浙江农业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (3): 460-470.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250230
李天秀1,2(
), 卢徐斌2,3, 杨章平2,3, 肖卫明2, 周福振2, 董新星1, 尹彤2,*(
), 严达伟1,*(
)
收稿日期:2025-03-24
出版日期:2026-03-25
发布日期:2026-04-17
作者简介:严达伟,E-mail:1302648630@qq.com通讯作者:
尹彤,严达伟
基金资助:
LI Tianxiu1,2(
), LU Xubin2,3, YANG Zhangping2,3, XIAO Weiming2, ZHOU Fuzhen2, DONG Xinxing1, YIN Tong2,*(
), YAN Dawei1,*(
)
Received:2025-03-24
Published:2026-03-25
Online:2026-04-17
Contact:
YIN Tong,YAN Dawei
摘要:
本研究旨在探究长三角地区头胎奶牛305 d产奶量和泌乳持续力的遗传参数,以及泌乳持续力与305 d产奶量、青年牛首配受孕率和成年母牛首配受孕率的遗传相关性。采用2个非参数模型、3个参数模型拟合泌乳曲线,预测305 d产奶量,计算泌乳持续力。利用单性状动物模型对头胎奶牛的日产奶量、305 d产奶量、泌乳持续力和繁殖性状进行方差组分估计;利用双性状模型估计泌乳持续力与305 d产奶量、繁殖性状的遗传相关性。研究结果显示:移动均值的泌乳曲线拟合效果最佳;日产奶量(泌乳天数为5~305 d)的遗传力为0.156~0.465;不同拟合模型的305 d产奶量遗传力为0.405~0.437,泌乳持续力的遗传力为0.113~0.238;青年牛首配受孕率和成年母牛首配受孕率的遗传力分别为0.067±0.041和0.023±0.032。泌乳持续力与305 d产奶量、青年牛首配受孕率、成年母牛首配受孕率之间的遗传相关系数分别为0.318~0.808、-0.241~0.408和0.118~0.721;305 d产奶量、成年母牛首配受孕率与泌乳持续力均呈正遗传相关。结果可为奶牛繁殖性能的遗传改良提供参考,为选育优质高产、高繁殖力的奶牛提供方向。
中图分类号:
李天秀, 卢徐斌, 杨章平, 肖卫明, 周福振, 董新星, 尹彤, 严达伟. 长三角地区奶牛泌乳持续力的遗传参数及其与生产繁殖性状的遗传相关性[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2026, 38(3): 460-470.
LI Tianxiu, LU Xubin, YANG Zhangping, XIAO Weiming, ZHOU Fuzhen, DONG Xinxing, YIN Tong, YAN Dawei. Estimation of genetic parameters for lactation persistency in dairy cows in the Yangtze River Delta region and analysis of its genetic correlations with production and fertility traits[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2026, 38(3): 460-470.
| 牧场 Farm | 样本数 Number of samples | 日产奶量/(kg·d-1) Daily milk yield/(kg·d-1) | 最大值/(kg·d-1) Maximum/(kg·d-1) | 最小值/(kg·d-1) Minimum/(kg·d-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 229 797 | 32.26±6.74 | 76.72 | 2.01 |
| 2 | 73 627 | 30.74±7.90 | 79.97 | 2.20 |
| 3 | 72 210 | 31.89±6.87 | 78.75 | 2.80 |
| 4 | 66 582 | 36.62±7.86 | 65.33 | 3.12 |
| 合计Total | 442 216 | 32.60±7.36 | 79.97 | 2.01 |
表1 初产牛日产奶量的描述性统计
Table 1 Descriptive statistics of daily milk yield in the initial lactation period
| 牧场 Farm | 样本数 Number of samples | 日产奶量/(kg·d-1) Daily milk yield/(kg·d-1) | 最大值/(kg·d-1) Maximum/(kg·d-1) | 最小值/(kg·d-1) Minimum/(kg·d-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 229 797 | 32.26±6.74 | 76.72 | 2.01 |
| 2 | 73 627 | 30.74±7.90 | 79.97 | 2.20 |
| 3 | 72 210 | 31.89±6.87 | 78.75 | 2.80 |
| 4 | 66 582 | 36.62±7.86 | 65.33 | 3.12 |
| 合计Total | 442 216 | 32.60±7.36 | 79.97 | 2.01 |
图1 不同模型拟合的泌乳曲线 WIL,Wilmink;AS,Ali and Schaeffer。下同。
Fig.1 Lactation curves fitted by different models WIL, Wilmink; AS, Ali and Schaeffer. The same as below.
