Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

Construction of evaluation model of principal component analysis on multi environment testing in maize varieties and its application

2016, 28(2): 181.

Abstract ( 492 )

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To study the impact of environments on maize varieties and the adaptability of maize varieties in multiple environments， a model based on principal component analysis method was constructed and used to research eight varieties in five sites with nine traits （growth period， plant height， ear height， ear length， ear row number， bare tip length， hundred\|grain weight， grain weight per ear and yield）. According to the model， five principal component factors were extracted and the score matrices of the corresponding principal component factors were obtained. The result showed that Weifeng 2 was the best according to the comprehensive performance in all environments. Additionally， Bishi 1201 had a better performance in Panxian， Bidan 17 had a better performance in Weining， and Weifeng 2， W 4503， Shengyu 2， Luodan 601， Jinfayu 201205 and Heyu 1201 all grew well in Dafang. The different effects of eight varieties in five sites could be displayed by the corresponding principal component factors and comprehensive factor scores， the results were in good agreement with the traditional method. This model defined the comprehensive effect and adaptability of maize varieties in different environments， and provided a new way for the comprehensive evaluation of maize in multiple environment test.

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Effect of oxytetracycline on root growth and physiological characteristics of rice seedlings

GU Guo\|ping1， ZHANG Ming\|kui2，*

2016, 28(2): 190.

Abstract ( 519 )

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In order to understand the influence of antibiotics on crop growth， oxytetracycline， which is widely used in livestock and poultry breeding in China， was selected to test the effects of different levels of antibiotics pollution on growth of rice seedlings， root activity， chlorophyll content and oxidase activity by hydroponic experiment. The results showed that the effects of soil oxytetracycline pollution on the underground part were greater than on the above-ground part of rice. Low oxytetracycline concentration （0.5 and 1 mg·L-1） increased root length and total root surface area， and enhanced root activity. But the high concentration of oxytetracycline （>5 mg·L-1） significantly reduced rice root biomass and chlorophyll content， restricted root activity and oxidase activity， and increased the relative membrane permeability of root. In conclusion， high concentrations of antibiotic could cause toxic effects on rice seedlings， which would limit the normal growth of rice seedlings.

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Effects of water holding capacity in substrate on growth characters and comprehensive quality of Brassica campestris L. ssp. Chinensis cv. Ziyoucai

QIU Shu\|fang， YANG Le\|qi， ZHAO Hong， HUANG Dan\|feng， TANG Dong\|qin*

2016, 28(2): 195.

Abstract ( 455 )

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Brassica campestris L.ssp. Chinensis cv. Ziyoucai（Ziyoucai） was used to study the effect of water holding capacity （WHC） on its growth and physiological characters. The results showed that different water holding capacities （45%， 60%， 75%， 90%） significantly affected growth and physiological features of Ziyoucai. Compared with the regular irrigation method， all 4 treatments significantly improved the growth of Ziyoucai and increased biomass production. Among 4 treatments， 90% WHC exhibited the best effects. The content of water， soluble sugar and vitamin C under the treatment with 75% or 90% WHC was higher than other treatments， while the nitrate content was lower. The highest chlorophyll content and the highest soluble protein level were observed under the treatment with 75% WHC， and the highest anthocyanins content was present under the treatment with 90% WHC. Taking together， the best comprehensive quality of Ziyoucai was achieved with 75%-90% WHC.

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The yield stability and site representative of canna varieties in Guangxi using GGE biplot

2016, 28(2): 200.

Abstract ( 368 )

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In order to screen the new canna varieties suitable for plantation in Guangxi， the GGE biplot was used to analyze the yield stability and test site representatives of five canna varieties in four different altitude regions. The results showed that Xingyu 3 was a type of high and stable yield. The stability of Xingyu 2 was good with high yield. The yield of Tianlin canna was the lowest with poor stability. The yield of Mashan canna was higher， but its stability was poor. The special adaptability analysis of varieties in the test sites showed the special adaptability of Xingyu 3 was the widest. From the yield point of view， the performance of Xingyu 3 was good， followed by Xingyu 2， which should be greatly promoted. Tianlin and Dahua sites had the best discrimination， while Duan site had the best representativeness.

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Effect of parity， birth month and backfat thickness on reproductive performance in sows

LI Hong\|yi， CHENG Xiang\|ping， XU Wei\|hua， LI Yan， ZHANG Mao*

2016, 28(2): 205.

