Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

Effects of nitrogen rate on grain quality and nitrogen utilization of weak gluten wheat

WANG Lingling, WU Wenge, LI Rui, HU Jian, YAN Suhui, SHAO Qingqin, XU Feng, ZHANG Congyu, ZHOU Yongjin, LI Wenyang

2021, 33(5): 777-784. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.01

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To explore the effect of nitrogen rate on grain quality and nitrogen utilization of weak gluten wheat, wheat cultivar Ningmai13 and Wanximai0638 were adopted as test materials in the present study, and 4 nitrogen rates (N 0, 120, 180, 240 kg·hm^-2) were set. It was shown that with the increase of nitrogen rate from 0 to 240 kg·hm^-2, the grain yield of wheat first increased and then decreased, and the highest yield was achieved under nitrogen rate of 180 kg·hm^-2. When the nitrogen rate was 0-240 kg·hm^-2, with the increase of nitrogen rate, the protein content, wet gluten content, hardness, sedimentation value and stability time of grains showed upward trend. Nitrogen accumulated in plant and grains of weak gluten wheat mainly came from soil nitrogen both at flowering stage and maturity stages. With the increase of nitrogen rate from 120 kg·hm^-2 to 240 kg·hm^-2, the nitrogen accumulated from fertilizer in the grain increased first and then decreased, reaching the peak under nitrogen rate of 180 kg·hm^-2. When the nitrogen rate was 120-240 kg·hm^-2, the nitrogen use efficiency of weak gluten wheat was 25.68-44.76 kg·kg^-1, and the nitrogen fertilizer production efficiency was 25.16-50.82 kg·kg^-1. With nitrogen rate increased from 120 kg·hm^-2 to 240 kg·hm^-2, nitrogen fertilizer production efficiency of weak gluten wheat decreased.

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Expression of miR-423-5p in bovine muscle and predicted target genes

CHEN Wen, ZHANG Weiwei, SHAO Shuli, FU Xuepeng, HUANG Xin, LI Tie

2021, 33(5): 785-793. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.02

Abstract ( 1175 )

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miR-423-5p has important biological functions in cells, for example, it can affect cell proliferation in myocytes. In this paper, homology analysis was performed based on the relevant information displayed on miRBase and NCBI websites using analysis software. Skeletal muscle, small intestine and heart tissues from adult Simmental cattle were taken for miR-423-5p expression assay using stem-loop real-time PCR, and the same assay was performed after differentiation of bovine skeletal muscle satellite cells (MDSCs) treated with different time. Finally, the possible binding target genes were predicted by online software (TargetScan, PicTar). The results showed that miR-423-5p had a high homology among species and significantly higher expressed in skeletal muscle than in other tissues. In MDSCs, miR-423-5p expression gradually increased as the differentiation time of cells increased. miR-423-5p contained potential binding sites on the 3'UTR of 12 gene mRNAs, some of the target genes were involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The results suggested that miR-423-5p may be involved in cell growth metabolism and regulate cell proliferation and differentiation.

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Effect of fixed-time artificial insemination on earlier embryonic development and reproduction performance in gilts

ZHU Zhiwei, CHEN Xiaoyu, YU Fuxian, ZHANG Liang, HUANG Jing, WANG Zhigang, LAI Jianbing, SHEN Shunxin, YIN Wenbin, PAN Jianzhi

