Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

Association analysis between SSR markers and germination-related traits in sorghum germplasm resources

LIU Xiuhui, ZOU Guihua, ZHAI Guowei, LIU Heqin, ZHENG Xueqiang, CHEN Heyun

2021, 33(6): 965-973. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.01

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Fifty-four pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers spanned uniformly over sorghum genome were selected to detect 110 sorghum germplasm resources. The relevances between SSR and germination-related traits (mesocotyl length, coleoptile elongate, root length, and hundred-grain weight) were studied in order to provide theoretical foundation and materials for screening elite deep-seeding tolerance in sorghum. The results showed that there were significantly (P≤0.05) negative correlation between mesocotyl length and root length, and significantly (P≤0.01) positive correlation between mesocotyl length and coleoptile length. Significantly (P≤0.01) positive correlations were found among coleoptile length, root length, and hundred-grain weight. A total of 339 alleles were identified at all of 54 SSR markers loci, with an average of 6.28 alleles per marker locus and 2.67 effective alleles. The average values of Shannon’s information index were 1.129 9. All of the sorghum germplasms were divided into three subgroups by structural analysis. Nine sites had significant (P≤0.05) correlation with mesocotyl length, whose phenotypic contribution rate was from 11.18%-28.05%. Five sites had significant (P≤0.05) correlation with coleoptile elongate, whose phenotypic contribution rate were 11.22%-18.12%. Only one site had significant (P≤0.05) correlation with root length. Two sites had significant correlation with hundred-grain weight.

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Temporal and spatial characteristics of carbon footprint and water footprint in rice production in Jilin Province

ZHANG Huiyun, QIN Lijie, JIA Li

2021, 33(6): 974-983. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.02

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Agricultural production has an important impact on global warming, water scarcity and environment pollution. Carbon footprint (CF) and water footprint (WF) are indicators for evaluating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and water consumption, respectively. Based on the life cycle assessment method, we calculated the CF and WF in rice production, and analyzed the temporal and spatial characteristics and composition of the CF and WF in Jilin Province. The results showed that the CF fluctuated from 2007 to 2017, with an annual average value of 0.74 kg·kg^-1. Methane emission from rice fields was the main source of CF in rice production, accounting for 41.55%, followed by GHG emissions caused by fertilizer applications, accounting for 21.18%. From 2007 to 2017, the WF showed a fluctuating downward trend, with an annual average value of 147 L·kg^-1, of which the water scarcity footprint (WSF) was 122 L·kg^-1, accounting for about 83%, and the water degradation footprint (WDF) was 25 L·kg^-1, accounting for about 17%. The spatial differences of rice WF and CF in Jilin Province were obvious. The areas with higher WF were found in the western and central regions of Jilin Province, while the areas with higher CF were found in the eastern and central eastern regions of Jilin Province. Correlation analysis showed that CF and WF were negatively correlated.

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Effects of reduced nitrogen application on yield and nitrogen agronomic efficiency of Yongyou indica-japonica hybrid rice

WANG Feng, SHEN Jianghua, CHEN Ruoxia, SHI Jun, REN Shaopeng, JIN Shuquan, YAO Hongyan, ZHU Defeng, DAI Yaolu

2021, 33(6): 984-992. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.03

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A field experiment was carried out in two sites (Xiangshan and Yinzhou),which represented different soil type of single-season rice area in east Zhejiang from 2017 to 2019, with four Yongyou indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars (YY1540, YY7850, YY12 and YY538) and two conventional japonica rice cultivars (N84 and XS134) as materials. Four treatments were set with varying levels of N application rates: HN (N: 240 kg·hm^-2 for hybrid rice and 200 kg·hm^-2 for conventional rice); MN (N reduction of 17% compared with HN), LN (N reduction of 34% compared with HN), N0 (control without N). It was shown that the grain yield (GY) decreased with the reduction of nitrogen application rate in both sites. The yield of Yongyou hybrid rice under MN treatment in Xiangshan and Yinzhou was 10.8 t·hm^-2 and 9.9 t·hm^-2, respectively, which was only 1.2% and 2.6% lower than that under HN, with no significant difference. N reduction (MN and LN) decreased effective panicle (EP) in both sites, but increased seed setting rate (SSR) and 1 000-grain weight (GW) in Xiangshan. Correlation analysis showed that the GY of Yongyou indica-japonica hybrid rice was significantly (P<0.05) positively correlated with EP, number of spikelets per panicle (NSP) and maximum number of tillers and stems (MNTS) in Xiangshan, and was significantly (P<0.05) positively correlated with EP, SSR and panicle-bearing tiller rate (PBTR) in Yinzhou. N agronomic efficiency (NAE) of Yongyou indica-japonica hybrid rice was not significantly affected by N application rate, but increased rapidly with the trial age in Xiangshan, indicating that long-term reduction of N input without other technical assistance had a potential risk. For Yongyou indica-japonica hybrid rice under the conventional practice in the coastal region of east Zhejiang, nitrogen application rate could be reduced by 17% with no significant reduction of the grain yield. But, for the long-term run, comprehensive effects of soil fertility, rice varieties and fertilizer utilization should be well considered.

