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25 September 2024, Volume 36 Issue 9 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Crop Seience
Animal Science
Horticultural Science
Plant Protection
Environmental Science
Food Science
Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products
Biosystems Engineering
Agricultural Economy and Development
Review


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Contents 2024, 36(9):  0-0.  Abstract ( 93 )   PDF (525KB) ( 281 )   Related Articles | Metrics

Crop Seience

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A transgenic rice resistant to glyphosate and flazasulfuron WU Haofeng, LIN Zhaoyang, SHEN Zhicheng 2024, 36(9):  1957-1968.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240340 Abstract ( 189 )   HTML ( 838 )   PDF (8994KB) ( 470 )   Weed control is an important aspect of rice production. In this study, a transgenic herbicide tolerant rice was created by expressing the glyphosate tolerant gene CP4-EPSPS and multiple-herbicide tolerant gene P450-N-Z1. The transformant event GF-9 was selected by screening with two herbicides, glyphosate and flazasulfuron. Field trial demonstrated that theGF-9 could tolerate combined herbicides at rate of 1 800 g·hm-2 (based on acid equivalent) glyphosate and 30 g·hm-2 (based on active ingredients) flazasulfuron. Southern blot and high-efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR results showed that the GF-9 was a single copy T-DNA insertion event and its insertion site was not inside a known or predicted functional gene. The field agronomic performance of GF-9 showed no significant difference compared to non-transgenic controls. In summary, the transgenic herbicide tolerant event GF-9 is a potential commercial event for development of herbicide tolerant rice. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the B3 transcription factor alternative splicer in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) LIU Hui, WANG Xiaomeng, YAN Liuyan, WANG Yongfang, YANG Pengjuan, GONG Keke, LI Xingjie, DONG Zhiping, JIA Xiaoping 2024, 36(9):  1969-1976.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231216 Abstract ( 147 )   HTML ( 832 )   PDF (6776KB) ( 259 )   The alternative splicing types of B3 transcriptional factor gene in different millet varieties were analyzed to identify the splicing variants with functional activity. Furthermore, the correlation between these splicing variants and heading stage was analyzed, aiming at providing evidence for further revealing the regulatory effects of B3 transcription factor on growth and development of millet by alternative splicing. Totally 12 millet varieties with different heading stages were selected to clone B3 transcriptional factor gene belonging to REM family by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The alternative splicing types of this gene were identified by multiple sequence alignment, and the activity of the splicing variants, their association with heading stage were analyzed. The results showed that a total of 8 splicing variants of B3 transcriptional factor gene were produced among the 12 millet varieties, of which splicing variant Ⅴ contained the most varieties (4), followed by splicing variant Ⅳ (2), and the remaining 6 splicing variants each contained only 1 variety. By alternative splicing, the B3 transcriptional factor gene of 12 varieties encoded 10 types of proteins, of which 5 types lacked the B3 DNA binding domain, and type Ⅱ protein shortened the heading stage of millet, while type Ⅵ protein prolonged the heading stage of millet, which was not affected by geographical environments. The above results showed that B3 transcription factor participated in the regulation of heading stage through alternative splicing in millet. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic diversity and association analysis between agronomic traits and SSR markers in hulless barley ZHANG Yuanyuan, FENG Juling, XIAO Jingfeng, GUAN Yu, LONG Chuer, YAO Lirong, MENG Yaxiong, SI Erjing, LI Baochun, MA Xiaole, WANG Huajun, ZHOU Xirong, LIU Meijin, WANG Juncheng 2024, 36(9):  1977-1989.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231050 Abstract ( 163 )   HTML ( 469 )   PDF (1827KB) ( 379 )   In order to understand the genetic diversity of hulless barley germplasms from different regions and to discover markers associated with agronomic traits. In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of 102 hulless barley germplasms from different regions of Gansu and Xizang using 92 pairs of SSR markers, and the association analysis between SSR markers and agronomic traits was carried out by using the GLM model of Tassel 2.1 software. The results showed that a total of 739 alleles were identified by scanning 92 markers, and the variance of gene diversity index ranged from 0.106 to 0.913, the variance of polymorphism information content ranged from 0.103 to 0.907; the genetic similarity coefficient varied from 0.680 to 0.960, and the clustering analysis divided these hulless barley germplasms into two subgroups, germplasms with the same parentage or similar kinship were clustered together; the population genetic structure analysis divided the hulless barley germplasms into five subgroups; it was revealed that more than 9 agronomic traits of 33 markers were extremely remarkalbe at the P<0.01 level, there were 10 markers associated with thousand grain weight, of which the marker GBM1238 was more stable, and the explained rate of the phenotypic variance of these markers ranged from 8.95% to 35.02%. In conclusion, most of the hulless barley germplasms for the test in this study are similarly related, and different hulless barley genetic resources can be introduced to enrich the genetic background. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of submergence at tillering stage on growth characters, yield formation and potassium uptake of japonica inbred rice CHEN Yutiao, YAN Chuan, HONG Xiaofu, SONG Jiayu 2024, 36(9):  1990-1999.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231009 Abstract ( 164 )   HTML ( 696 )   PDF (1069KB) ( 510 )   In order to investigate the effects of the submergence stress at the tillering stage on the growth characters, grain yield, yield components, potassium uptake and use efficiency on japonica inbred rice and clarify the effects of potassium fertilizer on the submergence tolerance at tillering stage, a pot experiment was carried out with the japonica inbred rice variety Zhegeng99. Two main treatments were set: CK (control), not submerged; ST, submerged at the tillering stage for 15 d with the water level of 43 cm. Under each main treatment, two potassium treatments were set: K0, without application of potassium; K180, application of 180 kg·hm-2 K2O. The results indicated that compared with the CK, the mean value of plant survival rate, effective panicle number and the spikelets number per unit area of the two potassium treatments under ST treatment were significantly (P<0.05) decreased by 16.8 percentage points, 71.1% and 68.0%, respectively; the mean value of potassium accumulaition at one day after de-submergence and the maturity stage under ST treatment was significantly decreased by 53.8% and 44.6%, respectively; and the mean value of potassium accumulation rate during the submergence and after de-submergence was significantly decreased by 66.7% and 45.0%, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in the potassium content, partical factor productivity of potassium fertilizer, potassium recovery use efficiency and potassium harvest index between the two main treatments. The results indicated that the submergence at the tillering stage could cause significant damage to the normal growth of japonica inbred rice, but it had no significant adverse effect on the rice yield and potassium utilization under the experiement conditions. Application of potassium fertilizer could help enhance the tolerance of japonica inbred rice to the submergence stress at the tillering stage. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of different drought-rewatering modes on growth and yield of Tartary buckwheat MIN Jiangyan, TANG Zhuolei, YANG Xue, HUANG Xiaoyan, HUANG Kaifeng, HE Peiyun 2024, 36(9):  2000-2009.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231268 Abstract ( 174 )   HTML ( 450 )   PDF (1162KB) ( 465 )   In order to explore the effects of different drought-rewatering treatments on the growth and yield of Tartary buckwheat [Fagopyrum tataricum(L.) Gaertn.], buckwheat variety Jinqiao 2 was used as the test material, set up five drought-rewatering treatments were set up, which were CK (soil water potential maintained at -20--30 kPa), LD (soil water potential maintained at -40--50 kPa), HD (soil water potential maintained at -60--70 kPa) and L0 (when soil water potential was -40--50 kPa, restore it to -20--30 kPa), H0 (restore it to -20--30 kPa when the soil water potential was -60--70 kPa). Agronomic traits, root morphology, antioxidant enzyme activity, photosynthetic characteristics and yield of Tartary buckwheat under different drought-rehydration modes were determined. The results showed that the agronomic traits of Tartary buckwheat increased first and then decreased with the decrease of soil water potential, which reached the maximum in LD treatment and the minimum in HD treatment. With the advancement of buckwheat fertility, the root morphology, activity of antioxidant enzymes in leaves, and photosynthetic characteristics of buckwheat after different drought-rehydration treatments showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing; Compared with CK, LD treatment significantly increased the buckwheat root morphology indicators, HD, L0 and H0 treatments had a tendency to significantly reduce the buckwheat root morphology indicators, the root morphology indicators under all treatments had reached the maximum in the LD treatment, the minimum in the HD treatment; Compared with CK, LD treatment promoted the increase of SOD, POD and CAT activities, net photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance in buckwheat leaves, while HD, L0, and H0 treatments decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, net photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance in buckwheat leaves. The yield of buckwheat in LD treatment was the highest, which were 1.22, 2.17, 1.81 and 1.63 times higher than that of CK, HD, L0 and H0 treatments, respectively. In summary, LD treatment could promote the growth of buckwheat underground and aboveground, increase photosynthetic utilization, enhance the antioxidant activity, increase grain weight, to achieve the effect of water saving and yield increase. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Animal Science