2021, 33(5): 794-800. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.03

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To explore the effect of fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) on earlier embryonic development and fertility of gilts, in experiment 1, totally 43 gilts (Jinwu pig) were randomly divided into control (n=24) and FTAI groups (n=19). The control group were natural estrus, and performed artificial insemination (AIs) after a standing reflex, and the FTAI group were performed AIs after administration of altrenogest+pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG)+gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) (ALT+PMSG+GnRH). Blood samples were collected for detecting of the concentration of progesteron (P4), estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) at 0 h (stop feeding altrenogest), 42 h (intramuscular injection of PMSG) and 122 h (intramuscular injection of GnRH). Four gilts of each group were slaughtered at 33 h after AIs, and the fertilized eggs were recovered for in vitro culture, the remaining gilts were used to observe the fertility. The results showed that concentration of progesterone were downregulated from 0 h to 122 h, but there was no significant difference(P>0.05). Estradiol levels were dropped from 80 pmol·L^-1 to 58.3 pmol·L^-1 (P<0.05) during 0 h to 42 h, but dramatically increased to 134.07 pmol·L^-1 from 42 h to 122 h (P<0.01). FSH value showed no significant difference (P>0.05). The concentration of luteinizing hormone increased gradually from 0.09 IU·L^-1 to 0.12 IU·L^-1, and decreased to 0.09 IU·L^-1 at these three time points, showing a up and down trend, which conformed the trend of normal physiological cycle, indicating the administration was reasonable and had no side effects. The ovaries were collected from the control and FTAI groups at 33 h after AIs, the ovulation point were counted, showing that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between FTAI group (17.5) and control group (15.25). Meanwhile, compared with the control group, the litter size and alive litter size of FTAI group did not show significant difference (P>0.05), but the litter size and alive litter size of FTAI group were all increase of 1.05 heads relatively. In experiment 2, totally 189 gilts (Yorkshire×Landrace) were randomly divided into control (n=95) and FTAI groups (n=94). The alive litter size of FTAI group was increased 0.58 heads, and the weaning survival rate increased 2.99 percentage point compared with the control group. In summary, the administration of FTAI procedure was conforming to the characteristics of gilts physiological estrous cycle, and might increase the ovulation number without adverse effects on the earlier embryos development. Meanwhile, the FTAI procedure had a positive effect on improving the utilization of gilts and increasing the alive litter size and survival rate of weaning piglets to a certain degree, which was worthy of further optimization, promotion and application.

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Effects of high protein diets on serum uric acid levels, liver and kidney ultrastructure and expression of ABCG2 in goslings

WANG Zhi, HU Zhonghao, GUI Xueer, FENG Shibin, LI Yu, WANG Xichun, LI Jinchun, WU Jinjie

2021, 33(5): 801-808. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.04

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In this study, the hyperuricemia model of gosling was established to study the effects of high protein diets on serum uric acid level, ultrastructure of liver and kidney and expression of ABCG2 in goslings.Transmission electron microscopy showed that the organelles structure of gosling liver and kidney in the control group (CP) was complete, whereas, some mitochondria of liver in high protein group 1 (HP1) and high protein group 2 (HP2) appeared to be swollen and showed vacuole degeneration, the endoplasmic reticulum was dilated, and glycogen levels were decreased. Some mitochondria of kidney cells appeared to be swollen, showed vacuole degeneration, and the nuclear membrane space increased. At 7 days of age, the serum uric acid levels in HP2 group were significantly higher than those of CP and HP1 groups (P<0.01). At 14 days of age, the serum uric acid level in HP2 group was significantly higher than those of CP and HP1 groups (P<0.01), and the serum uric acid level in HP1 group was significantly higher than those of CP group (P<0.01).The results of qPCR, Western-boltting and immunohistochemistry showed that, the expression of ABCG2 gene and protein in duodenum and jejunum in HP1 group was significantly higher than that in CP group and HP1 group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the expression in kidney was significantly lower than that in CP group and HP1 group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The expression of ABCG2 gene and protein in HP1 group was significantly higher than that in CP group (P<0.05), and the expression in kidney was significantly lower than that in CP group (P<0.05). In conclusion, feeding high protein diet resulted in the damage of liver and kidney cells, the increase of uric acid level in vivo, the hyperuricemia of gosling, the increase of ABCG2 expression in jejunum and duodenum, and the decrease of ABCG2 expression in kidney.

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Establishment and application of indirect-ELISA for detection of Mycoplasma parvum based on mp-tGAPDH