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Cloning, expression and application in detection of SWP2 gene in Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei

SHEN Weifeng, GUO Qi, LIU Li, NIU Baolong, WENG Hongbiao, LOU Bao

2021, 33(6): 993-1000. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.04

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The Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei(EHP) from shrimp is a very important pathogenic microorganism in aquaculture. In present, the common method for EHP detection is PCR reaction which use ribosomal 18S gene as a target. The problem with this method is nonspecific amplification because of high conservatism of 18S gene. In this study, the spore wall protein 2 (EHPSWP2) was cloned with silico cloning method. The length of the cDNA of the SWP2 was 1 019 bp containing an open reading frame of 687 bp encoding a protein with 229 amino acids with predicted molecular weight of 26.32 ku, and 5’ UTR is of 120 bp and 3’ UTR is of 179 bp. The amino acids sequences and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that there is a close relationship among EHP, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Hepatospora eriocheir. The recombinant expression vector pET15b-SWP2 was constructed for SWP2 protein expression, the molecular weight was 28 ku and the monoclonal antibodies against SWP2 protein were produced. The methods of PCR and western blot method were applied for EHP detection with Macrobrachium rosenbergii samples. This study provided a technical guarantee for the diagnosis of EHP disease by farmers, and laid the foundation for SWP2 protein research.

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Effects of sugar content on resistance of tomato leaf to bacterial leaf spot and possible underlying mechanisms

ZHAO Hu, ZHANG Yueting, LIU Yonghua

2021, 33(6): 1001-1011. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.05

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The study was conducted to study the effect of sugar metabolism on the resistance of tomato to bacterial leaf spot disease (Pst DC3000) and the physiological and biochemical mechanisms possibly involved, which could benefit the breeding of new tomato varieties with high resistance to Pst DC3000. To get leaves with different characteristics in sugar metabolism,tomato leaves were sampled at two different time (8:00 AM and 6:00 PM), which were referred to as morning-sampled leaves and evening-sampled leaves, respectively. These two kinds of leaves were in vitro inoculated with Pst DC3000 and then tested at 0, 24 and 48 h after inoculation for several indicators, including Pst DC3000 resistance, bacterial density, the content of soluble sugar and starch, invertase activities, the content of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA), cell death incidence and H₂O₂ accumulation. It was found that, as compared with the morning-sampled leaves, the evening-sampled leaves showed higher resistance to Pst DC3000 as revealed by less incidence of disease lesion and cell death, and lower bacterial density in leaves (P≤0.01). Furthermore, evening-sampled leaves had higher starch content (0-48 h), glucose content (0 h and 24 h), and fructose content (24 h and 48 h). However, there was no significant difference in sucrose content between two kinds of leaves. In addition, the measurement of three kinds of invertase activities showed that evening-sampled leaves had lower cell wall invertase (CWIN) activity at 0 h and 48 h after inoculation, but significantly (P≤0.05) higher cytoplasmic invertase (CIN) activities at 24 h and 48 h after inoculation than morning-sampled leaves. Notably, there was no significant difference in vacuolar invertase (VIN) activity between two kinds of leaves, Finally, as compared with the morning-sampled leaves, evening-sampled leaves showed significantly (P≤0.05)higher content of free SA and JA, and simultaneously less H₂O₂ accumulation at 48 h after inoculation. In conclusion, as compared with the morning-sampled leaves, evening-sampled leaves showed higher starch and hexose content, CIN activity, but lower CWIN activity. These differences in sugar metabolism may contribute to higher SA and JA content and less H₂O₂ accumulation and cell death in evening-sampled leaves, and ultimatly enhance its resistance to Pst DC3000.