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Study on developmental changes of amino acid spectrum in Muscovy duck muscle PAN Zhihong, WEN Xueting, YANG Hua, LYU Wentao, ZHANG Junjie, XIAO Yingping 2024, 36(9):  2010-2019.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231019 Abstract ( 150 )   HTML ( 433 )   PDF (1813KB) ( 411 )   Samples of breast and leg muscles from the same batch of female Muscovy ducks at 14, 28, 42, 70, and 660 days of age were collected post-slaughter, and the changes in moisture, protein, and amino acid content were determined, to clarify the developmental changes in amino acid profiles of Muscovy duck breast and leg muscles. Results indicated that both breast and leg muscle weights increased significantly (P<0.05) with age, while the protein content increased overall yet the moisture content gradually decreased during the entire developmental process. The total amount of amino acids and essential amino acids in breast muscles increased with age, showing no significant difference between 70 and 660 days but significantly higher levels compared to 14, 28, and 42 days. Lysine and cysteine levels were significantly higher at 70 days, while arginine, tyrosine, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, and proline levels were significantly higher at 660 days. In leg muscles, total amino acid content, essential amino acids, and umami amino acids peaked at 70 days, with significantly higher levels of alanine, leucine, and lysine compared to other ages. Cysteine, threonine, and tyrosine levels were significantly higher at 660 days. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed differences in amino acid profiles between breast and leg muscles of Muscovy ducks at different ages, with lysine and cysteine identified as the most important amino acids contributing to metabolic profile differences from 14 to 660 days. In conclusion, amino acid content in Muscovy duck muscles undergoes significant changes with age, with notable peaks in total amino acids, essential amino acids, and umami amino acids in leg muscles at 70 days, and in total amino acids and essential amino acids in breast muscles at 660 days. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of quinoa straw fermentation process based on response surface methodology ZHOU Maocuo, LU Jianxiong, GUO Xiaonong, FENG Yulan, CHAI Weiwei, GAO Pengfei 2024, 36(9):  2020-2030.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231074 Abstract ( 136 )   HTML ( 618 )   PDF (6628KB) ( 283 )   In order to optimize the fermentation process of quinoa straw and enhance its nutritional value as feed, the effects of fermentation time, urea addition and water content on the fermentation quality of quinoa straw were studied with urea as nutritional additive and quinoa straw as raw material. The fermentation time was set to 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 d, the urea addition was set to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 g·kg-1, and the water content was set to 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%. After fermentation, the contents of crude protein, crude fat and crude fiber in fermented quinoa straw were detected. Based on the results of single factor test, the representative nutritional components of crude protein and crude fiber content were selected for response surface analysis. The results showed that the urea addition had the greatest effect on the content of crude protein and crude fiber in fermented quinoa straw, followed by fermentation time, and the effect of straw water content was relatively minor. The optimal fermentation conditions were determined by response surface methodology, that was, the urea addition was 4.7 g·kg-1, the fermentation time was 27 d, and the water content of straw was 61%. Under this condition, it was predicted that the crude protein content of quinoa straw could reach 6.768%, and the crude fiber content could reach 45.947%. This study provided a method to improve the feeding value of quinoa straw by adding an appropriate amount of urea and anaerobic fermentation. This could not only improve the nutritional value of quinoa straw, but also provide a theoretical basis for the high value utilization of quinoa straw. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Horticultural Science

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Identification of soybean trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase gene GmTPP and its expression analysis in growth and abiotic stress response OU Jinwen, ZHANG Guwen, FENG Zhijuan, WANG Bin, BU Yuanpeng, XU Yu, RU Lei, LIU Na, GONG Yaming 2024, 36(9):  2031-2041.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231003 Abstract ( 183 )   HTML ( 433 )   PDF (1949KB) ( 345 )   Trehalose plays an important role in plant metabolism, growth, development and stress resistance. The gene for trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) is crucial for the biosynthesis of trehalose. Soybeans, an important legume crop, are rich in protein and oil in their seeds, and there have been few reports on their TPP gene family. To analyze the structure and function of TPP genes in soybeans, 15 GmTPP genes were identified using bioinformatics methods across the entire soybean genome. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these 15 GmTPP genes could be categorized into three subfamilies, with each GmTPP containing 9-11 introns, and the number of introns being the same within the same subfamily. Analysis of cis-acting elements suggested that GmTPP genes were involved in plant hormone and environmental stress responses. Furthermore, we utilized transcriptome data to study the expression patterns of these GmTPP genes in different tissues and their expression characteristics under various abiotic stresses. The results showed that GmTPP genes had specific expression patterns in all soybean tissues and organs and exhibited different expressions under salt and drought stress treatments. This study not only lays the foundation for revealing the role of the GmTPP gene family in the regulation of trehalose in soybeans but also provides some reference value for improving soybean stress resistance using the TPP gene family. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Plant Protection

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Preparation and application of specific antibody against coat protein (CP) of Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) SHEN Zhengrong, DAI Yuanxing, GUO Liuming, WANG Zhiyao, ZHANG Hengmu 2024, 36(9):  2042-2050.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231119 Abstract ( 158 )   HTML ( 422 )   PDF (2953KB) ( 329 )   Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) is a soil-borne virus discovered and identified by Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, whose genomic segment RNA2 encodes a major coat protein (CP) that plays an important role in virus infection. To detect its expression and analyze its biological function, the gene was amplified by RT-PCR from CWMV-infected wheat leaves. The recombinant expression vector was constructed with In-Fusion method and introduced into BL21(DE3) strain for the induction of CP expression. The recombinant CP protein was purified by nickel column affinity chromatography and injected into the rabbits for immunization. The antisera were purified by affinity chromatography and the polyclonal antibodies against CP were obtained. Dot-ELISA, ID-ELISA and Western blot assays showed that the purified antibodies were highly specific to CWMV with a titer of 1∶2.048×107 and the sensitivity of 6.25×10-2 ng. Dot-ELISA and Western blot assays showed that the antibody could be used for accurate diagnosis of CWMV, which laid the foundation for CWMV detection, CP quantitation and its functional research. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interference of LED green light on the feeding behavior of Empoasca onukii Matsuda QIAO Li, CHEN Lei, JIANG Yueli, ZHOU Zhou, GENG Shubao, WANG Lijuan 2024, 36(9):  2051-2059.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240268 Abstract ( 154 )   HTML ( 429 )   PDF (1274KB) ( 232 )   Empoasca onukii Matsuda is one of the common pests in tea areas in China, and its harm seriously affects the yield and quality of tea. In order to reduce the residues of chemical pesticides and explore new control methods of leafhoppers in tea garden, LED green light (wavelength 520-525 nm) was used to interfere the feeding process of E. onukii, which was sensitive to light, the effects of light intensity and irradiation time on the feeding behavior of E. onukii were analyzed by means of electrical penetration graph (EPG) recording. The results showed that, the waveform produced by the feeding process of E. onukii were NP wave, A wave, C wave, E wave, S wave, F wave and R wave, among which NP wave accounted for the largest proportion. Compared with natural light (control), LED green light significantly inhibited the feeding behavior of E. onukii. At the same time, the higher the light intensity, the lower the percentage of spiking, and the more stinging and sucking times, the more obvious interference to the feeding behavior of E. onukii. The results of this study could provide technical support for the application of light prevention and control of leafhopper in tea garden. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Environmental Science

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Effects of biochar application on soil physiochemical indicators at sloping farmland in black soil region WU Jialong, CHI Ming, GAO Yan, WANG Xiang, SHEN Haiou 2024, 36(9):  2060-2069.