| 类型 Type | 模型 Model | 决定系数 R2 | 准确性 Accuracy | 均方误差 Mean square error |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 非参数模型 Nonparametric model | 移动中值Rolling median | 0.830 | 0.471 | 8.268 |
| 移动均值Rolling mean | 0.839 | 0.486 | 7.796 | |
| 参数模型 Parametric model | Legendre多项式Legendre polynomials | 0.812 | 0.446 | 9.118 |
| AS模型AS model | 0.798 | 0.425 | 9.957 | |
| WIL模型WIL model | 0.755 | 0.386 | 11.715 |
表2 不同模型对头胎奶牛泌乳曲线的拟合效果
Table 2 Fitting effects of different models on the lactation curve of primiparous dairy cows
| 类型 Type | 模型 Model | 决定系数 R2 | 准确性 Accuracy | 均方误差 Mean square error |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 非参数模型 Nonparametric model | 移动中值Rolling median | 0.830 | 0.471 | 8.268 |
| 移动均值Rolling mean | 0.839 | 0.486 | 7.796 | |
| 参数模型 Parametric model | Legendre多项式Legendre polynomials | 0.812 | 0.446 | 9.118 |
| AS模型AS model | 0.798 | 0.425 | 9.957 | |
| WIL模型WIL model | 0.755 | 0.386 | 11.715 |
| 类型 Type | 模型 Model | 305 d产奶量/kg 305-day milk yield/kg | 遗传力 Heritability |
|---|---|---|---|
| 非参数模型 Nonparametric model | 移动中值Rolling median | 9 951.552±1 716.171 | 0.412±0.112 |
| 移动均值Rolling mean | 9 925.346±1 681.566 | 0.405±0.111 | |
| 参数模型 Parametric model | Legendre多项式Legendre polynomials | 9 909.985±1 692.761 | 0.437±0.114 |
| AS模型AS model | 9 901.119±1 691.612 | 0.410±0.111 | |
| WIL模型WIL model | 9 900.558±1 683.969 | 0.427±0.113 |
表3 不同模型估计的305 d产奶量遗传力
Table 3 Heritabilities of 305-day milk yield predicted by different models
| 类型 Type | 模型 Model | 305 d产奶量/kg 305-day milk yield/kg | 遗传力 Heritability |
|---|---|---|---|
| 非参数模型 Nonparametric model | 移动中值Rolling median | 9 951.552±1 716.171 | 0.412±0.112 |
| 移动均值Rolling mean | 9 925.346±1 681.566 | 0.405±0.111 | |
| 参数模型 Parametric model | Legendre多项式Legendre polynomials | 9 909.985±1 692.761 | 0.437±0.114 |
| AS模型AS model | 9 901.119±1 691.612 | 0.410±0.111 | |
| WIL模型WIL model | 9 900.558±1 683.969 | 0.427±0.113 |
| 模型 Model | 移动中值 Rolling median | 移动均值 Rolling mean | Legendre多项式 Legendre polynomials | AS模型 AS model | WIL模型 WIL model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 移动中值Rolling median | 0.999±0.001 | 0.998±0.022 | 0.999±0.001 | 0.999±0.020 | |
| 移动均值Rolling mean | 0.999±0.001 | 0.998±0.026 | 0.999±0.020 | 0.999±0.020 | |
| Legendre多项式Legendre polynomials | 0.985±0.004 | 0.985±0.004 | 0.998±0.022 | 0.998±0.027 | |
| AS模型AS model | 0.994±0.002 | 0.994±0.002 | 0.977±0.005 | 0.999±0.020 | |
| WIL模型WIL model | 0.996±0.002 | 0.996±0.002 | 0.980±0.004 | 0.993±0.003 |
表4 不同模型305 d产奶量间的遗传相关系数与表型相关系数
Table 4 Genetic and phenotypic correlation coefficients of 305-day milk yield predicted by different models
| 模型 Model | 移动中值 Rolling median | 移动均值 Rolling mean | Legendre多项式 Legendre polynomials | AS模型 AS model | WIL模型 WIL model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 移动中值Rolling median | 0.999±0.001 | 0.998±0.022 | 0.999±0.001 | 0.999±0.020 | |
