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25 March 2016, Volume 28 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The development and verification of nucleotide polymorphism markers in rice QIU Zhennan 1，2， XU Qiankun1， WANG Xiaoqi2， ZHAO Juan2， HE Lei2， ZHANG Sen2， MA Bojun1， QIAN Qian2， ZHU Li 2,* 2016, 28(3):  361.  Abstract ( 479 )   HTML ( 67 )   PDF (6181KB) ( 1378 )   In this work， polymorphic analysis among 3 japonica cultivars （NIP， ZH11 and WY7） and 4 indica cultivars （9311， MH63， TN1 and NJ6） were conducted with 203 molecular markers， 92 polymorphism markers between japonica cultivars and indica cultivars， 34 polymorphism markers in japonica cultivars and 80 polymorphism markers in indica cultivars had been screened. Sequencing analysis results showed that the polymorphism of microsatellite markers among different varieties was mainly caused by the different repetitions of repetitive sequence. However， the polymorphism of insertion/deletion marks was determined by the repetition times of nonsimple repetitive sequence and insertion or deletion of long fragment. Besides the development of new markers， several RM markers also had been verified whether possessed polymorphism in different varieties. Taken together， these new polymorphism markers were bound to be of great service to use in germplasm identification， evolution， genetic diversity detection and molecular markerassisted selection. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of plant spacing， row spacing and number of seedlings per hole on yield and lodging traits of rice in cold region#br# CHEN Shuqiang， YANG Limin， ZHAO Haixin， DU Xiaodong， ZHOU Tong， XUE Jingfang， JIN Guanghao， SHAN Lili， WANG Cui， LI Min 2016, 28(3):  371.  Abstract ( 342 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1204KB) ( 1400 )   Unreasonable planting density often caused rice lodging and yield decreased. In order to avoid rice yield loss with unreasonable transplanting specifications， rice varieties with different tillering ability were used to study the effects of plant spacing， row spacing and number of seedlings per hole on rice yield and lodging properties. The results showed that the optimal transplanting specifications for more tillers variety Kongyu 131 were 13.3 cm for plant spacing， 24.0 cm for row spacing and 2 for basic seedlings per hill， and the expected yield per hectare was the highest. The optimal transplanting specifications for less tillers variety Longjing 21 were 10.0 cm for plant spacing， 24.0 cm for row spacing and 5 basic seedlings per hill， and the expected yield per hectare was the highest. For plant spacing， no significant yield difference was observed between 10.0 and 13.3 cm. The interaction among variety， plant spacing and number of seedlings per hole had significant effect on yield， but the interaction between variety and row spacing had no significant effect on yield. The interaction among plant spacing， row spacing and number of seedlings per hole had significant effect on yield， too. The main reason resulting in higher yield was that the higher number of total spikelet increased per unit area under the condition of appropriate seedling numbers， plant spacing and row spacing. When plant spacing and row spacing were too small or seedling numbers per hole was too much， 2nd internode lodging index for two rice varieties increased and resistance ability decreased. The main reason resulting in weaker lodging resistance was that stem diameter of 2nd internode became thinner， stem sheath dry weight， internode dry weight and stem wall dry weight became lower， internode crosscutting area became smaller， and stem physics properties became weaker. Therefore， different rice varieties in cold region should pay attention to choice proper plant spacing， row spacing and seedling numbers per hole， and make yield and lodging resistance coordinate at higher level. Related Articles | Metrics

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Finite element analysis on the mechanical properties of breeding wheat grain WEI Lijuan， HAN Zhengsheng， DAI Fei*， LI Xingkai， GAO Aimin， ZHANG Keping 2016, 28(3):  378.  Abstract ( 337 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1103KB) ( 1514 )   The geometric model and the finite element model with the measured results for breeding wheat grain were established. The stress distribution of breeding wheat grain was analyzed under different pressing locations and different pressing loads by applying the finite element method. The mechanical properties of breeding wheat grain under different pressing locations and different pressing loads were obtained， which could be provided as mechanical parameters for further study on mechanical properties， damage mechanism of breeding wheat grain and optimization of threshing machine. It could be concluded that fracture position and fracture direction of breeding wheat grain were consistent with the finite element analysis results after the comparison was made with the model calculation and the experimental results. When the compression load was applied to the seed abdomen， the macroscopic fracture of the seed presented stress cracking along with the abdominal sulcus， and when the compression load was applied to the top of the seed， the macroscopic fracture of the seed presented crack which began at the both sides of bottom， and then intersected at the top of the embryo and the endosperm symbiosis， finally， extended downward along with the middle of the embryo. Therefore， the macro fracture of the seed was caused by the internal cracks. Related Articles | Metrics

