Research progress on sorghum grain weight

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250492

Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis ›› 2026, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (8): 1717-1728.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250492

• Review • Previous Articles

Research progress on sorghum grain weight

WANG Yao¹^,²(), SHI Linyong²^,³, ZHANG Heng², ZOU Guihua², ZHU Ying²^,^*()

¹ College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
² State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
³ College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China

Received:2025-07-18 Online:2026-08-25 Published:2026-09-14

Abstract

Abstract:

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), as the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide, plays a significant role in addressing global food shortages. Breeding high-yield and high-quality sorghum varieties has become a core objective of modern sorghum breeding. Grain weight is one of the three major determinants of sorghum yield, and increasing grain weight through genetic improvement has become an important approach to enhancing yield per unit area. Therefore, strengthening research on the morphological and physiological processes of grain development, the genetic mechanisms underlying grain weight, and the exploration of grain weight gene resources is essential for breeding high-yielding varieties. Grain formation involves a series of coordinated physiological and biochemical metabolic networks and is a complex quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. This paper reviews the morphological and physiological processes of sorghum grain development and the genetic characteristics of grain weight traits, summarizes the progress in mapping and cloning of quantitative trait loci (QTLs)/genes associated with sorghum grain weight, and identifies homologous genes of rice grain weight genes in sorghum. The aim is to provide a basis for future cloning of sorghum grain weight genes, genetic improvement, and molecular design breeding, thereby facilitating the transformation of high-yield breeding from traditional “experience-based breeding” to targeted and efficient “precision breeding”.

Key words: sorghum, grain weight, physiology, genetic analysis, gene mapping and cloning

CLC Number:

S514

WANG Yao, SHI Linyong, ZHANG Heng, ZOU Guihua, ZHU Ying. Research progress on sorghum grain weight[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2026, 38(8): 1717-1728.

Figures/Tables 3

References 114

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[108]	Ngangkham U, Nath M, Dokku P, et al. An EMS-induced new sequence variant, TEMS5032 in the coding region of SRS3 gene leads to shorter grain length in rice (Oryza sativa L.)[J]. Journal of Applied Genetics, 2018, 59(4): 377-389.
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参考文献 Reference	位点数量 Loci number	标记数量 Marker number	标记类型 Marker type	关联分析模型 Association analysis model	群体 Population
[74]	1	98	SSR	—	242个本地高粱品种 242 local sorghum varieties
[75]	6	268 830	SNP	MLM/BSLMM	390个自然高粱品种 390 natural sorghum varieties
[76]	29	404 627	SNP	GLM	89个高粱品种 89 sorghum varieties
[76]	56	404 627	SNP	MLM	89个高粱品种 89 sorghum varieties
[77]	67	111 089/31 478	SNP	a linear mixed model	837个自然高粱品种和1 421个BC-NAM高粱群体 837 natural sorghum varieties and 1 421 BC-NAM sorghum populations
[78]	80	111 089/31 478	SNP	a linear mixed model	837个自然高粱品种和1 421个BC-NAM高粱群体 837 natural sorghum varieties and 1 421 BC-NAM sorghum populations
[79]	96	2 015 850	SNP	mrMLM/FASTmrMLM/FASTmrEMMA/ISIS/EM-BLASSO/pLARmEB/pKWmEB	242个高粱品种 242 sorghum varieties

参考文献 Reference	位点数量 Loci number	标记数量 Marker number	标记类型 Marker type	关联分析模型 Association analysis model	群体 Population
[74]	1	98	SSR	—	242个本地高粱品种 242 local sorghum varieties
[75]	6	268 830	SNP	MLM/BSLMM	390个自然高粱品种 390 natural sorghum varieties
[76]	29	404 627	SNP	GLM	89个高粱品种 89 sorghum varieties
[76]	56	404 627	SNP	MLM	89个高粱品种 89 sorghum varieties
[77]	67	111 089/31 478	SNP	a linear mixed model	837个自然高粱品种和1 421个BC-NAM高粱群体 837 natural sorghum varieties and 1 421 BC-NAM sorghum populations
[78]	80	111 089/31 478	SNP	a linear mixed model	837个自然高粱品种和1 421个BC-NAM高粱群体 837 natural sorghum varieties and 1 421 BC-NAM sorghum populations
[79]	96	2 015 850	SNP	mrMLM/FASTmrMLM/FASTmrEMMA/ISIS/EM-BLASSO/pLARmEB/pKWmEB	242个高粱品种 242 sorghum varieties