FU Yuan, SHI Tuanyuan, SUN Hongchao

2021, 33(5): 809-815. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.05

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Hemotropic mycoplasma(HM) resides on the surface of red blood cells and bone marrow of pigs, causing infectious anemia and harm to the pig production. In recent years, three HMs have been found in China, including Mycoplasma suis(M. suis), M. parvum and Candidate Mycoplasma hemosuis(CMh). M. parvum is the predominant hemoplasma strain of the pig populations in Zhejiang and Hainan Province. Currently, there was only M. suis serum antibody detection method was reported. According to the sequence of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene of M. parvum ZJ9330 strain, a 404 bp partial fragment was amplified and expressed in E. coli Transetta DE3. The 15 ku truncated protein mp-tGAPDH was purified. Western-blot showed that mp-tGAPDH had higher reactivity with mouse anti mp-tGAPDH serum. The mp-tGAPDH applied as coating antigen, an indirect ELISA method for detecting M. parvum antibody in swine serum was established. The indirect ELISA using mp-tGAPDH exhibited good specificity and no cross-reactivity with porcine circovirus, classical swine fever, pseudorabies, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and Toxoplasma gondii positive serum. Intra-and inter-assay variability was less than 18.4%, showing a high degree of repeatability. The antibody positive rate of M. parvum was 36.69% (91/248) in 248 detected serum samples from 5 pig farms in Zhejiang Province by ELISA. The results showed that indirect ELISA using mp-tGAPDH provides a rapid and simple serological diagnostic tool for the detection of antibodies against M. parvum.

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Establishment and application of an indirect ELISA based on protein by expression and cloning of CbpB gene of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

LIU Junwen, WANG Di, ZHU Yanyan, XING Gang, ZHAN Songhe, LIU Xiaolu, WEI Jianzhong, SUN Pei, LIU Xuelan, LI Yu

2021, 33(5): 816-824. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.06

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Using the expression of purified choline binding protein B (CbpB) of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae(ER) to establish an indirect ELISA method for detecting ER antibodies, the CbpB gene of ER was cloned and linked to pGEx-6P-1 prokaryotic expression vector. The positive recombinant plasmid was identified by PCR, double enzyme digestion and sequencing.The positive recombinant plasmid was transferred into E.coil BL21, induced by IPTG, and the product was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western-blot. Using purified recombinant CbpB protein as coating antigen, an indirect ELISA method (CbpB-ELISA) for detection of ER antibody was established through a series of optimization of reaction conditions, and was applied to the detection of clinical pig serum samples. The optimal conditions for this method were as follows: the concentration of encapsulated antigen was 1.0 μg·mL^-1 at 4 ℃ overnight; 5% skim milk powder was sealed at 37 ℃ for 2 hours. The serum dilution was 1∶100 which was incubated at 37 ℃ for 60 min. The dilution of the secondary antibody was 1∶1 000, and it was treated at 37 ℃ for 45 min. The color development time was 10 min at 37 ℃. This method could specifically detect ER antibody, and had no cross reactivity with other pig pathogen positive serum. The method was sensitive to detect antibody even when the positive serum was diluted to 1∶12 800. Both the intra- and inter-coefficients of variation were less than 10.00%. Compared with the methods of whole cell-ELISA, SpaA-ELISA, commercial ELISA kit and Western-blot, the total coincidence rate of these methods were 91.67%, 93.33%, 86.67% and 90.00%, respectively. The positive coincidence rates were 92.45%, 94.55%, 88.89% and 90.91%, respectively. The negative coincidence rates were 85.71%, 80.00%, 66.67% and 80.00%, respectively. The detection of pig serum samples with and without ER immunization showed that the immune antibody positive rate was 86.67%, and the infection antibody positive rate was 30.50%. The indirect ELISA detection method of ER antibody based on recombinant CbpB protein had good specificity, sensitivity, repeatability and reliability of clinical application, which provided a technical support for immune surveillance and epidemiological investigation of ER.

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Comprehensive evaluation of 22 Actinidia eriantha germplasm resources based on principal components analysis

WANG Yingzhen, PAN Zhimei

2021, 33(5): 825-830. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.07

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Mao Hua kiwifruit (Actinidia eriantha) is a special germplasm resource in China, which has rich nutrition and high utilization value. In order to analyze the diversity of Actinidia eriantha germplasm resources, 8 fruit traits of 22 Actinidia eriantha which were obtained from Lishui City, Zhejiang Province were evaluated. The variation analysis, clustering analysis, principal component analysis and comprehensive evaluation were employed to evaluate the overall quality of Actinidia eriantha. The results showed that there were significant difference among the variable coefficient fruit quality. The variable coefficient of fruit weight was the lagrest (38%), and the variable coefficient of fruit width was the least(11%). Clustering analysis results showed that 22 Mao Hua kiwifruit germplasms were divided into two groups. The soluble solids content, titratable acid content and vitamin C content in group Ⅰ were superior to group Ⅱ; the ratio of soluble solids content and titratable acid content in groupⅡ was superior to group Ⅰ. Principal component analysis showed that the accumulative variance contribution rate of three principle components extracted from six quality characters reached 85.04%, illustrating that the three principal components reflected the most parts of the original variables. The comprehensive assessment results showed that LD-18, L-74, L-27, L-19, L-73 were excellent in comprehensive performance. In conclusion, There were significant differences among different Mao Hua kiwifruit germplasm in Lishui City, Zhejiang Province. Through this evaluation, Mao Hua kiwi furit germplasm resources with high nutritional value and good flavor and taste can be selected conveniently. At the same time, the comprehensive evaluation model provides a reliable reference for selections of high-quality breeding materials.

