基于高频数据的旱地降雨径流污染物输出特征研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221397

浙江农业学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (2): 391-403.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221397

基于高频数据的旱地降雨径流污染物输出特征研究

杨林沛¹^,²(), 李金文², 沈根祥², 朱文俊², 陈小华², 陈诚², 梁利权³

1.东华大学环境科学与工程学院,上海 201620
2.上海市环境科学研究院国家环境保护新型污染物环境健康影响评价重点实验室,上海 200233
3.华东理工大学资源与环境工程学院,上海 200237

收稿日期:2022-09-27 出版日期:2024-02-25 发布日期:2024-03-05
作者简介:杨林沛(1997—),男,山东济宁人,硕士研究生,主要从事农业面源污染防控研究。E-mail:jkklylp@163.com
基金资助:
上海市生态环境局科研项目(沪环科〔2020〕第5号)

Study on output characteristics of pollutants in rainfall-runoff from upland based on high-frequency data

YANG Linpei¹^,²(), LI Jinwen², SHEN Genxiang², ZHU Wenjun², CHEN Xiaohua², CHEN Cheng², LIANG Liquan³

1. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
3. School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China

Received:2022-09-27 Online:2024-02-25 Published:2024-03-05

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为阐明旱地农田产流特征及面源污染物的排放特征,以上海市崇明岛旱地为研究对象,采用自动取样方法,在自然降雨条件下对旱地径流水文水质进行长期监测。土壤产流能力用径流曲线数(CN)表示,并用高频的电导率(EC)和浊度数据表征可溶性和颗粒态污染物的浓度变化,通过分析浓度-流量(C-Q)关系,从滞后效应角度研究溶解态和颗粒态污染物的输出特征。结果表明,径流系数与降雨量相关性良好,CN与前期土壤含水率(AMC)的相关关系较好。浊度能够反映悬浮泥沙浓度(SSC)、总磷(TP)浓度,EC能够反映可溶性盐的浓度(用全盐量表征)。浊度-流量总体上呈现顺时针滞后,冲刷作用明显;EC-流量总体上呈现逆时针滞后,稀释作用明显。TP的输出以冲刷作用为主,总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)、氨态氮(NH₄⁺-N)、溶解性总磷(DTP)的输出既有稀释作用也有冲刷作用。TN主要来自土壤溶液,多变的迁移路径是溶解态物质输出大多呈现逆时针滞后的原因。TP主要来自土壤表面,较短的迁移路径是颗粒态污染物输出大多呈现出顺时针滞后模式的原因。本研究获得的溶解态和颗粒态污染物的输出过程和特征可为面源污染防控、水土保持提供科学依据。

关键词: 原位监测, 降雨产流, 高分辨率, 面源污染

Abstract:

In order to clarify output characteristics of different forms of pollutant discharge from upland under rainfall event, the long-term monitoring of runoff and water quality in farmland under natural rainfall was carried out by means of automatic sampling on Chongming Island in Shanghai, China. High-resolution electrical conductivity (EC) and turbidity measurements were used to indicate the concentrations of dissolved and particulate nutrients respectively. The runoff curve number (CN) was used to represent the runoff production capacity. The output characteristics of nutrients from upland was studied by the hysteresis loop analysis, which was indicated by concentration-discharge (C-Q) relationship. The results showed that there was a good correlation between runoff coefficient and rainfall, and the CN was well related to soil moisture content (AMC). EC and turbidity could be used as surrogates of soluble salt content (represented by the total salt content), and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and total phosphorus (TP) concentration, respectively. Turbidity-discharge generally showed clockwise hysteresis and obvious flush effect. Generally, the EC-discharge showed anticlockwise hysteresis, and dilution effect. The output of TP was mainly due to flush effect. The output characteristics of total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N), ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) and soluble total phosphorus (DTP) were highly variable, which had both dilution and flush effects. It was included that the dissolved form of nutrients such as N-related pollutants was probably transported through both soil surface and cultivated layer. Nevertheless, as particulate pollutants, TP mainly transported on soil surface, and that was the reason why the output of particulate pollutants mostly showed a clockwise hysteresis pattern. The output process and characteristics of dissolved and particulate pollutants provided scientific basis for the control of non-point source pollution and soil and water conservation.

