members in pepper were performed with homologues alignment method. These results found that the whole pepper genome contains at least 25 PAP genes with protein sequence length varying from 264 to 639 aa. Number of introns ranged from 1 to 12. They are distributed unevenly on 12 chromosomes, only had one tandem duplication. Phylogenetic relationships showed that PAP genes from three plants species (pepper, Arabidopsis and rice) can be separated into 3 groups, 8 subgroups, and the number of each group is variable. Six and twenty pairs of orthologous and homologous genes were found, indicating that the diversity of PAP genes occurred before the split of pepper, Arabidopsis and rice. Based on the RNA-seq database and qRT-PCR method, the expression analysis of different tissues and fruit development stages indicated that these genes had tissue and development stages specificity.

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Effect of different degrees of etiolation on growth and photosynthesis of hybrid citrus

XIONG Bo, YAN Qiaoqiao, SUN Guochao, QIU Xia, YE Shuang, LIAO Ling, LUO Jinyu, DAI Lin, WANG Zhihui

2017, 29(9): 1506-1514. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.12

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In order to study the effect of different etiolation degrees on Citrus seedling growth and photosynthesis, Citrus cultivars Huangguogan and Shiranuhi seedlings were used as the materials, to analyze the changes of seedling biomass, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of etiolated, multicoloured and green seedlings. The results showed that the normal growth of Citrus cultivars Huangguogan and Shiranuhi seedlings was inhibited by etiolation, and the growth of etiolated seedlings was significantly lower than that of green seedlings. The contents of free proline (Pro), malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugar (SS) and soluble protein (SP) were significantly increased in the leaves of etiolated seedlings. Seedling etiolation could significantly reduce the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and photosynthetic gas exchange parameters (stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, transpiration rate), and change the composition ratio of the chlorophyll. Maximal photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m), photochemical quenching (qP), and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of etiolated seedlings were significantly lower than those of green seedlings, but the F_v/F_m of multicoloured seedlings was decreased slightly. This study indicated that seedling etiolation inhibited the normal growth and photosynthetic capacity of Citrus seedlings.

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Effect of drought on growth morphology, osmolyte content and antioxidant enzyme activity of two citrus seedlings

FENG Fangfang, WEI Qingjiang, SU Shouting, NING Shaojun, LIAO Xiaona, GU Qingqing

2017, 29(9): 1515-1523. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.13

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Pot experiments were conducted to compare the effects of drought on growth morphology, osmolyte content, and antioxidant enzyme activity of two citrus seedlings Sanhuhongju and Sanhuhuahong. Results showed that, plant heights were decreased, while root-shoot ratios were increased in both seedlings under drought. The taproot length was decreased in Sanhuhuahong while it was increased in Sanhuhongju under drought. Moreover, proline content was significantly increased in leaves and roots of the two citrus seedlings, and greater increase was found in leaves of Sanhuhongju than that of Sanhuhuahong. Except for soluble sugar in leaves of Sanhuhongju, contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein were increased in the treated seedlings. Enzyme analysis revealed that the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were decreased in leaves whereas increased in roots of both seedlings. The leaf peroxydase (POD) activity was firstly increased and then decreased in Sanhuhongju, and it was always increased in Sanhuhuahong. In roots, the POD activity was significantly increased in Sanhuhongju and was significantly decreased in Sanhuhuahong under drought. Overall, the higher drought tolerance shown by Sanhuhongju might be related to the longer taproot and higher root-top ratios, which could improve the water uptake ability of root. Additionally, the accumulation of osmolytes especially the proline and the increase of POD activities in roots might also help the Sanhuhongju to cope with drought stress.