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Effects of continuous rain and sunless weather on microclimate, strawberry growth and quality in greenhouse

LI Qingbin, QIN Benben, LI Yingying, FAN Kaifeng, YANG Dong, CHEN Lei, LIU Kun

2021, 33(5): 831-839. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.08

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In order to explore the quantitative impact of continuous rain and sunless weather on yield and quality of strawberry in greenhouses in winter and spring, find out the regularity of its occurrence, and promote the production of strawberry, decrease the disasters and increase income, in this experiment, three disaster stricken years with severe continuous rain and sunless weather were selected, and the same period of the adjacent year without continuous rain and sunless weather was chosen as a control to compare and analyze the meteorological elements, yield and quality related indicators of the greenhouse strawberry. According to the difference of the above annual data, monthly fruit yield and quality indices in the worst hit years were further analyzed, in order to discover how the growth, yield, quality and other related indicators of strawberry were affected. The results showed that microclimate elements in the greenhouse were significantly different between typical continuous rain and sunless weather year and control year. The average daily temperature during the continuous rain and sunless weather period was 2.5 ℃ lower than the control year, the relative humidity was 13.5% higher, and the average solar radiation was 61.4% lower; The average annual yield of the disaster year was 11.6% lower than that of the control year. Continuous rain had caused retardation in fruit growth, at the same time, fruit diameter and length were smaller, and influence of fruit deformity and disease increased, deformed and rotten fruit increased significantly, The monthly output of disaster period in typical years was seriously affected and it had delayed disaster characteristics; Effect of continuous rain on soluble solids was more obviously, when the weather conditions had improved after the disaster, the indicator could recover in a relatively short period. This study could provide solid foundation for the next research on the prevention technology of continuous rain and sunless weather disasters about the greenhouse strawberry.

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Effects of different specifications of hole tray on tomato growth and mechanized transplanting

WANG Kelei, ZHU Longjing, SU Shiwen, BAO Yuhua, CHEN Xianzhi, XU Jian

2021, 33(5): 840-845. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.09

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The growth and mechanized transplanting of tomato seedlings at different seedling ages were studied by measuring the growth, physiological propety and qualified rate of mechanized transplanting, and the results were analyzed in order to provide reference for mechanized transplanting of tomato seedlings. The results showed that the plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry weight and root dry weight of tomato seedlings increased with the increase of seedling age, the root activity and net photosynthetic rate of tomato seedlings increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of seedling age. At the seedling age of 20 d and 40 d, the qualified rate of mechanized transplanting of tomato seedlings was lower than 90%, which did not meet the industry standards. On the whole, the growth of tomato seedlings in 50 hole tray at the seeding age of 30 d was the best, the root activity and net photosynthetic rate were the highest, the scattered lump rate was 5.6%, the qualified rate of mechanized transplanting was 93.89%, which was the most suitable for mechanized transplanting.

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Comparative study on photosynthetic characteristics of 4 varieties of Malus sp.

TANG Hong, HUANG Tao, LIU Wei, HUANG Chengqian, HUANG Wentao, ZHENG Shuoli, CHEN Baibing