Abstract ( 399 )

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In order to explore the effect of different parity， birth month and backfat thickness（BF） on reproductive performance in sows， a total of 3 972 reproductive records of Landrace×Yorkshire （LY）sows from a Fujian farm were analyzed and 508 sows（LY） in different stages were selected for backfat thickness determination. The results showed that the reproductive performance from 3th to 6th parities were better than that of other parities. The total number born（TNB）， birth weight（BW） of 1st parity was significantly lower than those of 2nd to 7th parities（P<0.05）， the number born alive（NBA） was significantly less than those of 2nd to 6th parities（P<0.05）. The TNB， NBA was higher in February， March and May, but lower in January， November and December. The number of stillbirth in July and August was higher than others. The TNB and NBA were higher in the group with BF from 18 mm to 20 mm at mating compared with from ≥ 21 mm group （P<0.05）. There was no difference in TNB and NBA among each BF groups of weaned sows （P>0.05）. Before farrowing， BF of 20-23mm groups performed significantly higher TNB and NBA than the 10-15 mm group （P<0.05）， and BF ≥ 24 mm has the highest stillbirth proportion which was up to 58%.Besides， the back fat losses between 4-6 mm during lactation had the shortest estrus interval， which was significantly lower than fat loss >6 mm group （P<0.05） and <0 mm group （P<0.05）. The study showed that parity， birth month， backfat thickness had significant effect on reproductive performance of sows.

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Effects of Compound Chai Qin Particles on mRNA expression and protein expression of CYP450 in aflatoxicosis chronic poisoned ducklings#br#

LI Yang， GAO Zhu， RONG Qian， YANG Xiao\|min， ZHANG Rui， LI Ying\|lun*

2016, 28(2): 211.

Abstract ( 366 )

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The aflatoxin B1（AFB1） chronic poisoning model of ducklings was set up， and one-day-old ducklings were divided into 6 groups. The real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and western blot were used to investigate the influence of Compound Chai Qin Particles on the mRNA expression and protein expression of CYP3A4， CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 in treated ducks. The mRNA expressions of CYP3A4， CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 of the high-dose， middle-dose， low-dose groups were significantly lower than those of model group in this experiment. The protein expressions of CYP3A4， CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 of the high-dose， middle-dose， low-dose groups were significantly lower than those of model group in experimental 7th to 14th day. And the protein expressions of CYP3A4， CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 of the high-dose groups were significantly lower than those of model group on 21st day. It was concluded that Compound Chai Qin Particles could effectively decrease mRNA expression and protein expression of CYP1A2， CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 in liver microsomes of AFB1 chronic poisoned ducklings. However， with the medication time extended， the mRNA expression and protein expression of CYP1A2， CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 gradually increased.

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Analysis of polymorphism of MHC\|DRB1 gene and the correlation to mastitis of sheep in Gansu#br#

ZHANG Xiao\|li1，SONG Xiao\|yu1，MA Xiao\|jun1，2，*， CHEN Fu\|qiang1， ZHANG Chen1， ZHANG Xin1

2016, 28(2): 221.

Abstract ( 435 )

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To investigate the polymorphism of ovine major histocompatibility complex Ⅱ DRB1 （MHC\|DRB1）and the genetic susceptibility to mastitis， the polymorphism of DRB1 gene exon 2 in 200 Gansu alpine fine\|wool sheep and 212 Small Tail Han sheep （43 and 48 sheep in those groups were diagnosed as mastitis） was analyzed by PCR\|SSCP techniques. The correlation of the alleles and mastitis were analyzed. It was found that the DRB1 gene exon 2 had 13 alleles， MHC\|DRB1 showed high polymorphism （PIC>0.5） and was significantly deviant from Hardy\|Weinberg equilibrium （P<0.01）. Allele frequencies between healthy sheep and infected sheep with mastitis and the relative risk （RR） value confirmed that， allele D （0.01<P<0.05， RR=0.898），was proved to have predisposition with Gansu alpine fine\|wool sheep to mastitis. Allele F（0.01<P<0.05， RR=3.360）had correlation with Gansu alpine fine\|wool sheep mastitis resistance. Allele K （0.01<P<0.05， RR=0.030） had strong predisposition with Small Tail Han sheep to mastitis. Allele F （P<0.01，RR=5.176） had strongest correlation with Small Tail Han sheep mastitis resistance.

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Effect of vitamin E on blood biochemical index and laying performance in laying hens under heat stress

2016, 28(2): 228.