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Genetic diversity and fingerprints of Gleditsia sinensis germplasm based on SRAP

ZHANG Anshi, ZHANG Sumin, FAN Dingchen, LIU Ying

2017, 29(9): 1524-1530. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.14

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Genetic diversity of 18 Gleditsia sinensis germplasms were analyzed by SRAP markers. The results showed that 17 primers pairs were screened from 64 primer pairs and 222 bands were obtained, including 213 polymorphic bands, with a polymorphism rate of 95.95%. The average polymorphism information content (PIC), observed number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei's gene diversity (H) and Shannon's information index (I) were 0.861 1, 1.962 3, 1.415 3,0.257 2 and 0.406 6, and the genetic similarity coefficients (GS) among the tested samples ranged from 0.522 5 to 0.955 0. UPGMA analysis showed that 18 Gleditsia sinensis could clustered into 3 groups with the GS of 0.66. Gleditsia heterophylla formed the first group, Gleditsia melanacantha and Zaojia-T were classified into the second group, and the others were classified into the third group. A total of 18 Gleditsia sinensis germplasm DNA fingerprints were constructed from 9 polymorphic loci amplified by 4 primer pairs, and these materials could be distinguished and identified accurately. All these results would provide the important theoretical basis for the identification, conservation and breeding of new cultivar for Gleditsia sinensis germplasms.

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Study on life table of natural population of Bemisia tabaci biotype Q in Northern Shaanxi area

XU Shicai, CHEN Bangkai, WEI Tingting, YUN Long, YANG Lin, YANG Xun, DENG Zhenshan

2017, 29(9): 1531-1536. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.15

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The populations of Bemisia tabaci biotype Q can be divided into four stages including eggs, young nymphs, senile nymphs and adults according to the growth and development process, and the factors of each stage were divided independently. Based on the field surveys on natural populations and laboratory observation on experimental populations of Bemisia tabaci biotype Q, the natural population life table of Bemisia tabaci biotype Q in tobacco was investigated. The results showed that the trend index (I) of natural population of Bemisia tabaci biotype Q was 28.22, indicating that the population of next generation would be 28.22 times of the contemporary population, and the general survival rate was 11%.

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Effects of forchlorfenuron on strawberry hollow and malformation

CANG Tao, SONG Wen, ZHAO Xueping, WU Changxing, WU Shenggan, CHEN Liping, XU Mingfei, ZHAO Huiyu, WANG Qiang

2017, 29(9): 1537-1543. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.16

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In view of the internet rumors about strawberry hollow and deformity, forchlorfenuron was used on the two different strawberry varieties of Hongjia and Ningfeng in this study. The results showed that varieties were the main factors leading to the hollow and deformity of strawberry. In addition, application of forchlorfenuron would not increase the probability of hollow and malformation of strawberry. With the increase of strawberry individual enlargement, the risk of hollow and malformations would increase whether appling of forchlorfenuron or not.

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Effects of organic farming on main physical and chemical properties of saline alkali soil

WANG Hongyan, SUN Yan, YU Jun, LI Simeng, YUAN Jiahui, MENG Yutian, ZHAO Wei, LI Xiaoqing

2017, 29(9): 1544-1548. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.17

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In the present study, the effects of organic farming on improvement of saline alkali soil were explored by field experiment in the experimental farm of Shangengyuan agricultural science and technology development Co., Ltd. in Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province. It was shown that application of organic fertilizer improved the soil physical and chemical properties as compared to conventional farming. Contents of soil organic matter, available phosphorus and available potassium under organic farming were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those under conventional farming. Soil fertility was increased with the prolonged years of organic farming. Besides, organic farming was effective for improvement of saline alkali soil, as it could decrease soil pH value, total alkalinity and bulk density, and increase soil aggregates content to improve soil structure.