| 移动均值Rolling mean | 0.999±0.001 | 0.998±0.026 | 0.999±0.020 | 0.999±0.020 | |
| Legendre多项式Legendre polynomials | 0.985±0.004 | 0.985±0.004 | 0.998±0.022 | 0.998±0.027 | |
| AS模型AS model | 0.994±0.002 | 0.994±0.002 | 0.977±0.005 | 0.999±0.020 | |
| WIL模型WIL model | 0.996±0.002 | 0.996±0.002 | 0.980±0.004 | 0.993±0.003 |
| 遗传力 Heritability | 移动中值 Rolling median | 移动均值 Rolling mean | Legendre多项式 Legendre polynomials | AS模型 AS model | WIL模型 WIL model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP1 | 0.133±0.059 | 0.147±0.064 | 0.136±0.060 | 0.113±0.054 | 0.122±0.057 |
| LP2 | 0.128±0.054 | 0.129±0.056 | 0.156±0.060 | 0.139±0.058 | 0.129±0.059 |
| LP3 | 0.198±0.069 | 0.198±0.068 | 0.203±0.067 | 0.228±0.076 | 0.190±0.071 |
| LP4 | 0.168±0.066 | 0.180±0.069 | 0.125±0.059 | 0.150±0.063 | 0.158±0.065 |
| LP5 | 0.216±0.072 | 0.216±0.072 | 0.215±0.019 | 0.238±0.079 | 0.211±0.076 |
表5 不同模型泌乳持续力的遗传力
Table 5 Heritabilities of lactation persistence calculated by different models
| 遗传力 Heritability | 移动中值 Rolling median | 移动均值 Rolling mean | Legendre多项式 Legendre polynomials | AS模型 AS model | WIL模型 WIL model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP1 | 0.133±0.059 | 0.147±0.064 | 0.136±0.060 | 0.113±0.054 | 0.122±0.057 |
| LP2 | 0.128±0.054 | 0.129±0.056 | 0.156±0.060 | 0.139±0.058 | 0.129±0.059 |
| LP3 | 0.198±0.069 | 0.198±0.068 | 0.203±0.067 | 0.228±0.076 | 0.190±0.071 |
| LP4 | 0.168±0.066 | 0.180±0.069 | 0.125±0.059 | 0.150±0.063 | 0.158±0.065 |
| LP5 | 0.216±0.072 | 0.216±0.072 | 0.215±0.019 | 0.238±0.079 | 0.211±0.076 |
| 遗传力Heritability | LP1 | LP2 | LP3 | LP4 | LP5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP1 | 0.979±0.260 | 0.888±0.276 | 0.999±0.146 | 0.871±0.252 | |
| LP2 | 0.797±0.013 | 0.991±0.177 | 0.999±0.147 | 0.974±0.228 | |
| LP3 | 0.620±0.018 | 0.877±0.011 | 0.905±0.207 | 0.999±0.070 | |
| LP4 | 0.895±0.009 | 0.721±0.015 | 0.695±0.016 | 0.896±0.317 | |
| LP5 | 0.574±0.018 | 0.849±0.012 | 0.993±0.003 | 0.664±0.017 |
表6 移动均值模型各泌乳持续力性状间的遗传相关性与表型相关性
Table 6 Genetic and phenotypic correlation coefficients of lactation persistence between the rolling mean model
| 遗传力Heritability | LP1 | LP2 | LP3 | LP4 | LP5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP1 | 0.979±0.260 | 0.888±0.276 | 0.999±0.146 | 0.871±0.252 | |
| LP2 | 0.797±0.013 | 0.991±0.177 | 0.999±0.147 | 0.974±0.228 | |
| LP3 | 0.620±0.018 | 0.877±0.011 | 0.905±0.207 | 0.999±0.070 | |
| LP4 | 0.895±0.009 | 0.721±0.015 | 0.695±0.016 | 0.896±0.317 | |
| LP5 | 0.574±0.018 | 0.849±0.012 | 0.993±0.003 | 0.664±0.017 |
| 性状 Trait | 持续力 Persistency | 移动中值 Rolling median | 移动均值 Rolling mean | Legendre多项式 Legendre polynomials | AS模型 AS model | WIL模型 WIL model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 305 d产奶量 305-day milk yield | LP1 | 0.599±0.310 | 0.597±0.298 | 0.497±0.284 | 0.436±0.396 | 0.318±0.486 |
| LP2 | 0.696±0.214 | 0.717±0.290 | 0.619±0.209 | 0.668±0.218 | 0.383±0.346 | |