2021, 33(5): 846-854. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.10

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By comparing the differences of photosynthetic characteristics, net photosynthesis rate (P_n), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), stomatal conductance (G_s), transpiration rate (T_r) and light photo response curve were determined in four Malus sp. (Pink spire, Ruby, Kelsey, Radiant) . The results showed that Kelsey presented single curve in the diunal variation of P_n, while the others were double curve. Diurnal variation of C_i showed as “V” shape, which was high in the morning and evening but low at noon. Diurnal variation of G_s presented single and double curves, and diurnal variation of T_r presented single curves, the highest value appeared at 10:00-14:00. Diurnal variation of WUE presented multiple types. But they were high in the morning and low in the evening. The maximum net photosynthetic rate, light saturation point and surface photon quantum efficiency of Kelsey were the highest, the compensation point of light was the lowest, and the dark respiration rate of Ruby was the lowest. The average net photosynthetic rate of the four cultivars was as follows: Kelsey (8.33 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)>Radiant (7.71 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)>Pink spire (7.29 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)>Ruby (5.57 μmol·m^-2·s^-1). Photosynthetic capacity of Kelsey was the highest, and could be planted with low light requirements. The photosynthetic capacity of Ruby was the weakest and showed weaker adaptability to light environment, which can be used as a new variety for pot culture. Pink spire was photophilic, and should be planted in areas with sufficient light. Pink spire had a certain adaptability to low light intensity, which can be mixed with other tree species in garden application with weak light.

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Observation of ultramicroscopic characteristics of three morphology of mycelium for Ophiocordyceps sinensis

XIE Fang, XIA Yingxia, SU Qiangjun, UWITUGABIYE Vestine, CHEN Zhaohe, ZHOU Gang

2021, 33(5): 855-860. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.11

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In order to investigate the difference and causes of the three morphology of mycelia (aerial mycelium, hyphae knot and substrate mycelium) that appeared in the artificial culture of Ophiocordyceps sinensis, strain isolated from single ascospore as materials,the microstructure and ultramicrostructure of the three morphology of mycelia were observed with microscopy and scanning electron microscopy respectively. The results showed that the diameter of hyphae was manifested as hyphae knot>aerial mycelium>substrate mycelium; the aerial mycelia were loosely arranged and attached with a large number of conidia on the surface of mycelia. The hyphae knot had obvious fold, kink and cross-linked between each other. The substrate mycelium was densely arranged, and the hyphae fused and branched obviously. It was indicated that three morphology mycelium of Ophiocordyceps sinensis were the normal characteristics of the species and not impacted by the purity of the strain or species. The conidia were born directly by budding at the end or middle of aerial hypha.

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Application research of GF-1/WFV data in estimation of maize leaf area index

ZHANG Yuxun, WANG Lei, QU Xiangning, CAO Yuan, WU Mengyao, YU Ruixin, SUN Yuan

2021, 33(5): 861-872. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.12

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The leaf area index (LAI), which plays a key role in response of the structural parameters of vegetation canopy, is closely related to the physiological process of the canopy. It is also one of the important parameters in the field of vegetation remote sensing. In the typical maize distribution area in Nong’an County of Changchun, combined with the measured data, the leaf area index and canopy spectrum were simultaneously observed on the ground. With the help of the normalized vegetation index (NDVI), ratio vegetation index (RVI), atmospheric regulation vegetation index (ARVI), soil adjustment vegetation index (SAVI), modified soil adjustment vegetation index (MSAVI).The ground measured spectrum data and GF-1/WFV spectrum data in estimating maize canopy leaf area index were compared and analyzed. After that, the optimal model was screened by parameters, such as coefficient of determination (R²), root-mean-square error (RMSE), relative error (RE) and residual prediction deviation (RPD). The results showed that the correlation between the different vegetation indexes and LAI of the ground-measured spectral data was higher than that of the GF-1/WFV spaceborne spectral data. In the comparison of the correlation between the different vegetation indexes and LAI, it was found that MSAVI had the highest correlation with LAI among the vegetation indexes of the ground spectrum and the satellite spectrum structure. In the estimation model based on ground spectral data and satellite spectral data, the function types corresponding to the highest R ² between MSAVI and LAI were different. For the measured spectrum, R ² was corresponded to the exponential function model, and for the satellite spectrum, it was corresponded to the quadratic function model.

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Isolation and identification of three indole-3-acetic acid producing plant-growth-promoting rhizosphere Bacillus sp. and their growth-promoting effects