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231039 Abstract ( 146 )   HTML ( 423 )   PDF (1908KB) ( 293 )   In the present study, an in-situ monitoring experiment was carried out at the sloping farmland to reveal the effects of biochar application during one year (from May to October) on soil bulk density, mass water content, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content and cation exchange capacity in black soil region, northeast China. Two experimental treatments were designed, including no biochar application (CK) and application of 30 t·hm-2 biochar (SW). The results showed that biochar application during one year decreased soil bulk density. Compared to the CK, the soil bulk density of ridge mound was decreased by 6.42%-11.21% from June to October. The decrease range of soil bulk density was lowered with time. The biochar application decreased the soil mass water content from June to August, and the decrease range of ridge mound was smaller than that of ridge furrow. When the slope position was from top to bottom, the decrease range of soil mass water contents decreased gradually. However, the biochar application increased the soil mass water content from September to October, and the increase range of ridge mound was greater than that of ridge furrow. When the slope position was from top to bottom, the increase range of soil mass water content was elevated gradually. Furthermore, the biochar application increased soil pH, organic matter content yet decreased soil electrical conductivity. Therefore, biochar application during one year could change the typical soil physical and chemical indicators, hence improve soil quality. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Response of carbon emissions from invasive plant alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) to nitrogen and phosphorus input in different habitats BAI Jian, LUO Laicong, LI Aixin, LAI Xiaoqin, SHEN Zhan, LIU Liangying, GUO Shengmao, ZHANG Ling 2024, 36(9):  2070-2078.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230739 Abstract ( 140 )   HTML ( 406 )   PDF (919KB) ( 222 )   Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) is an invasive plant, which could invade both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. In the present study, by using the microcrosmio technique, different nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) addition levels were set to simulate nutrient input in different habitats (aquatic and terrestrial), and the emissions of carbon-containing greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and biomass carbon sequestration were observed in the system, to explore the response of carbon emission from alligator weed to N and P input in different habitats. The results showed that the carbon emission was mainly CO2 emission other than CH4. In the aquatic habitats, there were mainly carbon sinks, and the N, P addition could promote the carbon sink; while in terrestrial habitats there were carbon emissions, and the N, P input could promote the carbon emissions. Thus, the invasive habitats, as well as the nutrients input status of the invasive site, should be fully considered for the accurate assessment of carbon emissions of alligator weed. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of heat treatment on the degradation of recombinant protein and recombinant DNA in transgenic straws YAN Jingying, NI Liang, SHEN Xingyu, LI Yu 2024, 36(9):  2079-2088.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240332 Abstract ( 131 )   HTML ( 417 )   PDF (13268KB) ( 261 )   With the continuous expansion of transgenic crop planting area, how to efficiently deal with the transgenic straw has become an important scientific issue. The recombinant protein and recombinant DNA in untreated transgenic straw can persist in the soil for a long time and have a potentially negative impact on soil biodiversity. Therefore, it is of importance to find a cost-saving and environmentally friendly straw treatment method. High temperature treatment is an effective method to degrade the recombinant protein and recombinant DNA of transgenic straw, but the treatment temperature and treatment time have not been systematically studied at present. This study used the test strips and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the levels of recombinant protein and recombinant DNA in the transgenic straw under different temperature and time treatments, and found that phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) and other recombinant proteins in the straw of transgenic soybeans, cotton, maize and rice were almost degraded after being treated at 50 ℃ for 3 h. However, at the same temperature, the degradation of recombinant DNA took 4 d. The degradation time of recombinant proteins and recombinant DNA could be shorted by increasing the temperature. These combinations of temperature and time, particularly the treatment condition of 50 ℃ for 4 d, could be achieved by composting in agricultural production. Therefore, this study provided a theoretical basis for the treatment of transgenic straw from the perspective of molecular biology. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Food Science

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Study on water enzymatic extraction of pine seed oil and enzymatic demulsification technology ZHANG Gensheng, LI Sijin, TIAN Yang, HAN Bing, XIE Chunli, FEI Yingmin 2024, 36(9):  2089-2098.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231121 Abstract ( 145 )   HTML ( 22 )   PDF (3096KB) ( 295 )   Pine-seed oil was extracted from pine-seed cake by aqueous enzymatic method. The extraction process of pine seed oil was investigated using single-factor and response surface experiments, and a specific focus on demulsifying the emulsion formed during the extraction. The results showed that the best outcomes were achieved through alkaline protease hydrolysis. The optimum conditions were as follows: time of 2.5 h, temperature 56 ℃, pH value of 11.3, and enzyme dosage of 5 045 U·g-1. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of pine seed oil was 71.73%. Furthermore, the addition of 3 000 U·g-1 of alkaline protease resulted in the highest demulsification effect, with a demulsification rate of 87.68%. After enzymatic demulsification, the demulsification rate was further improved to 92.18% by treating the emulsion with acid to adjust the pH value to 5. As a result, the extraction rate of pine seed oil reached 70.36% under this condition. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of enzyme-assisted extraction on composition and gut microbiota regulation function of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide ZHANG Ni, TAO Wenyang, LUO Mengfan, ZHOU Wanyi, ZHENG Xiaojie, LI Yanpo, JIN Huoxi, YANG Ying 2024, 36(9):  2099-2109.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231114 Abstract ( 186 )   HTML ( 27 )   PDF (3689KB) ( 482 )   Enzymatic hydrolysis may alter the number or structure of certain groups within the polysaccharide molecule, thus altering its properties. To determine the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on the structure and function of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide, this study selected the same species of D. officinale fresh stems as raw materials, and obtained different structures of the same matrix polysaccharide through neutral protease, maltose amylase, and cellulase-assisted extraction. Then, analyzing structural differences between them, and studying their various regulatory functions to intestinal flora using an in vitro simulated fermentation system. The results showed that compared with unenzymatically hydrolyzed samples, neutral protease-assisted extraction increased the degree of polymerization of polysaccharides, while the intervention of cellulase and maltose amylase significantly reduced the degree of polysaccharide polymerization and changed their monosaccharide composition. The production of CH4 and H2S in the neutral protease-treated group increased significantly, while the production of butyric acid and valeric acid in the cellulase-treated group increased significantly. Polysaccharides improved the composition of intestinal flora, especially the cellulase-treated group. The types and relative abundance of intestinal cornerstone bacteria as well as beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium and Roseburia, increased significantly, while the relative abundance of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria, such as Dialister and Dorea, decreased significantly. There were nine bacterial genera that were significantly positively correlated with butyric acid and valeric acid levels, and eight of them were enriched in the cellulase-treated group. Enzymatic hydrolysis-assisted extraction changes the structure of D. officinale polysaccharides, thereby changing its regulatory functions to intestinal flora. This study provides a reference for the targeted production of polysaccharides with different functions. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products

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Uptake and accumulation of lindane in rice and its metabolomics ZHAN Mengqi, SU Aoxue, HOU Qian, ZHANG Haoyu, JIANG Xinrui, XU Yan 2024, 36(9):  2110-2121.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230816 Abstract ( 154 )   HTML ( 25 )   PDF (2650KB) ( 416 )   The bioaccumulation, translocation and metabolomics of organochlorine pollutant lindane in the typical crop in China, rice (Oryza sativa L.) were investigated. The results revealed that under the stress of lindane contamination, the lindane concentration in rice roots, and above-ground parts (stems and leaves) had a positive correlation with the lindane concentration in the hydroponic solution, which indicated that rice had the ability to absorb lindane. Under different lindane concentrations in the hydroponic solution, the lindane accumulation in rice roots reached its peak on the second day and decreased sharply on the third day. In addition, lindane in rice roots could be transported radially to the above-ground parts, but the transport factor was 0.08-0.13. At subcellular level, the content of lindane in rice roots decreased as organelles>cytoderm>cytoplasm, which indicated that the organelle and cell wall were the main storage sites of lindane in rice roots. Under lindane stress, the changes of lipid metabolites were the most significant, with 43 up-regulated and 42 down-regulated. The content of isovitexin and other metabolites increased, while the content of asparagine and other metabolites decreased under lindane stres, and many metabolic pathways in plant were changed, among which, the sphingolipid metabolic pathway and phenylalanine metabolic pathway were greatly influenced. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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ICP-MS/MS analysis and evaluation of inorganic nutrient elements in different parts of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg ZHU Sibei, NIE Jing, ZHANG Jinjun, LI Chunlin, ZHANG Yongzhi, WANG Ping, TAO Yi, YUAN Yuwei 2024, 36(9):  2122-2131.