Abstract ( 358 )

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The influence of dietary vitamin E （VE） supplementation on blood biochemical index and laying performance of hens in high temperature environment was investigated in this study. Three hundred and sixty 41\|week\|old healthy laying hens of Jingfen I were divided into 4 groups. Each group had 3 repeats and each repeat had 30 hens. Group I was the control group （basal diet）， group Ⅱ （basal diet+100 mg·kg-1 VE）， group Ⅲ （basal diet+200 mg·kg-1 VE） and group Ⅳ （basal diet+300 mg·kg-1 VE） were treatment groups. The first week was set for an adjustment period， the following six weeks were set for experimental period. The results showed that aspartate transaminase （AST） activity in the control group was significantly lower than those in VE added groups under heat stress （26-33℃， average of 29℃）（P<0.05）， and low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDLC） and glucose （GLU） contents were significantly higher than those in treatment groups under heat stress （P<0.05）. As for laying performance， feed\|gain ratio and egg laying rate of treatment groups were significantly higher than those of the control group （P<0.05）， among which the treatments of 100-200 mg·kg-1 VE showed the best laying performance. In conclusion， under the condition of heat stress， the egg laying performance of laying hens could be significantly improved when the basal diet was added with 100-200 mg·kg-1 VE， and some biochemical indexes were significantly affected as well.

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Protective effect of an equol\|producing Clostridium C1 against Salmonella infection in chicken

YIN Ye\|shi1， FANG Dan2， ZHU Li\|ying1， LIU Wei1， WU Jian2， WANG Xin1，*

2016, 28(2): 234.

Abstract ( 600 )

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Some Clostidium could regulate the development of the host immune system. Hence， these Clostidium strains had the potential to be used as probiotics. Since the population of Clostridium in chicken cecal contents was relative high， the aims of this study were to isolate functional Clostidium strains from chicken cecal contents and subsequently study their protective effect against Salmonella infection. In this study， a Gram\|positive filamentous Clostridium sp C1 which could transfer daidzein to equol， was isolated from chicken cecal contents and then the animal experiments were conducted to study the protective effect of Clostridium sp C1 on Salmonella infection. As the tetracycline treated group did， the Clostridium sp C1 also had effect on decreasing the number of Salmonella in cecal contents and promoting the growth of chicken. Thus， the Clostridium sp C1 had the potential to be used as a tetracycline substitute. Although， the high concentration of S-equol （5 mg·mL-1） had the function on inhibiting the growth of Salmonella in vitro and the Clostridium sp C1 had the function of transfering daidzein to S-equol， the inhibition effects of Clostridium sp C1 on Samonella growth was not observed in vitro. The probiotic mechanism of Clostridium sp C1 need to be further studied.

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Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis BtZ01 on growth performance，intestinal development and microflora of post\|embryonic mice#br#

2016, 28(2): 240.

Abstract ( 371 )

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This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Bacillus thuringiensis BtZ01 on the growth performance，intestinal development and microflora of post-embryonic mice. A total of 48 pregnant mice were randomly allocated to 4 groups: control group fed with sterilized water and other three treatment groups fed with sterilized water containing 106， 108， 5×109 cfu·mL-1 BtZ01， respectively. Trial lasted 66 days which from mice pregnant to the post-embryonic mice grown-up. The results showed as follows：1） Drinking water added with Bacillus thuringiensis BtZ01 had no significant effect on weight， length and feed/gain of post\|embryonic mice （P>0.05）. 2） The relative weight of jejunum-ileum and colon-rectum of post\|embryonic mice at weaning （P<0.05） was significantly decreased in the treatment of 5×109 cfu·mL-1 Bacillus thuringiensis BtZ01. Adding Bacillus thuringiensis BtZ01 of 106 and 108 cfu·mL-1 levels had no significant effect on relative weight and correction length of small intestine of post\|embryonic mice at weaning and adulthood （P>0.05）. 3） The villous length and V/C value of jejunum of post\|embryonic mice at adulthood （P<0.05） was significantly increased in the treatment of 108 and 5×109 cfu·mL-1 Bacillus thuringiensis BtZ01. 4） The number of E.coli in caecum of post\|embryonic mice （P<0.01） was extremely significantly decreased in the treatment of 108 and 5×109 cfu·mL-1 Bacillus thuringiensis BtZ01. In conclusion， high dose of Bacillus thuringiensis BtZ01 has certain inhibitory effect on intestinal development of post-embryonic mice in youth. But over the long\|term feeding result， drinking water added with Bacillus thuringiensis BtZ01 could improve intestinal villi development and the function of digestion and absorption and have an ability to inhibit the harmful bacteria to colonization.

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Effect of nitrogen and phosphorous on tetracycline resistance of Escherichia coli

2016, 28(2): 247.