LI Fuyan, LIU Xiaoyu, YAN jingting, CAI Yanfei

2021, 33(5): 873-884. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.13

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In order to enrich the resources of strains with the function of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, hence to develop high-efficiency plant-growth-promoting microbial fertilizer, three strains with high IAA production ability were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of maize, lettuce and green belt vegetation plant, and were encoded as YC9L, YC3172 and YC5064, respectively. The IAA production of YC9L, YC3172 and YC5064 reached 46.72, 79.75, 67.55 mg·L^-1, respectively. According to the characteristics and 16S rDNA identification, YC9L and YC3172 strains were identified as Bacillus massiliogorillae, and YC5064 strain was identified as Bacillus badius. The maize seed germination test showed that YC9L and YC5064 strains could promote seed germination and seedling growth of maize. The lettuce pot experiment showed that YC9L, YC3172, YC5064 strains had obvious promoting effect on the growth of lettuce. The maize pot experiment showed that YC9L, YC3172, YC5064 strains could promote the growth of maize. In addition, YC9L, YC3172 and YC5064 strains all had the ability to dissolve potassium. YC9L and YC3172 strains had the ability to dissolve phosphorus. YC9L, YC3172 and YC5064 strains had resistance to Cd, Zn and Cu.

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Effects of self-developed soil conditioner on soil physiochemical properties and rice yield in coastal saline soil

ZHU Yun, GUO Bin, LIN Yicheng, FU Qinglin, LIU Chen, LI Ningyu, LI Hua

2021, 33(5): 885-892. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.14

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In the present study, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a self-developed soil conditioner with different application rates (0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 g·kg^-1) on soil physiochemical properties and rice grain yield in coastal saline soil. It was shown that the values of soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and content of available K were significantly (P<0.05) decreased with application of soil conditioner compared with the control treatment without application of soil conditioner, while the contents of soil organic matter, total N, alkaline available N, available P, and N, P, K in rice straw and grains, and rice height, biomass and yield were significantly (P<0.05) increased. The effective panicles, grain number per panicle, plant height, 1 000-grain weight, biomass and yield of rice were significantly (P<0.01) negatively correlated with soil pH and EC, and were significantly (P<0.05) positively correlated with soil organic matter, total N, available N and available P. But, there was no significant correlation found within soil available K and the effective panicles, grain number per panicle, plant height, 1 000-grain weight, biomass and yield of rice. Among all the application rates, application of 10.0 g·kg^-1 soil conditioner exhibited the best performance. The results of this study could provide both theoretical and technical basis for the rational application of soil conditioner to improve coastal saline soil and increase rice yield.

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Process optimization of solid-state fermented jujube powder by Lactobacillus paracasei and its quality analysis

ZHANG Jiameng, WEI Jiawen, ZHANG Huiling

2021, 33(5): 893-906. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.15

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To produce solid-state fermented jujube powder with high viable count, red jujube was used as main ingredient in the present study, with Lactobacillus paracasei TK1501 as fermentation strain. The substrate formulation and fermentation process were optimized by single factor experiment and response surface experiment. The quality and microbial safety of the product made under the optimized conditions were examined, and comprehensive evaluation was carried out. It was shown that the optimum fermentation parameters were as follows: the ratio of material to water was 1∶0.9; the addition amount of soybean powder was 24%; the addition amount of wheat bran was 9%; the inoculation amount was 10%; the fermentation time was 24 h. The best drying method was freeze drying at -50 ℃ for 24 h. Under these conditions, the viable count in the final product was 7.21×10⁸ CFU·g^-1. The content of crude polysaccharide, lactic acid, malic acid, citric acid, free amino acid and γ-aminobutyric acid increased in the final product after fermentation. The produced solid-state fermented jujube powder had sweet and sour taste, with rich jujube aroma, and all physical and chemical indexes and microbial safety indexes met the requirement of corresponding standards. Under (37±2) ℃, the final product showed stability within 90 d.

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UPLC-FLD determination and antioxidant activity of polyphenols in virgin olive oil

LI Xue, ZHANG Yu, WANG Junhong, ZHU Zuoyi, SUN Suling, LIU Zhi, ZHU Shenlong, SHEN Guoxin, Agusti ROMERO, WANG Wei