来源基因 Source gene	同源基因 Homologous gene	同源基因位置 Position of homologous gene	粒重QTL Grain weight QTL	QTL位置 QTL position	参考文献 Reference
OsGSK5	Sobic.001G018100	1:1526527-1531907	QGWGT1.31	1:0-11463167	[86]
SRS5	Sobic.001G107100	1:8265619-8268721	QGWGT1.28	1:260000-9840000	[87]
			QGWGT1.27	1:780000-1940000
DGS1	Sobic.001G121200	1:9433305-9441261	QGWGT1.27	1:780000-1940000	[88]
GL3.1	Sobic.001G154900	1:12437579-12447250	QGWGT1.4	1:10808628-12982009	[89]
			qYLD1.2	1:11145830-12704841
			qYLD1.3	1:11203256-21602500
			QKWGT1.8	1:12436290
RGG1	Sobic.001G161000	1:13238413-13242079	qYLD1.3	1:11203256-21602500	[90]
OsAT1	Sobic.001G271600	1:52499596-52501646	QGWGT1.9	1:51823788-65474914	[91]
GS3	Sobic.001G341700	1:62910778-62916258	QGWGT1.29	1:61890000-77280000	[92]
			QKWGT1.17	1:62888113-62968722
BG1	Sobic.001G485400	1:75624274-75627243	QGWGT1.12	1:71965168-77582447	[93]
SG1	Sobic.002G226500	2:61857256-61859003	QGWGT2.12	2:59130000-66620000	[94]
GLW7	Sobic.002G312200	2:68569337-68574778	QGWGT2.3	2:65754949-71022249	[95]
			QGWGT2.14	2:65837295-70940526
BZR1	Sobic.002G353200	2:71635213-71637226	QGWGT2.7	2:71564234-74563028	[96]
			qtnTWG2.13	2:71544277
D2	Sobic.003G030600	3:2718023-2725425	QGWGT3.10	3:0-5851245	[97]
GW2	Sobic.004G107300	4:10267537-10272971	QGWGT4.12	4:6655479-12224503	[98]
BE2b	Sobic.004G163700	4:51292091-51304326	qYLD4.1	4:45937548-62339532	[99]
			QGWGT4.16	4:50223794-52216695
			QGWGT4.6	4:50887295-53413703
SGW5	Sobic.004G171200	4:52371177-52375024	qYLD4.1	4:45937548-62339532	[100]
			QGWGT4.6	4:50887295-53413703
			QKWGT4.25	4:51365107-52404329
			QKWGT4.34	4:51365107-53259052
GS2/GL2	Sobic.004G269900	4:61416646-61421827	qYLD4.1	4:45937548-62339532	[101]
			QGWGT4.17	4:52871698-61582251
OsWRKY72	Sobic.005G117400	5:51657059-51660442	QGWGT5.6	5:12411046-60727257	[102]
			QKWGT5.5	5:48635151-58856142
D11	Sobic.006G114600	6:48245594-48250231	QGWGT6.15	6:45450000-51890000	[103]
			QGWGT6.16	6:46407894-52506606
			QGWGT6.4	6:46511902-49500245
			QGWGT6.6	6:46622256-50466291
			QGWGT6.5	6:47082043-48527680
OsARF12	Sobic.006G262100	6:59708060-59715686	QGWGT6.11	6:56538055-61260478	[104]
			QKWGT6.14	6:59304932-59994056
GW8	Sobic.007G193500	7:62605970-62612183	QGWGT7.10	7:61791273-65000000	[105]
OsMKK3	Sobic.007G105100	7:37237893-37255776	q2005GW7.2	7:10970531-53856861	[106]
OsTIR1	Sobic.009G045300	9:4314484-4320455	QGWGT9.2	9:2966741-47755859	[107]
SRS3	Sobic.009G049400	9:4902296-4908926	QGWGT9.2	9:2966741-47755859	[108]
GS5	Sobic.009G053600	9:5403632-5408821	QGWGT9.2	9:2966741-47755859	[109]
GW5	Sobic.009G070000	9:8184499-8186318	QGWGT9.2	9:2966741-47755859	[110]
			QGWGT9.3	9:8157521-47753538
WRKY53	Sobic.009G100500	9:39826392-39831148	QGWGT9.2	9:2966741-47755859	[100]
			QGWGT9.3	9:8157521-47753538
GR5	Sobic.009G124200	9:47743017-47750375	QGWGT9.2	9:2966741-47755859	[111]
			QGWGT9.3	9:8157521-47753538
MAPK6	Sobic.010G043200	10:3339727-3345825	QGWGT10.1	10:2893458-7608044	[112]
			QGWGT10.6	10:1345446-8699113
			QKWGT10.9	10:2875254-5478495
HGW	Sobic.010G047400	10:3668201-3673695	QGWGT10.1	10:2893458-7608044	[113]
			QGWGT10.6	10:1345446-8699113
			QKWGT10.9	10:2875254-5478495
GW6	Sobic.010G210100	10:55370340-55372973	q2004GW10.2	10:54624154-55856900	[114]