Abstract ( 395 )

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In the present study， sensitivity of Escherichia coli strains to tetracycline （TE） was detected by broth micro-dilution method， and tetA， tetB genes of E.coli strains were detected by PCR methods to explore the possible mechanisms. It was shown that addition of different concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous induced resistance of E.coli to TE. But， there was no significant correction between TE resistance of E. coli and nitrogen or phosphorus dose. For 37 strains with high TE resistance， the detection rate of tetA gene was 100%; for 66 strains with lower TE resistance， the detection rate of tetA gene was 1667%; and no tetA gene was detected in the strains sensitive to TE. Interestingly， no tetB gene was detected in either TE resistant or sensitive E.coli strains， which indicated that tetA gene， other than tetB gene， might be involved in the nitrogen and phosphorus induced TE resistance of E.coli.

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Isolation， identification and antibacterial activities of Serratia marcescens producing rosy pigment

DONG Ting1， JING Bo1,2， LI Wei1， HUANG Xiao\|ya1， QIAN Qiao\|jun1， YANG Hui1， PAN Kang\|cheng1，2，*

2016, 28(2): 252.

Abstract ( 374 )

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This experiment was conducted to isolate and identify a microbial strain producing rosy pigment， and to study its antibacterial activity. The microbial strains were identified by morphological characteristics， physiochemical properties and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The optimization of temperature and illumination condition for rosy pigment production was investigated by variable-controlling approach. Ultrasonic fragmentation was used to extract pigment and analyze its yield and absorption spectrum. In eventually， antagonism assay to pathogens also be carried out by filter-paper method. The results showed that: （1） a screened strain Dse-01 was identified as Serratia marcescens; （2） The strain showed significant impact on chromogenesis under the condition of 25-35 ℃， especially at 30 ℃， which was not affected by illumination; （3） The strain was cultured at 30 ℃ for 24 h with a shaking speed of 150 r·min-1 and the extracts was prodigiosin， whose production could reach (567.90±7.77) mg·L-1; （4） the pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were resistant to four active substance: Serratia marcescens， sediment of Serratia marcescens， supernatant of Serratia marcescens and pigment extraction from Serratia marcescens， whereas， Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to all of these active products except the supernatant.

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Cloning and characterization of a CC-NBS-LRR disease resistance gene of BoCNL1 from Brassica oleracea var. italica

2016, 28(2): 259.

Abstract ( 618 )

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Primer pairs were designed according to known sequences， and a nucleotide-binding site plus leucine-rich repeat （NBS-LRR） disease resistance gene， designated BoCNL1， was isolated from broccoli （Brassica oleracea var. italic）. Bioinformatic analysis were performed， and RT-PCR was used to reveal expression patterns of BoCNL1 in different organs. Results indicated that the complete coding sequence of BoCNL1 was 2 550 bp in length， encoding 849 amino acids; and the deduced protein sequence contained coiled coil(CC)， NBS， and LRR domains. Phylogenetic analysis results showed BoCNL1 was grouped with the homologous gene in B. rapa， indicating their closest relationship， and the longest genetic distance was observed between B.oleracea var. italica and Tarenaya hassleriana. RT-PCR results demonstrated that BoCNL1 expressed with low levels of transcripts in roots， flower stalks， leaves， flower buds， flowers， as well as young siliques.

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Isolation and identification of wild Lepista sordida by ITS gene sequence

ZOU Li， YANG Yuan\|yi， SUN Ting\|ting， WANG Shi\|xin， CUI Rong， LI Jing\|ying

2016, 28(2): 264.

Abstract ( 455 )

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Lepista sordida which was collected from Genhe District in Inner Mongolia was used as materials， tissue isolation was used to isolate the tissue of pileus， stipe， and junction of them. The optimal culture medium and the best tissue for isolation was investigated by measuring growth rate and pollution rate. Then the isolate was identified by internal transcribed spacer （ITS）， the genetic distance was calculated by Kimura2-parame-ter， and a NJ systematic tree was established by the neighbor-joining method. The results showed that the optimal culture medium was PDA added with sporocarp boiled water， and the junction of pileus and stipe showed fast growth and low pollution， which was the best isolation position. Moreover， the pollution rate could be effectively reduced when the sporocarp had been air-dried for 2 days. At last， the isolate was identified as Lepista sordida by the analysis of phylogenetic relationship of ITS gene sequences.

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Evaluation of morphological and growth characteristics of somatic embryo mutants of Zoysia

FANG Min\|yan1，ZHANG Ming2，KONG Wei\|liang1

2016, 28(2): 269.