Key words: in-situ monitoring, rainfall-runoff, high-resolution, non-point source pollution

中图分类号:

X522

杨林沛, 李金文, 沈根祥, 朱文俊, 陈小华, 陈诚, 梁利权. 基于高频数据的旱地降雨径流污染物输出特征研究[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2024, 36(2): 391-403.

YANG Linpei, LI Jinwen, SHEN Genxiang, ZHU Wenjun, CHEN Xiaohua, CHEN Cheng, LIANG Liquan. Study on output characteristics of pollutants in rainfall-runoff from upland based on high-frequency data[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2024, 36(2): 391-403.

图/表 12

图1 农田监测点位布置图

Fig.1 The layout of the farmland monitoring points

图2 监测期间径流系数和降雨量的关系

Fig.2 Relationship between runoff coefficient and rainfall during the monitoring period

图3 不同深度土壤的前期含水率与径流曲线数(CN)的关系(n=29) CN,径流曲线数;R2,决定系数;AMC10,10 cm深处土壤的前期含水率;AMC30,30 cm深处土壤的前期含水率;AMC50,50 cm深处土壤的前期含水率。

Fig.3 Relationship between soil moisture content in early stage and curve number (CN) at different depths (n=29) CN, Curve number; R2, Determination coefficient; AMC10, Antecedent moisture content in 10 cm soil depth; AMC30, Antecedent moisture content in 30 cm soil depth; AMC50, Antecedent moisture content in 50 cm soil depth.

图4 监测期间不同土层的土壤含水率变化

Fig.4 Changes of soil moisture content at different depths during the monitoring period

图5 悬浮泥沙浓度(SSC)、总磷(TP)浓度与浊度的相关性

Fig.5 Correlation within suspended sediment concentration (SSC), total phosphorus (TP) concentration and turbidity

图6 全盐量与电导率(EC)的相关性

Fig.6 Correlation between total salt content and electrical conductivity (EC)

图7 浊度与流量的关系

Fig.7 Relationship between turbidity and discharge

图8 电导率(EC)与径流量的关系

Fig.8 Relationship between electrical conductivity (EC) and discharge

表1 不同降雨事件农田径流中各形态氮、磷的事件平均浓度(EMC)

Table 1 Event mean concentration (EMC) of various forms of N and P in farmland runoff under rainfall events

指标	最小值 Minimum/(mg·L^-1)	最大值 Maximum/(mg·L^-1)	平均值 Mean/(mg·L^-1)	标准差 Standard deviation/(mg·L^-1)	变异系数 Coefficient of variation/%
c(TN)	1.96	79.2	18.57	20.95	112.84
c(NH₄⁺-N)	0.12	1.26	0.39	0.30	77.18
c(NO₃^--N)	0.15	66.18	13.04	18.17	139.32
c(TP)	0.12	1.01	0.49	0.28	56.98
c(DTP)	0.03	0.49	0.20	0.13	62.68

图9 事件尺度和汇总数据浓度-流量(C-Q)关系回归b值的比较 TN,总氮;NH4+-N,氨态氮;NO3--N,硝态氮;TP,总磷;DTP,溶解性总磷。紫色圆圈代表单个事件的回归b值,浅蓝色菱形代表所有事件b值的平均值,红色条表示汇总数据的回归b值。

Fig.9 Comparison of b values in concentratin-discharge (C-Q) regressions for event scales and all data TN, Total nitrogen; NH4+-N, Ammonium nitrogen; NO3--N, Nitrate nitrogen; TP, Total phosphorus; DTP, Dissolved total phosphorus. Purple circles represent b values of individual events; light-blue diamonds represent the average of b values for all events; red bars indicate the b value for all data.

图10 径流中最大总氮(TN)浓度与土壤溶液TN浓度的关系

Fig.10 Relationship between maximum total nitrogen (TN) concentration in runoff and TN concentration in soil solution

图11 径流中最大总磷(TP)浓度与土壤溶液TP浓度的关系

Fig.11 Relationship between maximum total phosphorus (TP) concentration in runoff and TP concentration in soil solution

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基于高频数据的旱地降雨径流污染物输出特征研究

Study on output characteristics of pollutants in rainfall-runoff from upland based on high-frequency data

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