来源基因 Source gene	同源基因 Homologous gene	同源基因位置 Position of homologous gene	粒重QTL Grain weight QTL	QTL位置 QTL position	参考文献 Reference
OsGSK5	Sobic.001G018100	1:1526527-1531907	QGWGT1.31	1:0-11463167	[86]
SRS5	Sobic.001G107100	1:8265619-8268721	QGWGT1.28	1:260000-9840000	[87]
			QGWGT1.27	1:780000-1940000
DGS1	Sobic.001G121200	1:9433305-9441261	QGWGT1.27	1:780000-1940000	[88]
GL3.1	Sobic.001G154900	1:12437579-12447250	QGWGT1.4	1:10808628-12982009	[89]
			qYLD1.2	1:11145830-12704841
			qYLD1.3	1:11203256-21602500
			QKWGT1.8	1:12436290
RGG1	Sobic.001G161000	1:13238413-13242079	qYLD1.3	1:11203256-21602500	[90]
OsAT1	Sobic.001G271600	1:52499596-52501646	QGWGT1.9	1:51823788-65474914	[91]
GS3	Sobic.001G341700	1:62910778-62916258	QGWGT1.29	1:61890000-77280000	[92]
			QKWGT1.17	1:62888113-62968722
BG1	Sobic.001G485400	1:75624274-75627243	QGWGT1.12	1:71965168-77582447	[93]
SG1	Sobic.002G226500	2:61857256-61859003	QGWGT2.12	2:59130000-66620000	[94]
GLW7	Sobic.002G312200	2:68569337-68574778	QGWGT2.3	2:65754949-71022249	[95]
			QGWGT2.14	2:65837295-70940526
BZR1	Sobic.002G353200	2:71635213-71637226	QGWGT2.7	2:71564234-74563028	[96]
			qtnTWG2.13	2:71544277
D2	Sobic.003G030600	3:2718023-2725425	QGWGT3.10	3:0-5851245	[97]
GW2	Sobic.004G107300	4:10267537-10272971	QGWGT4.12	4:6655479-12224503	[98]
BE2b	Sobic.004G163700	4:51292091-51304326	qYLD4.1	4:45937548-62339532	[99]
			QGWGT4.16	4:50223794-52216695
			QGWGT4.6	4:50887295-53413703
SGW5	Sobic.004G171200	4:52371177-52375024	qYLD4.1	4:45937548-62339532	[100]
			QGWGT4.6	4:50887295-53413703
			QKWGT4.25	4:51365107-52404329
			QKWGT4.34	4:51365107-53259052
GS2/GL2	Sobic.004G269900	4:61416646-61421827	qYLD4.1	4:45937548-62339532	[101]
			QGWGT4.17	4:52871698-61582251
OsWRKY72	Sobic.005G117400	5:51657059-51660442	QGWGT5.6	5:12411046-60727257	[102]
			QKWGT5.5	5:48635151-58856142
D11	Sobic.006G114600	6:48245594-48250231	QGWGT6.15	6:45450000-51890000	[103]
			QGWGT6.16	6:46407894-52506606
			QGWGT6.4	6:46511902-49500245
			QGWGT6.6	6:46622256-50466291
			QGWGT6.5	6:47082043-48527680
OsARF12	Sobic.006G262100	6:59708060-59715686	QGWGT6.11	6:56538055-61260478	[104]
			QKWGT6.14	6:59304932-59994056
GW8	Sobic.007G193500	7:62605970-62612183	QGWGT7.10	7:61791273-65000000	[105]
OsMKK3	Sobic.007G105100	7:37237893-37255776	q2005GW7.2	7:10970531-53856861	[106]
OsTIR1	Sobic.009G045300	9:4314484-4320455	QGWGT9.2	9:2966741-47755859	[107]
SRS3	Sobic.009G049400	9:4902296-4908926	QGWGT9.2	9:2966741-47755859	[108]
GS5	Sobic.009G053600	9:5403632-5408821	QGWGT9.2	9:2966741-47755859	[109]
GW5	Sobic.009G070000	9:8184499-8186318	QGWGT9.2	9:2966741-47755859	[110]
			QGWGT9.3	9:8157521-47753538
WRKY53	Sobic.009G100500	9:39826392-39831148	QGWGT9.2	9:2966741-47755859	[100]
			QGWGT9.3	9:8157521-47753538
GR5	Sobic.009G124200	9:47743017-47750375	QGWGT9.2	9:2966741-47755859	[111]
			QGWGT9.3	9:8157521-47753538
MAPK6	Sobic.010G043200	10:3339727-3345825	QGWGT10.1	10:2893458-7608044	[112]
			QGWGT10.6	10:1345446-8699113
			QKWGT10.9	10:2875254-5478495
HGW	Sobic.010G047400	10:3668201-3673695	QGWGT10.1	10:2893458-7608044	[113]
			QGWGT10.6	10:1345446-8699113
			QKWGT10.9	10:2875254-5478495
GW6	Sobic.010G210100	10:55370340-55372973	q2004GW10.2	10:54624154-55856900	[114]