Abstract ( 612 )

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Thirteen morphological and growth characteristics of somatic embryo mutants of Zoysia including 3 species and 119 mutants were analyzed. Results showed that the variation of all the 13 traits were large， among which the variation coefficient of total length of creeping branch， covering area per plant， lamellar hair and density were higher than 1. The results of principal component analysis showed that single cover area， total length of creeping branch， density and erect internode length were meaningful for the study on genetic diversity of Zoysia mutants. Based on the clustering analysis， 119 Zoysia mutants were divided into four groups， including narrow leaf and hairy type mutants， large diameter and early green mutants， short leaf and little hair type mutants， and wide leaf and lately green mutants.

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Investigation and application of landscape plants in Linzhi City of Tibet

LIU Zhi\|Neng1， PAN Gang1， ZHANG Hong\|feng1， FANG Jiang\|ping2， WANG Wei1， XU Jin1， ZHOU Peng1,*

2016, 28(2): 274.

Abstract ( 457 )

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To study the greening situation in Linzhi City and resolve the landscape related problems， plant species and their applications in Linzhi City were surveyed by biology\|five\|spot according to layer. The current situation and characteristics of gardening and greenspace building in Linzhi City were analyzed， the related problems were discussed， and some countermeasures were put forward correspondingly in this paper. The survey showed that the landscape plants applied in Linzhi City belonged to 321 species （including varieties）， 196 genera， and 87 families. The highest important value of arbor layer， shrub layer and herb layer individually belonged to Salix alba， Ligustrum×vicaryi， and Poa pratensis， whose important value were 68.620， 24.139， and 35.747， respectively. The most widely used landscape plants were from Rosaceae， Salicaceae， Asteraceae， Leguminosae， Gramineae， Pinaceae， Cupressaceae， and Oleaceae families， there were 48， 21， 20， 20， 19， 16， 13， and 12 species from each of the families， which accounted for 14.95%， 6.54%， 6.23%， 6.23%， 5.92%， 4.98%， 4.05% and 3.73% of the totally adopted species， respectively. The most important restriction factor was plateau natural environment. There were great differences in the landscape plant species used among different regions in Linzhi City. Linzhi City was rich in gardening plant resources， but was backward in application and development of these resources.

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Analysis of volatile organic compounds emitted from Pinus armandii in winter

LAI Yu\|qing， WANG Mei\|xian， XIE Ying\|ran， LIU Yan*

2016, 28(2): 284.

Abstract ( 386 )

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Volatile organic compounds （VOCs） emitted by Pinus armandii were collected by the method of dynamic headspace in Beijing in winter and analyzed by ATD\|GC/MS. The results showed that: 105 kinds of VOCs belonging to 9 classes were identified， 39 kinds of VOCs were the main compositions. Alkene was the main VOCs and alkenes relative concentration was up to 92.12%. Monoterpene like （1R）\|（+）\|α\|pinene， α\|pinene， camphene，（1S）\|（1）\|β\|pinene， β\|pinene， myrcene， D\|limonene and terpinolene were the main alkenes. The total emission rates of monoterpene in winter was 0.68 μg·g-1·h-1， and D\|limoene had the maximum emission rates. Monoterpenes had bactericidal and bacteriostatic action， so the contribution of Pinus armandii to the ecological environment in winter could not be neglected.

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Analysis on genetic relationship of some Chagan\|bamboo species by using ITS region sequence

ZHONG Hao1，2， GAO Gui\|bin1，2， WU Liang\|ru1，2，*

2016, 28(2): 291.

Abstract ( 408 )

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The molecular differences among Pseudosasa amabilis var. ferrea， Pseudosasa amabilis var. peshuiensis and other Chagan\|bamboo species were identified by analyzing internal transcribed spacer sequence in nrDNA of P.amabilis var. ferrea， P.amabilis var. peshuiensis and other 7 Chagan\|bamboo species. and the phylogenetic tree was established to clarify their taxonomic status. The results showed that ITS length of all tested species ranged from 559 to 648 bp， and their (G+C) content ranged from 46.02% to 57.65%. ITS length of P.amabilis var. ferrea and P.amabilis var. peshuiensis was 559 bp and 614 bp, respectively. Their (G+C) content was 55.64% and 57.65%, respectively. The established phylogenetic tree showed that P.amabilis and its varieties were clustered in one big group， in which P.amabilis var. ferrea and P.amabilis var. peshuiensis were clustered into one small group. The above results indicated that P.amabilis var. ferrea and P.amabilis var. peshuiensis were two variants of Pseudosasa amabilis.