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Analysis and comprehensive evaluation of 25 Hydrangea germplasm resources

REN Qianqian, ZHANG Jingwei, SUN Jixia, LUO Zhenzhen, DING Zhaotang, ZHANG Deshun, ZHANG Yingjie, GUO Duitian, GUO Wenjiao

2021, 33(6): 1012-1024. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.06

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In order to improve the evaluation system of Hydrangea germplasm, this study took 25 introduced Hydrangea varieties as test materials, quantified the evaluation indexes of adaptability, stress resistance and ornamental value of Hydrangea varieties by means of observation records and morphological data measurement, analyzed the quantitative characters with genetic variability as the breakthrough point, and comprehensively evaluated and ranked the materials by cluster analysis combined with analytic hierarchy process. The results showed that cutting survival rate, flower color adjustability and the number of small flowers per inflorescence played a leading role in the evaluation. The results of cluster analysis and hierarchical classification were consistent in the evaluation system, and the scientific and effective results could be confirmed by analyzing the data. The evaluation results of seven Hydrangea varieties, Mangekyou, Komatsu, Camilla, Your feelings and mine,Popcorn, Mohuan crystal and The eternity of you and me, reached Grade I. These varieties have the common characteristics of adjustable colors, large crown width, more small flowers in a single inflorescence, higher cuttage survival rate, upright or semi-upright plant type and strong stress resistance.

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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of LOX gene family in eggplant (Solanum melongena)

ZHAO Guofu, YAN Yaqin, WANG Jinglei, WEI Qingzhen, BAO Chonglai

2021, 33(6): 1025-1034. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.07

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Lipoxygenase (LOX) is a class of non-heme iron-containing dioxygenase which plays important role in plant growth and biotic/abiotic stress tolerance.To explore LOX family genes and their evolutionary relationship in eggplants, twelve candidates, which were distributed on chromosomes 1, 3, 8, and 9, were identified as SmeLOX gene by genome-wide analysis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SmeLOX genes were classified into three categories (9-LOX, type I 13-LOX, and type II 13-LOX). In addition, real-time quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated that only the expression of SmeLOX1, SmeLOX4, SmeLOX6, and SmeLOX8 were detected in all tissues of eggplant, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. Overall, this study provided scientific basis for further function analysis of the SmeLOX genes during growth and development of eggplant.

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Determination of larval instars of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)

ZHANG Jinming, ZHOU Shuxing, LIN Ya, LIU Min, WANG Likun, LYU Yaobin

2021, 33(6): 1035-1041. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.08

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Spodoptera exigua(Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious pest of various crops, such as asparagus, tomato, cotton, radish, corn and so on. Its damaging range is very broad in China, therefore, it is necessary to determine the larval instars, which is an important evidence for forecasting and proper control of this pest. The number of larval instars was determined and tested based on frequency distribution analysis, Dyar’s rule and Crosby’s growth rule after measuring three indexes including head capsule width, body length and body weight. It was found that the range of head capsule width from the 1^st to the 5^th instar of S. exigua was 0.21-0.30, 0.40-0.49, 0.65-0.75, 1.05-1.15, 1.65-1.80 mm, respectively, and frequency distribution analysis showed five obvious concentration areas. The range of body length from the 1^st to the 5^th instar of S. exigua was 1.0-3.1, 2.5-6.5, 4.0-10.0, 5.0-15.0, 11.0-27.0 mm, respectively, which exhibited no obvious concentration areas. The range of body weight from the 1^st to the 5^th instar of S. exigua was 0.025-0.567, 0.200-6.000, 1.100-15.200, 6.200-65.600, 32.900-275.200 mg, respectively. These results indicated that there were 5 instars for S. exigua under the experiment conditions, and the head capsule width could be applied to the identification of larval instars rather than the body length and body weight due to the overlap among instars.

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Study on fermentation conditions of herbicidal active strain HL-1

GAO Hanfeng, LIU Yuqin, CHENG Liang, GUO Qingyun

2021, 33(6): 1042-1048. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.09

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Taking endophytic fungus HL-1 strain with herbicidal activity isolated from Qinghai diseased Cirsium setosum as the material, a single factor test was used to screen the carbon and nitrogen sources, solid fermentation substrate, inoculation amount and solid-liquid fermentation conditions that were most suitable for the growth of the strain. The results showed that the most suitable carbon source of HL-1 in the tested materials was glucose and the nitrogen source was yeast extract; when the strain was cultured in PDA medium, its maximum spore production was 5.79×10⁸ CFU·mL^-1 ; and in the optimal carbon source and optimal nitrogen source mixed medium, its maximum spore production was 4.81×10⁹ CFU·mL^-1. Rapeseed cake was the medium material with the largest spore production of HL-1 in the test materials, which had the largest spore production at a volume fraction of 40% inoculation volume. Through orthogonal optimization experiments, the spore production of the strain was found to be the largest under the conditions of culture temperature 27.5 ℃, culture medium water content 37% and fermentation time 8 d.