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240174 Abstract ( 134 )   HTML ( 21 )   PDF (1363KB) ( 254 )   To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of 12 inorganic nutrient elements (Na, Mg, Al, P, S, K, Ca, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se) in Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg (T. hemsleyanum) by inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS), and to explore the content distribution of these 12 inorganic nutrient elements in different parts (stem and leaf, tuberous root, fibrous root). The method for simultaneous analysis of 12 nutrient elements in T. hemsleyanum was established by ICP-MS/MS in the form of multiple reaction gases (O2, H2, NH3) under the mode of single rod and series four rod, and the contents of inorganic nutrient elements in different parts of T. hemsleyanum were determined, and the differences of inorganic nutrient elements in different parts of medicinal materials were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to construct identification models for different parts. The results showed that the linearity, detection limit, precision, repeatability and stability test results of ICP-MS/MS method were good, and the recoveries ranged from 90.66% to 108.50%. There were significant differences in contents of inorganic nutrient elements in different parts of T. hemsleyanum, and the contents of inorganic nutrients in root were significantly higher than those in aboveground. Ca, Al, K and Na were the main difference elements among the three parts of T. hemsleyanum. In this study, the rapid analysis and determination of T. hemsleyanum inorganic elements was established, and the contents of inorganic elements in tuberous root, fibrous root, stem and leaf were effectively identified, which provided technical basis for quality control, origin tracing and germplasm resource evaluation of T. hemsleyanum. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Biosystems Engineering

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Design and experiment of shovel-type combined machine for silage corn root stubble plucking and residual plastic film collecting WANG Xiaoyang, LI Qiang, ZHAO Wuyun, DAI Fei, YAN Zhaorong, WANG Jiuxin 2024, 36(9):  2132-2145.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230970 Abstract ( 131 )   HTML ( 22 )   PDF (9680KB) ( 212 )   To solve the problem of difficult recovery of silage corn stubble and residual film, a combined machine was designed. The machine is mainly composed of a shovel with removing root stubble and residual film, a lifting chain, a separation drum screen, a film collection box, and other parts. The key components of the combined machine was analyzed theoretically and tested in the field to determine their structure and working parameters. Design-Expert software was used to design a three-factor, three-level quadratic regression orthogonal test, with the forward speed of the machine, the depth of shovel, the speed of separation drum screen as the influencing factors, and the recovery rate of residual film and stubble removal rate as the response indexes to establish a three-dimensional model of the response surface, and it was concluded that the forward speed of the machine and the depth of shovel had a significant effect on the rate of removing root stubble, while the depth of shovel and the separation drum screen speed had a significant effect on the rate of removing root stubble. Using optimization in Design-Expert to optimize the operating parameters of the machine, the results showed that the optimized operating parameters were: the forward speed of the machine was 3.54 km·h-1, the depth of shovel was 12.94 cm, and the separation drum screen speed was 51.53 r·min-1. The results of field verification test showed that when the forward speed of the machine was 3.5 km·h-1, the depth of shovel was 13 cm, and the separation drum screen speed was 50 r·min-1, under the operating conditions, the recovery rate of residual film was 89.26%, the cut rate of root stubble was 90.37%. The combined machine is stable and reliable, meeting the requirements of the residual film recycling machine. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on key problems for rat hole recognition and count near ground based on deep learning and its application GUO Xiuming, WANG Dawei, LIU Shengping, ZHU Yeping, LIU Xiaohui, LIN Kejian, WANG Jiayu, LI Fei 2024, 36(9):  2146-2154.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230858 Abstract ( 162 )   HTML ( 19 )   PDF (9051KB) ( 297 )   Rat hole density serves as a significant indicator for assessing the extent of rat damage in grasslands. In the image acquisition for rat hole recognition and count near ground by deep learning, the optimal image input size and shooting angle are crucial. To address these considerations, an image acquisition device equipped with an inclination sensor was designed, and a dataset of 2 325 rat hole images was collected from Xilingol grassland and manually annotated. The recognition performance was compared under 3 image input sizes (416 pixel×416 pixel, 608 pixel×608 pixel, 1 024 pixel×1 024 pixel), 4 shooting angles (21°, 32°, 41°, and 51°), and 2 target recognition models (YOLOv3 and YOLOv4). The findings revealed that YOLOv4 achieved superior performance when the image input size was set as 416 pixel×416 pixel. Furthermore, the recognition performance was optimal at the shooting angle of 41°, while it was the poorest at 32°. The proposed method was validated by comparing it with relevant approaches published within the past three years. These results offered valuable insights to support the development of intelligent monitoring technologies for assessing rat damage in grassland ecosystems. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Agricultural Economy and Development