| LP3 | 0.736±0.154 | 0.746±0.150 | 0.730±0.147 | 0.763±0.133 | 0.676±0.186 | |
| LP4 | 0.524±0.663 | 0.503±0.253 | 0.658±0.487 | 0.603±0.255 | 0.565±0.244 | |
| LP5 | 0.756±0.140 | 0.765±0.136 | 0.753±0.133 | 0.808±0.112 | 0.743±0.151 | |
| 青年牛首配受孕率 First insemination conception rate in heifers | LP1 | 0.006±0.323 | 0.009±0.318 | -0.026±0.031 | -0.201±0.309 | -0.241±0.303 |
| LP2 | 0.206±0.322 | 0.239±0.317 | 0.289±0.285 | 0.157±0.320 | -0.205±0.306 | |
| LP3 | 0.367±0.251 | 0.339±0.265 | 0.381±0.249 | 0.350±0.263 | 0.059±0.312 | |
| LP4 | -0.096±0.303 | -0.076±0.298 | -0.091±0.342 | -0.145±0.302 | -0.074±0.311 | |
| LP5 | 0.400±0.231 | 0.407±0.232 | 0.408±0.232 | 0.303±0.279 | 0.123±0.309 | |
| 成年母牛首配受孕率 First insemination conception rate in cows | LP1 | 0.575±0.264 | 0.537±0.214 | 0.254±0.383 | 0.566±0.199 | 0.391±0.312 |
| LP2 | 0.373±0.297 | 0.478±0.241 | 0.376±0.292 | 0.666±0.207 | 0.383±0.309 | |
| LP3 | 0.221±0.326 | 0.269±0.311 | 0.131±0.348 | 0.467±0.247 | 0.265±0.317 | |
| LP4 | 0.687±0.185 | 0.721±0.169 | 0.704±0.223 | 0.325±0.310 | 0.326±0.310 | |
| LP5 | 0.195±0.322 | 0.248±0.309 | 0.118±0.335 | 0.383±0.213 | 0.170±0.285 |
表7 泌乳持续力与305 d产奶量、青年牛和成年母牛首配受孕率的遗传相关系数
Table 7 Genetic correlation coefficients between lactation persistency with 305-day milk yield and first insemination conception rate in heifers and cows
| 性状 Trait | 持续力 Persistency | 移动中值 Rolling median | 移动均值 Rolling mean | Legendre多项式 Legendre polynomials | AS模型 AS model | WIL模型 WIL model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 305 d产奶量 305-day milk yield | LP1 | 0.599±0.310 | 0.597±0.298 | 0.497±0.284 | 0.436±0.396 | 0.318±0.486 |
| LP2 | 0.696±0.214 | 0.717±0.290 | 0.619±0.209 | 0.668±0.218 | 0.383±0.346 | |
| LP3 | 0.736±0.154 | 0.746±0.150 | 0.730±0.147 | 0.763±0.133 | 0.676±0.186 | |
| LP4 | 0.524±0.663 | 0.503±0.253 | 0.658±0.487 | 0.603±0.255 | 0.565±0.244 | |
| LP5 | 0.756±0.140 | 0.765±0.136 | 0.753±0.133 | 0.808±0.112 | 0.743±0.151 | |
| 青年牛首配受孕率 First insemination conception rate in heifers | LP1 | 0.006±0.323 | 0.009±0.318 | -0.026±0.031 | -0.201±0.309 | -0.241±0.303 |
| LP2 | 0.206±0.322 | 0.239±0.317 | 0.289±0.285 | 0.157±0.320 | -0.205±0.306 | |
| LP3 | 0.367±0.251 | 0.339±0.265 | 0.381±0.249 | 0.350±0.263 | 0.059±0.312 | |
| LP4 | -0.096±0.303 | -0.076±0.298 | -0.091±0.342 | -0.145±0.302 | -0.074±0.311 | |
| LP5 | 0.400±0.231 | 0.407±0.232 | 0.408±0.232 | 0.303±0.279 | 0.123±0.309 | |
| 成年母牛首配受孕率 First insemination conception rate in cows | LP1 | 0.575±0.264 | 0.537±0.214 | 0.254±0.383 | 0.566±0.199 | 0.391±0.312 |
| LP2 | 0.373±0.297 | 0.478±0.241 | 0.376±0.292 | 0.666±0.207 | 0.383±0.309 | |
| LP3 | 0.221±0.326 | 0.269±0.311 | 0.131±0.348 | 0.467±0.247 | 0.265±0.317 | |
| LP4 | 0.687±0.185 | 0.721±0.169 | 0.704±0.223 | 0.325±0.310 | 0.326±0.310 | |
| LP5 | 0.195±0.322 | 0.248±0.309 | 0.118±0.335 | 0.383±0.213 | 0.170±0.285 |
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