2021, 33(5): 907-915. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.16

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An ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with fluorescence detector (FLD) was used to determine the contents of 6 selected phenolic compounds in different samples of virgin olive oil. The total polyphenols content and antioxidant activity of these samples were also detected. The chromatographic column used was Cadenza (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) and the mobile phase was composed of 0.1% formate-water (A) and acetonitrile (B). Column temperature was at 35℃. The excitation wavelength and emission wavelength were 278 nm and 339 nm. Under the conditions, 6 phenolic compounds in virgin olive oil could be separated well within 17 min, with a wider range of concentration, good linear relationship (R²≥ 0.999 5), high precision with the relative standard deviation (RSD) of intra-day precision≤ 4.91%, RSD of inter-day precision ≤ 5.41%, and reliable recovery with the average recovery rate of 93.42%-119.86%, RSD≤6.26%. The contents of hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, vanillic acid, pinoresinol and total polyphenols in different virgin olive oil samples were significantly different, while the contents of oleuropein and ligstroside were the lowest and the differences between samples were relatively small. Polyphenols extracts of virgin olive oil have good antioxidant activity, but significant differences between different samples were detected. The total antioxidant capacities of the samples were from 0.95 to 2.71 mmol·L^-1 Trolox determined by ABTS method. DPPH free radical scavenging activities of samples were 7.22%-66.23%. Hydroxyl free radical clearance capabilities of samples were 13.24-136.06 U·mL^-1. Coratina showed the strongest antioxidant activity among samples. The content of total polyphenols was significantly correlated to total antioxidant capacity of the extracts of virgin olive oil.

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Effect of natamycin treatment on grape quality in e-commerce logistics process

WU Jian, WANG Jiangong, CHU Weixiong

2021, 33(5): 916-922. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.17

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In order to study the effect of concentration and treatment method of namycin on the quality of grape in the process of logistics and transportation, the Shine-Muscat grape was selected as the material. Two groups of 0.5 and 1.0 g·L^-1 natamycin were used to treat grapes by two ways of soaking and spraying respectively.The results showed that compared with the control group, different concentrations of natamycin treatment had a certain freshness preservation effect. Among them, in the 1.0 g·L^-1 spray treatment, the threshing rate of grapes was only 4.69%, the decay rate was less than 2%, and the content of soluble solids decreased by 0.69 percentage points, total acid content decreased by 20.0%, respiratory intensity was 39.46 mg CO₂·kg^-1·h^-1, fruit hardness was 5.04 kg·cm^-2, which effectively reduced the nutrient loss of grapes, maintained the appearance and flavor of grapes, and made grapes still maintain a high commodity value after logistics transportion. Therefore, it is completely feasible to use natamycin for the preservation of grape e-commerce logistics.

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Experience and enlightenment of grain emergency management in Wuhan under COVID-19 epidemic: analysis from perspective of contingency theory

CHEN Huiling, CAI Li, LI Ning, GAO Quansheng, DU Weigong

2021, 33(5): 923-931. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.18

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In the present study, the impact of COVID-19 on grain security and the characteristics of the crisis it triggered were examined. Based on the contingency theory, the contingency thinking in grain emergency management was analyzed, and grain emergency decision-making model and emergency management framework were constructed. On this basis, the monitoring and early warning mechanism, emergency management system, emergency support mechanism and normalized epidemic prevention and control mechanism in Wuhan were explored. Finally, it was suggested to ensure grain security by improving the ability of grain emergency management from the following five aspects: contingency quality of managers, agility and flexibility of emergency organizations, food reserves, heterogeneity of emergency plans, and monitoring and early warning.

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Multifunctional performance evaluation and obstacle factor analysis of rural industrial convergence

FANG Xiang, YANG Gangqiao, HUANG Dan

2021, 33(5): 932-943. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.19

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The essence of rural industrial convergence is to extend the multi-function of agriculture. Analysis into the performance and obstacle factors of rural industrial convergence from the perspective of multi-function of agriculture can provide scientific basis for rural industry development. In the present work, an evaluation system for the multifunctional performance of rural industrial convergence was constructed from the two dimensions of process and result. Based on the survey data collected from 4 typical cases in Hubei Province, which represented 4 business modes of rural industrial convergence (mode Ⅰ, farmer independent business modes; mode Ⅱ, agricultural enterprises/cooperatives business mode; mode Ⅲ-A, “agricultural enterprises+cooperatives+farmers” intermediary mode; Ⅲ-B, “agricultural enterprises+cooperatives+farmers” integrated mode), an empirical study was conducted to analyze the performance and obstacle factors of rural industrial convergence by using TOPSIS method and obstacle degree model. It was shown that there were differences in the multifunctional performance of different business modes of rural industrial convergence. Generally speaking, the “agricultural enterprise+cooperative+farmers” mode (including mode Ⅲ-A and mode Ⅲ-B) had higher performance level than that of mode Ⅱ. More specifically, mode Ⅲ-B had the higher performance level than that of mode Ⅲ-A. Different business modes of rural industrial convergence had different obstacle factors. Mode Ⅰ and mode Ⅱ mainly took rural leisure tourism as the leading industry, and the main obstacle factors affecting multifunctional performance concentrated on agricultural production, processing industry production, and ecosystem services. Mode Ⅲ-A and mode Ⅲ-B mainly took agriculture and processing industry as the leading industry, and the main obstacle factors affecting multifunctional performance were non-agricultural production activities such as tourism services. In order to improve the multifunctional performance of different business modes of rural industrial convergence, agricultural enterprises, agricultural cooperatives and farmers should be guided to establish a stable interest linkage mechanism, focus on multifunctional coordination and develop rural industries in accordance with local conditions.

