不同滴灌水肥处理对温室甜瓜养分吸收、产量和品质的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.12.17

浙江农业学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (12): 2370-2380.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.12.17

不同滴灌水肥处理对温室甜瓜养分吸收、产量和品质的影响

岳文俊¹(), 何文学¹, 丁春梅¹, 柏宇¹, 周英杰¹, 奚辉²^,^*()

1.浙江水利水电学院水利与环境工程学院,浙江杭州 310018
2.浙江省农业科学院环境资源与土壤肥料研究所,浙江杭州 310021

收稿日期:2020-09-18 出版日期:2021-12-25 发布日期:2022-01-10
通讯作者: 奚辉
作者简介:* 奚辉,E-mail: xhui78@163.com
岳文俊(1983—),男,山西大同人,博士,讲师,长期从事节水灌溉与水肥一体化研究。E-mail: 360706984@qq.com
基金资助:
浙江省基础公益研究计划(LGN19E090001);浙江水利水电学院大学生创新创业训练计划(2019)

Effects of different water and fertilization on nutrient uptake, yield and quality of greenhouse muskmelon under drip irrigation condition

YUE Wenjun¹(), HE Wenxue¹, DING Chunmei¹, BAI Yu¹, ZHOU Yingjie¹, XI Hui²^,^*()

1. College of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
2. Institute of Environment, Resources, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Hangzhou 310021, China

Received:2020-09-18 Online:2021-12-25 Published:2022-01-10
Contact: XI Hui

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水氮是影响作物生长的两个重要因素,在设施农业中,广大农户为了追求高产而进行盲目地灌水和施肥,导致产量减少、品质下降、土壤盐碱化、地力破坏等问题。本文针对杭嘉湖地区温室甜瓜灌水和施肥不合理的问题,采用膜下滴灌施肥技术,研究不同水氮输入量对温室甜瓜干物质累积量与养分吸收分配、产量及品质的影响,为温室甜瓜优质高产及水肥高效利用提供理论依据。根据温室内小型气象站数据,采用彭曼-蒙特斯(Penman-Monteith)修正公式计算作物需水量(ET_c),设置ET_c的60%(W₁)、ET_c的80%(W₂)、ET_c的100%(W₃)3个水分水平和70(N₁)、105(N₂)、140 kg·hm^-2(N₃)3个氮素水平,另设传统沟灌施肥CK(ET_c,140 kg·hm^-2)为对照,共10个处理,应用完全随机区组试验设计。与传统沟灌施肥(CK)相比,滴灌施肥下W₃N₃处理的甜瓜叶片净光合速率和叶绿素含量分别增加了52.3%和39.0%。成熟期干物质增加了40.96 g,增幅为39%。整株氮、磷、钾累积量分别增加了75.40%、88.20%、67.08%;产量增加了6.78 t·hm^-2,增幅为35.27%。滴灌条件下,提高灌水和施氮均能够显著提高光合作用效率,增加干物质累积量和养分吸收量,进而提高产量。采用主成分分析法对甜瓜品质指标进行综合评价,其中综合主成分能够反映出全部品质指标的91.27%,综合评价最高的处理为中水中氮(W₂N₂)。温室甜瓜滴灌水肥一体化技术能够达到提质增产和水肥高效利用的目的,滴灌施肥条件下,施氮量为N₃(140 kg·hm^-2),灌水量为W₃(1.0 ET_c)时,甜瓜干物质累积量、养分吸收量和产量均为最高。当同时追求产量和肥料利用效率时,高水中氮(W₃N₂)处理能获得较高的产量和氮肥偏生产力;当追求甜瓜品质和水分利用率时,中水中氮(W₂N₂)处理能获得最大的V_C、可溶性糖、可溶性固形物和较高的水分利用率。

关键词: 甜瓜, 温室, 干物质累积, 产量, 品质

Abstract:

Water and nitrogen are two important factors affecting crop growth. In facility agriculture, farmers blindly irrigate and fertilize for obtaining high yield, which leads to lots of problems such as reduced yield, decreased quality, soil salinization, and soil fertility destruction. Aiming at the problem of unreasonable irrigation and fertilization of muskmelon in greenhouse in Hangjiahu area of southeast China, effects of different water and nitrogen inputs on dry matter accumulation, nutrient absorption and distribution, yield and quality of melon in greenhouse were studied by drip fertilization under membrane. It can provide a theoretical basis for high quality and high yield of melon and efficient utilization of water and fertilizer in greenhouse. According to data from a mini-meteorological station inside the greenhouse, crop water requirement (ET_c) was calculated by modified Penman-Monteith formula. There were 60% of ET_c (W₁), 80% of ET_c (W₂), 100% of ET_c (W₃) three water levels and 70 (N₁), 105 (N₂), 140 kg·hm^-2 (N₃) three nitrogen levels, setting up conventional furrow irrigation fertilization CK (ET_c, 140 kg·hm^-2) for comparison, a total of 10 treatments, application completely randomized block design of experiment. Compared with traditional furrow fertilization (CK), the net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content of melon leaves of treatment W₃N₃ under drip fertilization was increased by 52.3% and 39.0%, respectively. The dry matter increased by 40.96 g (39%) in the mature period. The accumulations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of a whole plant increased by 75.40%, 88.20% and 67.08%, respectively. Yield of melon was increased by 6.78 t·hm^-2, or 35.27%. Under drip irrigation, increasing irrigation and nitrogen application can significantly improve photosynthetic efficiency, increase dry matter accumulation and nutrient absorption, and thus increase yield. The principle component analysis method was used to evaluate the muskmelon quality, and the results showed that comprehensive principle component could represent 91.27% total quality index, the highest comprehensive evaluation was obtained in W₂N₂. The integrated drip irrigation and fertilizer technology of melon in greenhouse can achieve the purpose of improving quality and increasing yield as well as efficient utilization of water and fertilizer. Under the condition of drip irrigation and fertilization, the amount of nitrogen applied is N₃ (140 kg·hm^-2) and the amount of irrigation water is W₃ (1.0 ETc), the amount of dry matter accumulation, nutrient absorption and yield of melon were the highest. When both yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency were pursued, W₃N₂ treatment could obtain higher yield and nitrogen partial productivity. When it came to melon quality and water use efficiency (WUE), W₂N₂ treatment maximized V_C, soluble sugar, soluble solids and high WUE.

Key words: muskmelon, greenhouse, dry matter accumulation, yield, quality

中图分类号:

S652

岳文俊, 何文学, 丁春梅, 柏宇, 周英杰, 奚辉. 不同滴灌水肥处理对温室甜瓜养分吸收、产量和品质的影响[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2021, 33(12): 2370-2380.

YUE Wenjun, HE Wenxue, DING Chunmei, BAI Yu, ZHOU Yingjie, XI Hui. Effects of different water and fertilization on nutrient uptake, yield and quality of greenhouse muskmelon under drip irrigation condition[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2021, 33(12): 2370-2380.

图/表 10

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灌水量	施氮量	产量	氮肥偏生产力	灌溉水生产率	氮素吸收量	磷素吸收量	钾素吸收量
Irrigation amount	Nitrogen application rate	Yield/(t· hm^-2)	PFPN/ (kg·kg^-1)	IWUE/ (kg·m^-3)	N uptake/ (g·plant^-1)	P₂O₅ uptake/ (g·plant^-1)	K₂O uptake/ (g·plant^-1)
传统灌水施肥CK		19.21 fg	137.21 i	10.88 g	2.23 g	0.70 g	2.70 g
低水W₁	低氮N₁	18.55 g	265.02 c	16.29 c	2.03 h	0.64 h	2.49 h
	中氮N₂	19.66 f	187.20 f	17.26 b	2.43 f	0.78 f	2.92 f
	高氮N₃	20.66 e	147.59 h	18.15 a	2.83 d	0.91 d	3.39 d
中水W₂	低氮N₁	21.69 d	309.84 b	14.93 d	2.65 e	0.85 e	3.19 e
	中氮N₂	23.13 c	220.25 e	15.92 c	3.09 c	1.03 c	3.63 c
	高氮N₃	23.82 bc	170.14 g	16.40 c	3.48 b	1.17 b	4.05 b
高水W₃	低氮N₁	24.34 b	347.71 a	13.78 f	3.02 c	1.01 c	3.54 c
	中氮N₂	25.41 a	242.02 d	14.39 e	3.45 b	1.20 b	4.04 b
	高氮N₃	25.99 a	185.61 f	14.71 de	3.91 a	1.31 a	4.50 a

灌水量	施氮量	产量	氮肥偏生产力	灌溉水生产率	氮素吸收量	磷素吸收量	钾素吸收量
Irrigation amount	Nitrogen application rate	Yield/(t· hm^-2)	PFPN/ (kg·kg^-1)	IWUE/ (kg·m^-3)	N uptake/ (g·plant^-1)	P₂O₅ uptake/ (g·plant^-1)	K₂O uptake/ (g·plant^-1)
传统灌水施肥CK		19.21 fg	137.21 i	10.88 g	2.23 g	0.70 g	2.70 g
低水W₁	低氮N₁	18.55 g	265.02 c	16.29 c	2.03 h	0.64 h	2.49 h
	中氮N₂	19.66 f	187.20 f	17.26 b	2.43 f	0.78 f	2.92 f
	高氮N₃	20.66 e	147.59 h	18.15 a	2.83 d	0.91 d	3.39 d
中水W₂	低氮N₁	21.69 d	309.84 b	14.93 d	2.65 e	0.85 e	3.19 e
	中氮N₂	23.13 c	220.25 e	15.92 c	3.09 c	1.03 c	3.63 c
	高氮N₃	23.82 bc	170.14 g	16.40 c	3.48 b	1.17 b	4.05 b
高水W₃	低氮N₁	24.34 b	347.71 a	13.78 f	3.02 c	1.01 c	3.54 c
	中氮N₂	25.41 a	242.02 d	14.39 e	3.45 b	1.20 b	4.04 b
	高氮N₃	25.99 a	185.61 f	14.71 de	3.91 a	1.31 a	4.50 a