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Effects of enclosure on soil organic carbon mineralization of desert steppe in Ningxia

TAO Libo, WANG Jianjun, WANG Guohui, YU Shuang, LI Huihui, XU Dongmei

2017, 29(9): 1549-1554. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.18

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In the present study, grazing grassland and grassland enclosed for 3, 5, 8, 11 a of desert steppe were selected as study objects in Yanchi County, Ningxia Province, to study the soil organic carbon mineralization potential by indoor constant temperature incubation. It was shown that with the increase of enclosing year, the accumulative soil organic carbon mineralization showed an increasing trend as 11 a enclosed grassland>8 a enclosed grassland>5 a enclosed grassland>grazing grassland>3 a enclosed grassland. From the 1^st day to the 7^th day, the mineralization rates decreased rapidly. From the 7^th day to the 13^th day, the rates rose slowly. Then, the rates decreased until the 27^th day to be stable. With different enclosing year, the amount of potential mineralization carbon pools (C₀) of the grassland decreased in sequence of 11 a enclosed grassland>8 a enclosed grassland>grazing grassland>5 a enclosed grassland>3 a enclosed grassland. The soil half-life of 8 a enclosed grassland was significantly (P<0.05) lower than others. Therefore, according to the soil organic carbon mineralization characteristics and the situation of vegetation restored, the grassland could be appropriately used after enclosing for 5 years.

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Trend and influence factors of land and water resources sustainable utilization in Henan Province

ZHANG Xiaohu, SUN Qian

2017, 29(9): 1555-1563. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.19

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In the present study, land and water sustainable utilization state and trend in Henan Province in 2000-2014 was evaluated by triangle model from 3 aspects of natural resource sustainability, economic society feasibility and ecological environment reasonability. The main influence factors were further identified by grey relational analysis. It was shown that the total level of the utilization was not high, around the fair sustained state and the weak sustained state. The state exhibited 4 obvious trends: T6 trend (weak sustained state) from 2000 to 2002, T3 trend (fair sustained state) from 2002 to 2004, T1 trend (fair sustained state) from 2004 to 2010, T6 trend (weak sustained state) from 2010 to 2014. Factors constraining the promotion of utilization level were mainly from ecological environment system and economic society system. The influence factors included vegetation coverage, effective irrigation rate of cultivated land, population density, pesticides input per hectare and improvement rate of soil and water loss.

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Purification effect for swine wastewater with attached culture of microalgae

CHENG Pengfei, WANG Yan, YANG Qiyong, LIU Defu, LIU Tianzhong

2017, 29(9): 1564-1569. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.20

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The purification effect of swine wastewater treated by Scendesmus dimorphus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa with attached culture was investigated in this study. It was shown that the 2 strains could grow well in swine wastewater and the biomass of Scendesmus dimorphus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa reached 6.26 and 6.08 g·m^-2·d^-1, respectively. Meanwhile, the lipid content in the 2 strains was 34.6% and 31.4%, respectively, which was comparable with those cultivated in BG11 medium. Notably, attached culture of Scendesmus dimorphus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa could treat swine wastewater efficiently. The removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), total phosphorus (TP) and COD was 96.59%, 74.52% and 72.47%, respectively, by Scendesmus dimorphus and 94.90%, 73.55% and 71.40%, respectively, by Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Based on the results, a process combining algae-based wastewater treatment with attached cultivation and biodiesel production was proposed to treat swine wastewater.

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Investigation and risk assessment of lead in honey of Shandong Province

LIU Xinying, QIN Haoran, YUAN Yuwei, JIANG Fengtao, YU Guoguang, LOU Delong, WANG Shiqiang, ZHANG Yan, YIN Xusheng

2017, 29(9): 1570-1574. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.21

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In order to explore the content and exposure risk of lead (Pb) in honey in Shandong Province, 3 main varieties of honey, including acacia honey, vitex honey and jujube honey, were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry from 2014 to 2016. It was shown that the lead concentration of honey in Shandong Province declined year by year. However, Pb content in honey of Qingdao, Weihai, Heze, Linyi exceeded the standard of EU. The different varieties of honey collected from the same year had no significant difference on Pb content, suggesting that Pb concentration in honey was not related to the type of nectar plant. Pb concentration of honey collected within 5 km nearby traffic line was higher than that collected 5 km away from traffic line, indicating that motor vehicle exhaust had a certain impact on Pb content. The exposure risk of lead in honey was acceptable to all population, but the risk for female was higher than male. At the same time, children under 10 years old had the highest exposure risk.