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Development potential of forestry carbon sequestration projects in natural forest protection project area: taking Heilongjiang Natural Forest Protection Project area as an example

CHEN Lirong, CHEN Lijuan, ZHU Zhenfeng, HAN Lijing, CAO Yukun

2021, 33(5): 944-954. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.20

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In the present study, the developing feasibility of different types of forestry carbon sequestration projects were analyzed both theoretically and realistically, and suitable types for the natural forest protection project (NFPP) areas were put forward. According to the domestic carbon sequestration afforestation project methodology, forest management carbon sequestration methodology and the requirements of reducing deforestation carbon sequestration project practiced abroad, the estimation models for the development potential of different types of forestry carbon sequestration projects were deduced and constructed, and the development potential of different types of forestry carbon sequestration projects in the NFPP area was estimated by taking Heilongjiang Natural Forest Protection Project area as an example. It was shown that the suitable types of forestry carbon sequestration projects in the NFPP area were not only limited to the carbon sequestration afforestation projects (CSAP) and plantation forest management projects (PFMP), but also the natural secondary forest management carbon sequestration projects (NSFMCSP) and deforestation carbon sequestration projects (DCSP). The development potential of different types of forestry carbon sequestration projects in the NFPP area was different. By taking Heilongjiang Natural Forest Protection Project area as an example, 295.25×10⁴ hm² forest land could be developed as NSFMCSP, with the largest development potential, 86.9×10⁴ hm² forest land could be developed as PFMP, the annual potential of DSCP could reach 316.6×10⁴ m³ since 2014, and 17.7×10⁴ hm² forest land could be developed as CSAP, with the lowest development potential. Based on the above results, suggestions were proposed as follows. The natural secondary forests with intermediate and high levels of artificial disturbance in the NFPP area should be officially included in the permitted scope of the forest management sequestration increase and emission reduction project. The methodology for DCSP should be developed. The construction of forestry carbon sequestration trading market should be accelerated, and worldwide experiences should be learned.

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Analysis of highly cited papers in Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis in 2009-2018

ZHANG Yun, CHEN Huaping

2021, 33(5): 955-964. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.05.21

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In order to summarize the internal laws and common characteristics of highly cited papers, and provide the basis for the organization or screening of high-quality manuscript and promote the high-quality development of journals, a total of 131 papers from the top 5% of the total cited papers in Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis from 2009 to 2018 were selected as highly cited papers, and the subject distribution, fund projects, authors and source organizations were analyzed in detail. The results showed that the citation frequency of highly cited papers was 33.29, which was more than 4 times of the total number of papers published in the statistical period. The total cited frequency of horticulture, agronomy, animal husbandry, animal medicine, hunting, silkworm, bee, agricultural basic science and plant protection were much higher than other subjects. The contents of heavy metals, crop yield and quality, cold resistance, light quality, biochar, biogas slurry utilization had been widely concerned and recognized by the academic community. Among the highly cited papers, 91.60% obtained at least one fund support. Fourteen authors published more than two highly cited papers , most of them were from Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the sponsor of the journal. There were 18 institutions that published more than two highly cited papers, which were mainly concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta. There were 16 papers cited more than 50 times, of which review papers account for 50%. In the future topic selection planning and soliciting contributions of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, on the one hand, we should further expand the solicitation scope of high-quality manuscripts, closely follow the academic hot spots, and actively strive for the publication prority of agricultural research hot spots; on the other hand, we should timely publish the academic achievements and experience models with Zhejiang characteristics, and extend the application of “Zhejiang Model”.

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