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Spatial differentiation characteristics and driving factors of abandoned cultivated land in Karst trough valley

SHI Houjun, LAN Anjun, YI Xingsong, ZHAI Xiang, LIAO Yanmei, ZHONG Jiusheng

2021, 33(6): 1049-1061. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.10

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To understand the spatial differentiation characteristics of abandoned cultivated land and its driving factors, Bijiang District and Wanshan District, Tongren City, Guizhou Province, located in the Karst trough valley area, were selected as the study area in the present study. The data of abandoned cultivated land was obtained through visual interpretation based on the 2017 land use change survey database and 2019 high-scoring remote sensing imagery and field surveys. The hot spots were used to analyze the spatial differentiation characteristics of abandoned cultivated land, and a two-class Logistic regression model was used to analyze driving factors. The results showed that the overall abandonment rate of cultivated land in the study area was 17.32%, and the abandonment rate of dry land (23.54%) was higher than that of paddy fields (9.52%). The extremely hot spots of abandoned paddy fields were distributed in the southwest and the rural-urban junction towns in the northeast, yet the spatial distribution of cold spots was not obvious. The extreme hot spots of abandoned dry land were distributed in the west and northeast, while the extreme cold and cold spots were mainly distributed in the east. The driving factors of paddy field and dry land abandonment were roughly the same, but the priority was different. The driving factors of the abandonment of paddy fields decreased as plot area>distance from settlement>slope>distance from irrigation>transportation distance>elevation>plot shape index, and the driving factors of the dry land abandonment decreased as distance from settlement>plot area>slope>distance from irrigation>elevation>transportation distance>plot shape index. In general, the main driving factor for the abandonment of cultivated land in the Karst trough valley was the distance from settlement, which indicated that the labor separation and rural hollowing were the main reasons for the abandonment of cultivated land. In addition, the abandonment of cultivated land was also closely related to the plot area, slope, distance from irrigation, etc.

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Effect of land use change on soil organic carbon pool in process of urbanization: a case study of Sanlin Green Wedge, Shanghai

ZHANG Qingqing, LIANG Jing, WU Haibing, ZHENG Sijun, HUANG Junhua

2021, 33(6): 1062-1068. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.11

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Studying the change of soil organic carbon content in the process of urbanization and identifying the spatial pattern of soil organic carbon will play a guiding role in the study of urban building. In this study, the land use pattern and area were obtained by remote sensing image data, the influence of land use change on soil organic carbon content and density was analyzed, and the soil organic carbon storage of Sanlin Green Wedge to be built was estimated. The results showed that the organic carbon content of unsealed soil and sealed soil were 7.51 g·kg^-1 and 4.67 g·kg^-1, respectively. The content and density of soil organic carbon in unsealed green space was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in sealed soil. The existing soil organic carbon storage was about 2.99×10⁴ t. Compared with the current situation, the soil organic carbon pool changed greatly after the proposed construction, and the estimated organic carbon storage could reach 6.29× 10⁴ t. The unsealed soil organic carbon storage was 5.38×10⁴ t, which was about 1.8 times of the existing soil organic carbon storage. This study elucidated the impact of land use change on soil organic carbon pool in the process of urbanization, which was of great significance for accurately quantifying the soil organic carbon pool of urbanization and evaluating urban carbon balance.