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Analysis of highly expressed genes of larval gut of Apis cerana cerana

XIE Yanling, WANG Hongquan, ZHANG Lu, HOU Zhixian, DAO Chen, JIANG Liangliang, XIONG Cuiling, ZHENG Yanzhen, XU Xijian, HUANG Zhijian, GUO Rui, CHEN Dafu

2017, 29(9): 1575-1580. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.22

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Apis cerana cerana is not only a specific honeybee species resource in China, but also a frequently-used honeybee species in apiculture. In the present study, the 5-(Ac5) and 6-day-old (Ac6) larval guts of A. c. cerana were sequenced using RNA-seq. After filtration, 29290630 and 26636038 clean reads with a Q20 of 98.45% and 98.38% were obtained in Ac5 and Ac6. GO enrichment analysis results showed that the highly expressed genes (HEGs) in Ac5 were enriched in 44 GO terms, among them metabolic process (753 unigenes), catalytic activity (679 unigenes) and binding (657 unigenes) were the largest groups; the HEGs in Ac6 were enriched in 44 GO terms, and the mostly enriched one was metabolic process (792 unigenes), followed by binding (760 unigenes) and catalytic activity (744 unigenes). KEGG enrichment analysis results suggested that the HEGs of Ac5 were enriched in 129 pathways, among them ribosome (103 unigenes) was the largest group, followed by protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (68 unigenes) and carbon metabolism (67 unigenes); the HEGs of Ac6 were enriched in 129 pathways, the mostly enriched ones were ribosome (103 unigenes), oxidative phosphorylation (88 unigenes) as well as protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (68 unigenes). Our findings can not only offer the gene expression profiles during the developmental process of the larval gut of A. c. cerana at transcriptome level, but also provide key information for further investigation of the larval gut's development.

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Study on mechanical properties and fruit quality analysis of watermelon (Cirtullus lanatus)

YANG Jing, ZHU Biao, HE Yong, YING Quansheng, ZHANG Leichen

2017, 29(9): 1581-1588. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.23

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The texture of 15 watermelon cultivars was analyzed using a TA-XT plus texture analyzer through puncture test. The results of analysis and comparison of instrumental mechanical property with physical property and sensory evaluation showed that epidermis hardness, epidermis thickness, epidermis rupture work, exocarp hardness, exocarp puncture work, exocarp maximum force and flesh firmness was significantly positive correlated with each other. The values of epidermis toughness was related to fruit maturity and affected by fruit shape as well. On the other hand, some relationship exhibited among instrumental mechanical properties of watermelon flesh. Instrumental mechanical property showed the closest correlation with firmness, and crispness also showed closer correlation following firmness. Otherwise, the correlation with the juiciness and fibrousness needs further investigation.

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Analysis of China's sorghum trade and production cost of sorghum in the United States

ZHOU Yaohua, LI Weiqing, ZHANG Miao, PAN Rongguang, ZOU Jianqiu

2017, 29(9): 1589-1594. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.09.24

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Since 2013, China's sorghum imports have increased dramatically due to factors such as the surge in demand for feed substitutes and import quotas policies, which have seriously affected the corn-to-stock reform of the current agricultural supply side. Combined with China's sorghum import and export situation and the analysis of the US sorghum production costs, it showed that the subsidy policy is the main reason for the US sorghum price advantage and competitive advantage, China's sorghum imports have obvious spread-driven characteristics. Therefore, China needs to accelerate the improvement of agricultural support and protection system, and effectively protect the interests of agricultural producers. At the same time, China needs to improve the import and export of agricultural products system, strengthen the management of imports of major agricultural products such as corn, to prevent the surge in imports of major agricultural products on China's agricultural market impact.

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