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Effect of invasive plants Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. on soil carbon and nitrogen transition

2016, 28(2): 297.

Abstract ( 413 )

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To examine the effects of alien plants invasion on soil properties and soil carbon and nitrogen transition， the rhizosphere soil samples were collected under invasive plants， Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.， and the neighboring indigenous species， Torilis scabra Thunb. in a deserted paddy field. It was shown that contents of soil organic carbon， total nitrogen， nitrate and ammonium were increased by 89.13%， 42.15%， 43.69% and 35.36%， respectively， with the invasive plants， Ambrosia artemisiifolia compared to those with indigenous species. Similarly， soil microbial carbon and nitrogen biomass were increased by 52.08% and 61.26%， respectively， with the invasive plants. Under similar laboratory incubation conditions， soil mineralization and ammonification rates were increased by 141% and 206%， respectively， due to Ambrosia artemisiifolia invasion as compared to that of indigenous species. However， the effects of Ambrosia artemisiifolia invasion on soil nitrification and denitrification were not obvious. In conclusion， the present study revealed a significant shift in soil properties due to alien plants invasion. Soil carbon and nitrogen process was substantially facilitated， which may create a positive feedback as a consequence of alien plants invasion.

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Spatial distribution pattern and sampling technique of overwintering larvae of Apriona germari Hope

SU Zhen\|guo， LIU Yong\|hui， LIU Jian\|bo， ZHU Hong\|tao

2016, 28(2): 302.

Abstract ( 386 )

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The spatial distribution patterns of overwintering larvae of Apriona germari larva in Morus alba were studied using six spatial distribution pattern analysis methods（m*/ m， C， k， Iδ， I， CA）and two regression equations（Taylor power and m*-m）， the assembling reasons were analyzed with average aggression size λ. The results indicated that spatial distribution patterns of Apriona germari larva population was in uniform distribution. The optimal sampling equation（N=t2（1.0097m-0.1971）/D2） and sequential sampling equation（T（n）=0.2n±0.4405） were established. This paper may provide the basis for prediction and control of Apriona germari.

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Biological characteristics of a strain of Ophicordyceps sinensis related fungi

XIE Fang， ZHANG Yu， ZHU Yu\|lan

2016, 28(2): 306.

Abstract ( 449 )

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A preliminary study was carried out to investigate the biological characteristics， infection rate of a fungus isolated from Ophicordyceps sinensis， as well as its relationship with Ophicordyceps sinensis， and the molecular identification was analyzed. The results showed that the optimum temperature and pH for culture was 20 to 23 ℃ and 7.50 respectively. The optimum carbon sources and nitrogen sources was sucrose and bran. The infection rate on Hepialidae larva was 100%. The inhibition rate on Ophicordyceps sinensis was 43.37% in flat confrontation test. PCR results showed that about 560 bp ITS fragments were amplified from the mycelium. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the fungi belonged to Beauveria， and GenBank accession number is KP284435.

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Fertility characteristics， seedling\|raising effects and environmental ecological risk evaluation of seedling raising matrixes

DENG Liang1，2， LU Bi\|lin1，2，*， WANG Hao\|yu1，2， LI Peng\|hui1，2， ZHANG Zhi\|min1，2

2016, 28(2): 312.

Abstract ( 370 )

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In the present study， the seedling-nursery effects of 3 seedling raising matrixes were evaluated through gray analysis method， along with their fertility characteristics and potential environmental ecological risk being assessed. The results showed that the nutrients contents of 3 seedling raising matrixes were within 26.63-32.77 g·kg-1. Among 3 tested matrixes， Zhongxiang matrix exhibited a balanced nutritional composition and suitable pH range for disc seedling-nursery. The seedling raising effects decreased as Zhongxiang matrix > Xinghua matrix > Wuhan matrix. When nutritional soil was used as seed-cover soil and different ratios of matrixes were used as subsoil， the seedling raising effects decreased as 100% matrix > 40% matrix+60% natural soil > 30% matrix+70% natural soil > 50% matrix+50% natural soil. When matrix was used as seed\|cover soil and different ratios of matrixes were used as subsoil， the seedling raising effects decreased as 100% matrix > 40% matrix+60% natural soil > 50% matrix+50% natural soil > 30% matrix+70% natural soil. The potential ecological risk index was in middle to strong ecological risk level， and Hg and Cd were the main pollution factors. Considering cost and seedling\|raising effect， 40% matrix+60% natural soil was recommended for agricultural production. Meanwhile， raw material should be carefully selected for matrix production， in order to reduce or avoid heavy metal pollution.