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Research on empowering agricultural total factor productivity with digital inclusive finance in mountainous counties: taking 26 mountainous counties in Zhejiang Province of China as an example GUO Mengting 2024, 36(9):  2155-2169.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230953 Abstract ( 151 )   HTML ( 21 )   PDF (1592KB) ( 213 )   Digital inclusive finance, as a new form of financial industry in the era of digital intelligence, is an important support for optimizing financial resource allocation, empowering financial development in mountainous areas, and improving agricultural production efficiency. Based on the county panel data of 26 mountainous counties in Zhejiang Province from 2014 to 2021, this paper used DEA Malmquist index method to measure and calculate agricultural total factor productivity and its decomposition indicators, and then constructed a fixed effect model to empirically test the impact of digital inclusive finance on agricultural total factor productivity, and conducted a heterogeneity analysis. The results indicated that digital inclusive finance and its three sub dimensions in 26 mountainous counties of Zhejiang Province had a positive promoting effect on agricultural total factor productivity, mainly reflected in promoting agricultural technological progress. From various dimensions,the strongest promoting effect on agricultural total factor productivity was the depth of use of digital inclusive financial products and services, followed by the breadth of coverage, and the weakest degree of digitization. Meanwhile, the promotion role of digital inclusive finance was stronger in the western region of 26 mountainous counties in Zhejiang Province. To this end, it is necessary to accelerate the development and coverage of digital inclusive finance in mountainous counties, deepen the construction of digital inclusive finance infrastructure, focus on improving the literacy of the digital inclusive finance audience, and empower the improvement of agricultural total factor productivity. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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How can rural professional managers effectively empower rural operation?: based on the interview research of 15 rural professional managers in Yuhang District, Zhejiang Province, China SUN Kejie, CAI Bifan, SUN Qinshan 2024, 36(9):  2170-2183.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230915 Abstract ( 207 )   HTML ( 23 )   PDF (1862KB) ( 290 )   After the construction of beautiful countryside, “who will operate” has become an important issue in the new era of rural construction. In Yuhang District, Zhejiang Province, a rural professional manager system has been created to solve the problem of rural operation, and a wealth of practical experience has been formed after years of exploration. In the present study, a combination of semi-structured interviews and rooted theory was employed, 15 rural professional managers in Yuhang District were selected as the research subjects, and how the rural professional managers effectively empowered rural operation was qualitatively analyzed. The study revealed the five key elements for rural professional managers, which effectively contributed to rural operation, in order of influence as the innovative operation concepts and techniques, coordinating the participation of multiple subjects, obtaining government support, personal competence, and innate resource endowment of villages. In order to promote rural operation more effectively and deepen Zhejiang’s “Green Rural Revival Program”, it was recommended to strengthen and promote the endogenous attraction of villages to professionals, enhance the national resource acquisition power of rural operation talents, improve the development power of rural industries, utilize the new productivity of digital intelligence and technology, and hire professionals to do professional work. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of β-galactosidase in fruits of horticultural crops YU Qinpei, SUN Li, ZHANG Shuwen, YU Zheping, ZHENG Xiliang, QI Xingjiang 2024, 36(9):  2184-2192.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230994 Abstract ( 254 )   HTML ( 1258291201 )   PDF (820KB) ( 479 )   β-galactosidase belongs to the GH35 family of glycoside hydrolases, which is involved in the synthesis and modification of cell walls in different stages of plants growth. In particular, it plays an important role in the lysis of polysaccharides during the development and ripening of fleshy fruits. In this paper, the protein function, subtypes, subcellular localization and activity rule of β-galactosidase were reviewed, and the role of β-galactosidase gene family in fruit texture change of horticultural crops and related research progress were emphasized. References | Related Articles | Metrics