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Characteristics of typical urban waste mixed aerobic composting and its effect on seedling growth

ZHU Shijun, JIN Shuquan, WANG Feng, HAN Yongjiang, SUN Jie

2021, 33(6): 1069-1077. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.12

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In this study, garden waste, dried construction waste, and organic residue of kitchen waste were used for composting at different mixing ratios, and the temperature and nutrients changes during composting were studied. The final compost was mixed with seedling substrates to clarify its effect on germination and development of three kinds of vegetables (tomato, cucumber, cabbage). The results showed that the temperature of the mixture of garden waste and the mixture of garden waste and organic residue of kitchen waste rose to above 70 ℃ immediately, and slowly decreased to about 50 ℃ after 45 days during the composting. During this process, the organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen contents and moisture content gradually decreased, while pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and contents of available phosphorus and available potassium remained stable. The final compost showed high EC value. However, when it was mixed with seedling substrate, it showed no significant adverse effect on the survival rate of vegetable seedlings under the experiment conditions. Thus, it showed potential of applying garden waste, dried construction waste, and organic residue of kitchen waste in agricultural production through composting

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Characterization and fixation analysis of three atrazine-degrading strains

LIU Dandan, SUN Wanyu, WANG He

2021, 33(6): 1078-1087. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.13

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In this study, 3 strains with high-efficiency degradable bacteria were isolated from atrazine contaminated soil by soil dilution method and plate purification method, which were identified by morphologyical observation, physiological and biochemical analysis and 16S rDNA identification. The 3 strains were embeddedin four materials: sodium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol, gelatin, and biochar, and the physical properties of these fixed strains were compared after 24 hours. Meanwhile, the degradation rate and growth of the strains and immobilized strains were monitored by gas chromatography and spectrophotometry. The taxonomy of three degrading bacterias were found and identified by 16S rDNA sequencing and the phylogenetic tree constructed, respectively Shinella, Herbaspirillum, and Pseudomonas. All the strains reac-hed the maximum D₆₀₀ at 14 days and the degradation efficiency was higher than 85 percent. After comprehensively comparing the 4 kinds of fixing materials, sodium alginate is the most ideal material for embedding strains with its great formability, mechanical strength, and mass transfer performance. Besides, it has little effect on the degradation of atrazine. The microbial immobilization technology canimprove the toelrance of the strains which provides a theoretical basis for microbial remediation of conta-minated soil.

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Study on volatile components and antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate component of Fritillaria hupehensis Hsiao et K. C. Hsia

LI Yu, LIU Cuijun, AI Lunqiang, FANG Xinyue, LIU Yu, YUAN Mingyuan, RAN Yalan, HE Meijun

2021, 33(6): 1088-1094. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.14

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To study the volatile components and antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate component of F. hupehensis, the ethyl acetate component of F. hupehensis in Enshi region was selected as the research object. The filter paper method was used to test the antimicrobial activity against 11 clinically resistant bacteria. Microbroth dilution method was used to determine the MIC value of the tested bacteria. The volatile components were identified by GC-MS and the content of peiminine was determined by gas chromatography. The results showed that: the ethyl acetate had medium inhibitory activity against Bacillus thuringiensis, Vibrio alginolyticus XSBZ14, and Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606, and it’s MIC values was 2.37, 5.93 and 11.86 mg·mL^-1 respectively; the antibacterial activitys of ethyl acetate fraction of Hubei Fritillaria was significantly different from that of peiminine, which was proved that peiminine was not the main antibacterial agent in the ethyl acetate component of Fritillaria hupehensis. A total of 16 volatile metabolites were identified, including aliphatic hydrocarbons (4.55%), fatty acids (24.07%) and alkaloids (23.02%). The content of peiminine in the ethyl acetate fraction of F. hupehensis was (16.19±0.06) mg·g^-1, and the average recovery was 96.58%, the relaitve standard deviation was 3.98%. Excellent and broad spectrum antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate component of F. hupehensis provided an important reference for the development of new natural antibiotics from plant sources.

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Application of edible composite film of wine residue polyphenol-chitosan-CMC during storage of boiled mutton

TIAN Yutan, MA Lu, LIU Juna, LI Dongdong, TAO Yingmei, ZHAO Xiaolu, MA Yanan, SUN Shaoyi, LIU Dunhua

2021, 33(6): 1095-1103. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.15

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To develop an edible composite film for storage of boiled mutton, taking rosemary (3%) composite film, tea polyphenol (3%) composite film and preservative film as control groups, boiled mutton was treated with different concentrations (1%, 3%, 5%) of wine pomace polyphenol chitosan CMC composite film and control films. The sensory characteristics, pH, color, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), TVB-N and total bacterial count of boiled mutton during cold storage [(4±1) ℃] were analyzed. The best composite film was selected according to the results, and volatile substances during storage were studied. The results showed that 5% wine pomace polyphenol chitosan CMC composite film were selected as the best treatment, it could effectively improved the color of mutton, delayed lipid oxidation, on the 9th day of storage, sensory characteristics and antibacterial activity of 5% polyphenol film treatment group were significantly (P<0.05) better than other composite film treatment groups, TVB-N was lower than the limit value; On the 12th day of storage, the pH value of 5% polyphenol film treatment group was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of other composite film treatment groups. The storage time of mutton could be delayed to 9 days. There were some differences in volatile compounds among the 5% polyphenol film treatment groups with different storage time. Therefore, wine pomace polyphenol chitosan CMC composite film could effectively maintain the color of mutton during storage, inhibit oxidation, reduce corruption, prolong shelf life, and effectively maintain the edible quality of mutton during storage.