灌水量	施氮量	维生素C	可溶性糖	可溶性固形物	可溶性蛋白	有机酸
Irrigation amount	Nitrogen application rate	Vitamin C/ (mg·kg^-1)	Soluble sugar/%	Soluble solids/%	Soluble protein/%	Organic acid/%
传统灌水施肥CK		14.63 d	7.61 d	8.28 e	13.03 d	1.45 de
低水W₁	低氮N₁	14.54 d	7.60 d	8.16 e	12.96 d	1.39 e
	中氮N₂	15.45 cd	8.64 c	9.38 d	14.49 c	1.85 bc
	高氮N₃	15.06 cd	7.67 d	8.54 e	13.34 d	1.71 cd
中水W₂	低氮N₁	16.63 b	9.67 b	9.32 d	15.59 b	1.79 c
	中氮N₂	18.14 a	10.86 a	11.33 a	16.76 a	2.52 a
	高氮N₃	17.26 b	10.26 ab	10.43 b	16.52 ab	2.01 bc
高水W₃	低氮N₁	15.07 cd	8.64 c	8.53 e	13.13 d	1.74 c
	中氮N₂	15.63 c	9.89 b	9.93 c	13.85 cd	2.11 b
	高氮N₃	15.21 cd	8.76 c	9.24 d	13.54 cd	1.93 bc

灌水量	施氮量	维生素C	可溶性糖	可溶性固形物	可溶性蛋白	有机酸
Irrigation amount	Nitrogen application rate	Vitamin C/ (mg·kg^-1)	Soluble sugar/%	Soluble solids/%	Soluble protein/%	Organic acid/%
传统灌水施肥CK		14.63 d	7.61 d	8.28 e	13.03 d	1.45 de
低水W₁	低氮N₁	14.54 d	7.60 d	8.16 e	12.96 d	1.39 e
	中氮N₂	15.45 cd	8.64 c	9.38 d	14.49 c	1.85 bc
	高氮N₃	15.06 cd	7.67 d	8.54 e	13.34 d	1.71 cd
中水W₂	低氮N₁	16.63 b	9.67 b	9.32 d	15.59 b	1.79 c
	中氮N₂	18.14 a	10.86 a	11.33 a	16.76 a	2.52 a
	高氮N₃	17.26 b	10.26 ab	10.43 b	16.52 ab	2.01 bc
高水W₃	低氮N₁	15.07 cd	8.64 c	8.53 e	13.13 d	1.74 c
	中氮N₂	15.63 c	9.89 b	9.93 c	13.85 cd	2.11 b
	高氮N₃	15.21 cd	8.76 c	9.24 d	13.54 cd	1.93 bc

序号	特征值	贡献率	累积贡献率
	Eigen value	Proportion/%	Cumulative proportion/%
1	4.56	91.27	91.27
2	0.32	6.44	97.71
3	0.08	1.54	99.24
4	0.03	0.62	99.86
5	0.01	0.14	100

不同滴灌水肥处理对温室甜瓜养分吸收、产量和品质的影响

Effects of different water and fertilization on nutrient uptake, yield and quality of greenhouse muskmelon under drip irrigation condition

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指标 Indicators	特征向量 Eigenvectors
指标 Indicators	P₁	P₂	P₃	P₄	P₅
X₁	0.455	-0.357	0.161	0.564	-0.567
X₂	0.453	0.114	-0.822	0.018	0.059
X₃	0.460	0.212	0.221	-0.721	-0.418
X₄	0.437	-0.618	0.181	-0.194	0.597
X₅	0.431	0.658	0.339	0.352	0.378

灌水量 Irrigation amount	施氮量 Nitrogen application rate	综合主成分(E) Integrate component	排序 Rank
传统灌水施肥CK		-2.336	9
低水W₁	低氮N₁	-2.529	10
	中氮N₂	-0.187	5
	高氮N₃	-1.595	8
中水W₂	低氮N₁	0.913	3
	中氮N₂	4.175	1
	高氮N₃	2.453	2
高水W₃	低氮N₁	-1.242	7
	中氮N₂	0.795	6
	高氮N₃	-0.447	4

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