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Effects of vermicompost on biological characteristics and microbial activity in rhizosphere soil of cowpea

JIA De\|xin1， LI Shi\|ping2， WANG Feng\|dan2， WANG Ming\|you2，*

2016, 28(2): 318.

Abstract ( 396 )

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A field experiment including 4 treatments， CK （neither urea nor vermicompost was applied）， CF （100% of nitrogen was provided by urea）， VC （100% of nitrogen was provided by vermicompost）， and VC+CF （50% and 50% of nitrogen was provided by vermicompost and urea， respectively） was performed， to determine the effects of different treatments on microbial population， microbial biomass carbon content， root system construction， root exudates content， microbial respiration and metabolic quotient in the rhizosphere soil of cowpea. It was shown that in comparison with CF treatment， VC+CF treatment significantly increased microorganism population and microbial biomass carbon content. Bacteria population under VC+CF treatment was increased by 12413%， 7048% and 1783% compared to that under CK， CF and VC treatment， respectively. Vermicompost application obviously promoted the root growth and construction of cowpea， especially fine root weight and the ratio of fine root. Meanwhile， VC+CF treatment evidently increased the root exudates content and significantly increased microbial respiration， but the metabolic quotient was decreased. Microbial respiration under VC+CF treatment was increased by 64.91%， 36.23% and 16.05% compared to that under CK， CF and VC treatment， respectively， while the metabolic quotient was reduced by 10.85%， 9.06% and 5.32%， respectively. However， the effect of VC treatment on micro\|domain environment characteristics was minor. In conclusion， vermicompost application could significantly improve micro\|ecological environment and enhance the microbial activity of cowpea rhrizosphere soil compared with CF treatment， especially when vermicompost was co\|applied with inorganic fertilizer.

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Screening of heavy metal Cr6+ resistant strains

JIANG Meng， WANG Wei*

2016, 28(2): 324.

Abstract ( 376 )

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Cr6+ is a hazardous heavy metal element to plant growth， and can endanger human and animal health through food chain enrichment. In the present study， Cr6+ resistant strains were screened from soils added with 0.3， 0.5 g·kg-1 Cr6+， in order to provide technical support for microbial remediation of heavy metal pollution. It was shown that 9 Cr6+ resistant strains were screened， all of which could grow normally in media with 0.5， 1.0 mmol·L-1 Cr6+. Among them， strains named as J3， J5 and J8 were able to grow in media with 2 mmol·L-1 Cr6+. Besides， after 48 h cultivation in media with 2 mmol·L-1 Cr6+， Cr6+ content in media with J3， J5， J8 was reduced by 23%，36%， 7%， respectively. Sequencing analysis showed that J3， J5， J8 were Bacillus amyloliquefaciens， Bacillus licheniformis， Bacillus sonorensis， respectively.

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Image segmentation of ripe strawberry based on RGB color similarity

QIN Lei1，2， SUN Kai\|qiong1，3， LI Shi\|gao1， LIU Chun\|tai1， RUAN Song1

2016, 28(2): 330.

Abstract ( 493 )

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In view of the limitations of traditional simple threshold algorithms under the complicated background， a ripe strawberry image segmentation algorithm based on RGB color similarity （CS\|BASED RSIS） was proposed. Firstly， ripe strawberry regions were extracted， which determined the main color of ripe strawberry. Then， the CS\|BASED RSIS algorithm traveled all pixels in the image for segmentation， calculated the color ratio and similarity of each pixel point relative to the main color， and threshold classification on color similarity were carried out. Finally， the image was processed with the multiple expansion and removing small objects and the segmentation result was output. Experimental results showed that， in three kinds of complex environment， i.e.， no adhesion and no occlusion， no adhesion and occlusion， adhesion and occlusion， the CS\|BASED RSIS algorithm not only could achieve better segmentation effect compared with the OTSU image segmentation algorithm， etc， but also could save time， its average segmentation time was only 0965 s， and the CS\|BASED RSIS algorithm could meet the real\|time requirement of ripe strawberry mechanization picking.

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Study on the phototactic sucking and trapping regulation effect of Locusta migratoria stimulated by light and air\|suction

LIU Qi\|hang1， ZHANG Wen\|qing1， ZHOU Qiang2

2016, 28(2): 338.