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Degradation and dietary risk of chlorpyrifos after its application during different periods of cowpea planting

WANG Di, DI Shanshan, WANG Xinquan, ZHANG Changpeng, WANG Xiangyun, WANG Meng, ZHANG Chenghui

2021, 33(6): 1104-1109. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.16

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In recent years, the banned pesticide chlorpyrifos was frequently detected in cowpeas, which has become one of the key problems of high pesticide residue over standard rate in cowpeas. The degradation and risk assessment of chlorpyrifos in the different growth stages (sowing, seedling and podding) of cowpea were investigated. In field experiments, chlorpyrifos was applied to the different growth stages of cowpea. Cowpea samples were collected at mature stage, which were extracted with acetonitrile and purified by C18. The residue concentrations of chlorpyrifos was determined by UPLC-MS/MS, and dietary risk assessment was calculated. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) value of chlorpyrifos in cowpea samples was 0.01 mg·kg^-1. The average recoveries of chlorpyrifos in cowpea samples at four spiked levels (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 5 mg·kg^-1) ranged from 76.3% to 88.3% with relative standard deviation (RSD) in the range of 2.7%-6.4%. When applying chlorpyrifos at sowing stage, seedling stage and podding stage (one application and two applications), the residue concentrations of chlorpyrifos in cowpea samples were below LOQ. When once application at high podding stage, the degradation curve was Ct=1 726.6e^-0.431^t (R²=0.981 5), fitting the first-order kinetic equation, and the half-life was 1.6 d. Ten days after applying, the concentrations of chlorpyrifos in cowpea samples were below 0.05 mg·kg^-1. The risks of chronic and acute dietary intake were lower than 100%. Therefore, the applying of chlopyrifos at sowing period and seedling period of cowpea will not lead to the residual concentrations exceeding the MRL, but the preharvest interval was at least 10 days after applying chlopyrifos at podding period, and the use of chlorpyrifos in the peak pod period should be prohibited. In conclusion, it is very necessary to prohibit the use of chlorpyrifos in cowpea production in China under the background that the precise application of chlorpyrifos in cowpea production has not been formulated.

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Effects of different light quality of LED light source on growth rate, mycelium branch and biomass of straw mushroom mycelium

HOU Lijuan, LI Zhengpeng, LIN Jinsheng, MA Lin, LI Huiping, QU Shaoxuan, JIANG Jianxin, ZOU Xiulong, YANG Huaping, LI Changtian, JIANG Ning

2021, 33(6): 1110-1116. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.17

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To explore the precise application of LED light source in the cultivation of straw mushroom and provide a theoretical basis for the cultivation of factory straw mushrooms, straw mushroom V23 was used as the material, six different treatments of LED light quality were set as: control white light (CK), red/blue=1∶1, red/blue=1∶2, red/blue=2∶1, single red light, single red light. The results showed that when the ratio of red light to blue light was 1∶1, the mycelial growth was strong, and the effect on other indexes was not obvious. The results showed that the red and blue light ratio of 1∶2 had a significant (P<0.05) effect on the growth of mycelia, and it had a promoting effect on the growth of mycelia, followed by the red and blue light ratio of 1∶1, and the effect of LED light quality on the growth of mycelia was mainly concentrated in the early stage, but not in the late stage. The ratio of red light to blue light was 1∶2 and 1∶1 showed the most effect on the mycelial biomass, which was significantly (P<0.01) higher than that of CK by 28.29% and 19.97%, respectively. At the same time, the mycelial branching distance in the treatments of red and blue light ratio of 1∶2 and 1∶1 was relatively small, and the mycelial branching distance was reduced by 16.03% and 15.13%, respectively. The mycelial growth was relatively strong and dense.