Research progress on sorghum grain weight

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参考文献 Reference	粒重QTL数量 Number of grain weight QTLs	亲本 Parents	作图群体 Mapping population	连锁群体大小 Population size	连锁群数量 Number of linkage groups	作图标记 Molecular markers
[52]	3	CK60/PI229828	F₂	152	10	RFLP
[53]	6	BTx623/S.propinquum	F₂	370	11	RFLP
[54]	7	Tx7078/B35	RIL	98	17	RAPD/ RFLP
[55]	4	IS2807/379	RIL	110	10	Probes/ morphological
[56]	7	BTx623/S.propinquum	F₂	370	10	SSR/RFLP
[56]	4	BTx623/IS3620C	RIL	137	10	SSR/RFLP
[57]	4	BTx623/IS3620C	RIL	119	10	SSR/RFLP
[58]	3	BTx623/Rio	RIL	176	10	SSR/AFLP
[59]	2	IS2449/IS1488	RIL	100	17	DArT
[60]	4	E36-1/SPV570	RIL	104	10	SSR/SNP
[61]	8	M35-1/B35	RIL	245	10	SSR
[62]	6	SA2313/Hiro-1	F₂	94	10	SSR
[62]	1	ATx623/SA2313	F₂	72	10	SSR
[62]	1	K-385/SA2313	F₂	109	10	SSR
[63]	9	Red Kafir/Takakibi	F_2:3	149	10	SSR
[64]	6	E-Tian/Ji2731	RIL	209	10	PAV/SSR
[65]	9	IS8525/R931945-2-2	RIL	146	10	SNP
[66]	2	CK60/China17	RIL	131	10	SNP
[67]	4	Tx436/00MN7645	RIL	188	10	SNP
[68]	5	BTx642/BTxARG-1	RIL	279	10	breakpoints
[68]	3	BTxARG-1/PI656056	RIL	191	10	breakpoints
[69]	2	BTx623/Rio	RIL	189	10	SSR/INDEL
[33]	12	R931945-2-2/S.bicolor subsp. verticilliflorum	BC₁F₅	200	10	SNP
[70]	4	P114	F₄	382	10	SNP
[70]	3	P118	F₄	400	10	SNP
[71]	3	Tx623/S.virgatum	F₃	272	10	SSR
[46]	9	654/LTR108	RIL	244	10	SNP
[72]	8	BTx623/Hongyingzi	RIL	205	10	SNP

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