Abstract ( 377 )

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To provide theoretical foundation for the manufacturing of mechanical trapping devices of locusts induced by light， the tests were performed to investigate the influence of light and air\|suction on locusts phototactic sliding trap effect， using the testing device of the phototactic slipping of locusts and trapping behavior effect stimulated by light and air\|suction， and analyze the reason of locusts phototactic response to discuss the mechanism of locusts phototactic sucking and slipping capture. The results showed that it was the premise of locusts phototactic response that photo\|induction information can stimulate locust visual system to orient to optical target effectively， and it was the cause of locusts phototactic response that flashing and alternating light regulates locusts behavior orientation correctly to strengthen locusts phototactic sensibility and stimulate the locusts visual behavior acuity. Moreover， after arousing locusts phototactic visual activity stimulated by light effectively， the polarized light of the flashing and alternating light characteristics intensified the sensibility of locusts phototactic behavior response， and the weaker sensitivity of locusts phototactic response to polarized light of constant light characteristics could be enhanced through increasing light intensity. The good realization of the phototactic locusts entering the trapping channel sucked by the sucking wind speed of 6 m·s-1 at capture inlet needs the stimulation of the locusts phototactic sensitivity behavior， and the synergistic effect of the suction effect at 0-50 mm was significant. Simultaneously， the suction effect could effectively stimulate locusts phototactic regulatory sensitivity controlled by the biological friction effect， to accelerate to realize locusts phototactic sliding capture behavior. Furthermore， the polarized light， formed by 15° inclined regulating light with 33 Hz flashing and 640 ms alternating light passing through ordinary glass， with the sucking wind speed of 6 m·s-1 at capture inlet， can effectively promote the phototactic visual sensitive response， weaken locust sliding friction control effect， enhance the regulation intensity of locusts phototactic trapping behavior， and beneficiate locust phototactic trapping effect， which result in the phototactic capture rate of 85%.

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Dielectric properties of blackberries based on microwave drying

2016, 28(2): 345.

Abstract ( 373 )

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Dielectric properties of blackberries samples with 20%-80% w.b. moisture content were determined with a network analyzer and an open\|ended coaxial\|line probe over the frequency ranged from 1 to 3 000 MHz and the temperature ranged from 20 to 100 ℃. The effect of frequency， moisture content and temperature on the relative permittivity （ε′）and dielectric loss factor （ε″）were investigated， the penetration depth was measured， and the relation model of dielectric properties of blackberries and the main influence factors was established， in order to inspect the precision and feasibility of moisture content prediction based on dielectric parameter. The results showed that both ε′ and ε″ of blackberries decreased with increasing frequency. ε′ increased with increasing moisture content and decreased with increasing temperature， however， ε″ increased with increasing temperature but decreased with increasing moisture content. The penetration depth decreased with increasing temperature and frequency， but increased with increasing moisture content. The relationship between dielectric parameter and main influence factors could be described by binary quadratic equations， and the determination coefficients of each model were higher than 0.96， indicating that the model could well describe the relationship， thus it is feasible to predict the moisture content of blackberries based on dielectric parameters and temperature.

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Studies of agricultural production carbon emissions variation characteristics and net carbon emissions pressure in Xinjiang

FAN Gao\|yuan，YANG Jun\|xiao*，HU Juan

2016, 28(2): 352.

Abstract ( 419 )

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The agricultural production carbon emissions and sequestration in Xinjiang from 1996 to 2013 were calculated，and then the characteristics of its carbon emissions from the aspects of time，space and structure were analyzed in this paper. On the basis of net carbon emissions， carbon emissions pressure index model was constructed to analyze the change tendency of net carbon emissions pressure in Xinjiang. The results showed that the total carbon emission tendency in Xinjiang was showed as “up\|down\|up”，and the carbon emission intensity was generally declined. There was obvious difference in carbon emission in different regions， and the highest carbon emission was observed in Keshi， which was 72 times of that in Karamay. From the structure characteristics， livestock farming， agricultural materials and agricultural activities accounted for more than 96% of carbon emissions. The carbon emissions of livestock showed a downward tendency， while carbon emissions of agricultural activities， agricultural materials showed a significantly increasing tendency. The total amount of carbon sinks increased rapidly， and the net carbon emissions of agricultural production was maintained a downward tendency. Net carbon emissions could be divided into two stages of “flat\|declining”. From the net carbon emissions pressure index， the net agricultural carbon emissions pressure was decreased year by year. It was indicated that the agricultural industry structure in Xinjiang should be adjusted reasonably and timely according to the actual condition，and the agricultural modernization should be accelerated. The differentiated agricultural development route should be developed from the macro layout point of view. The ecological environment construction in rural areas should be strengthened， and the recycling intensity of agricultural production materials were improved.

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