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Evaluation on standardization of farmers’ professional cooperatives: evidence from fruit and vegetable cooperatives in Sichuan

CHEN Jiping, LIU Guoqiang, LIU Yuying, FU Xinhong

2021, 33(6): 1117-1127. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.18

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It is of great significance to investigate the standardization level of farmers’ professional cooperatives (cooperatives for short) to improve the development quality of cooperatives. Based on this, 99 fruit and vegetable cooperatives in Sichuan were selected as examples in the present study. The theoretical index system for evaluation on standardization of cooperatives was constructed from five dimensions of organizational structure, production and operation services, management system, financial management and distribution system, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was introduced to comprehensively evaluate the standardization level of cooperatives. The results showed that the standardization level of the sample cooperatives was generally low, and more than half of the sample cooperatives got a score below the average. In different dimensions, the score of standardization of organizational structure, management system, financial management, production and operation services and distribution system decreased in sequence. Through group analogy, it was found that the cooperatives established earlier, with larger membership, non-village cadres as the chairman and higher annual turnover exhibited relatively higher score of the comprehensive evaluation on standardization level.

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Farmer’s behavior intention and behavioral response transformation paths in management and maintenance of land consolidation projects: empirical analysis from four typical towns of Huaining County in Anhui Province, China

CAI Jun, ZHOU Xiaoyu

2021, 33(6): 1128-1140. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.19

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In order to promote the management and maintenance of land consolidation projects (LCPs), and to explore the farmer’s behavior intention (BI) and behavioral response (BR) transformation paths, 475 samples in Huaining Country, Anhui Province, were quantitatively analyzed by strucutral equation modeling (SEM) based on the analytical framework of improved plan behavior theory. It was shown that farmers recognized the positive benefits of the management and maintenance of LCPs. The guarantee rate of irrigation and drainage and the accessibility of field roads were the focus of attention. The external influence from the government and the professional cooperative organization played large role. The lack of confidence of farmers in achieving the goal of management and maintenance of LCPs and capital cost were the prominent obstacle factors. Solution of the bottleneck of capital investment, and establishment of a grassroots organizational structure and improvement of the management and maintenance system were the focus in the government support. The order of the latent variable effects that affected farmer’s BI to BR was subjective norm (SN)<behavior attitude (BA)<perceptual behavior control (PBC)<government support (GS). The farmer’s BR followed the five path of BA→BI→BR, SN→BI→BR, PBC→BI→BR, GS→BI→BR and GS→BR. BI played a mediating role to BR. Thus, respecting the farmer’s will was important for the smooth and continuous promotion of the management and maintenance of LCPs. The inseparability, non-exclusivity and competition of the utility of quasi-public goods in the management and maintenance of LCPs largely limited the effect of the internal “spontaneous” driving force of the farmer’s BR, while GS of the external “induced” driving force played a leading role. It was suggested to increase policy publicity, ensure sufficient funds, build a platform for farmers to participate, and establish a system in the management and maintenance of LCPs, so as to boost the transformation of farmer’s BI to BR.

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Innovation of farmers training management system from perspective of quasi-public goods: based on investigation of Zhejiang Farmers University

LI Zhenhua, GU Yikang, LIU Longqing

2021, 33(6): 1141-1148. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.20

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Improving the quality of farmers training is a systematic project, wherein improving management is its key link. At present, the management system of farmers training is still imperfect as it fails to reflect its characteristic as a quasi-public product, so that the supply does not match the demand. Based on the theory of the quasi-public product, this article took Zhejiang Farmer University as an example to analyze the organizational structure and operating mechanism of the demand-based farmer training system in Zhejiang Province. It has formed a quasi public goods supply and management mode led by the government and co-constructed by other channels, as well as a diversified demand expression mechanism, a multi-agent supervision and management mechanism, a strict access mechanism for training institutions and a reasonable performance evaluation mechanism, which has achieved good practical results and is worth learning from.

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Research progress of floral development regulation by MADS-box gene family

WANG Ying, MU Yanxia, WANG Jin

2021, 33(6): 1149-1158. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.06.21

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Flowering and floral development is a kind of highly complex project, which involved many factors and their interactions. As key transcription factors, MADS-box genes can change the whole development processes, so they have become the most widely studied genes in the researches of floral organs. Recent advances in the diversified functions of the MADS-box genes regulating flowering and floral development provided new insights into general transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that control floral developmental programs. Reviewing these advances, which can provide some useful references for further exploration of the varies functions of MADS-box genes and further complement of floral development theory.

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