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The differences of endogenous hormones level and their response to ripener among the different rapeseed varieties GUO Jing 1， ZHOU Kejin2，* 2016, 28(3):  383.  Abstract ( 337 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (659KB) ( 1329 )    To study the effects of ripener on endogenous hormones in rapeseed， and promote the shell and seeds unified maturity and meet mechanized harvesting, 4 rapeseed varieties with different maturity periods and compound ripener （0.5% ethephon + 0.3% diquat） were used to study the difference of endogenous hormones and the effects of ripener on endogenous hormones in 4 rapeseed varieties. It was found that during maturity period， the differences of endogenous hormones content in different rapeseed varieties were remarkable. The contents of ethylene and ABA in earlymaturing varieties were higher than those in latematuring varieties， the fastigium of them appeared earlier but fell faster. While the content of IAA showed contrary to ethylene and ABA. After spraying with ripener， the contents of ethylene and ABA raised while IAA decreased. The increment of ethylene in shell exceeded that in seeds dramatically， which lasted longer in latematuring varieties. The law of increasing of ABA content showed contrary to ethylene. The falling range of IAA content in shell and seeds were entirely different among different varieties. The results indicated that ripener could promote rape seed ripening by regulating the release of endogenous hormones. Related Articles | Metrics

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Growth regularity of spring potato tuber under early harvest cultivation SHEN Shengfa， WU Liehong， LI Bing 2016, 28(3):  389.  Abstract ( 379 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (791KB) ( 1316 )   Early harvest cultivation of spring potato is a kind of method for early harvest and higher economic benefit. Tuber growth regularities of 13 potato varieties （strains） were analyzed in order to provide the basis for variety selection and identify the suitable strain for early harvest cultivation of spring potato. The results showed that the tubers of earlymaturing varieties grew fast in early stage， but slow in late stage， and the tuber yield before 55th day growth period was much better. The tubers of mediummaturing varieties grew fast both in early and late stages， but the advantage of tuber yield appeared gradually after 55th day growth period. The tubers of latematuring varieties grew slow in early stage， and a growth peak appeared on about 68th day growth period in late stage. Tuber yield was mainly related to average weight of single tuber， stem diameter， and weight and number ratios of mediumand largesized tuber. AG187 was a mediummaturing type with largesized tuber， high yield and high ratio of mediumand largesized tuber， which was very suitable for early harvest cultivation of spring potato. CG366 was an earlymaturing type with smallsized tuber， more number of tubers per plant， high ratio of smallsized tuber， and tuber yield compared with Favorita， which was very suitable to be used as smallsized tuber for early or middle stage harvest of spring potato under early harvest cultivation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular cloning and bioinformatics analysis of SgP5CS gene in Suaeda glauca JIN Hangxia 1， DONG Dekun1， WANG Wei 2， YANG Qinghua1， ZHU Danhua 1，* 2016, 28(3):  395.  Abstract ( 489 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (2217KB) ( 1407 )   A new gene， named as SgP5CS， was cloned by homologous cloning method from Suaeda glauca. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the open reading frame of SgP5CS gene was 2 151 bp， encoding 716 amino acids. The isoelectric point and the relative molecular weight of coded protein were 5.71 and 77.4318 u， respectively. Hydrophobic analysis indicated that SgP5CS was a hydrophilic protein and had no transmembrane domain. Nucleotide sequence Blast by ClustalX indicated that the coded protein of SgP5CS shared an identity of 93% with P5CS of Salicornia europaea. Δ1pyrroline5carboxylate synthetase （P5CS） is a key enzyme in the synthesis of proline which is one of the important osmotic regulators in plants. Our research laid a foundation to further study the P5CS function in Suaeda glauca. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment and application of SYBR Green Ⅰ realtime PCR for detection of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus WANG Bo， LI Guili， WANG Yin， YAO Xueping， YANG Zexiao * 2016, 28(3):  400.  Abstract ( 374 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (806KB) ( 1356 )    Rabbit hemorrhagic disease is a highly contagious disease which causes serious damage to the healthy development of rabbit keeping. In order to establish a quick， efficient and sensitive detection method， a pair of specific primers were designed for PCR amplification to obtain 979 bp sequence of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus（RHDV） VP60 gene. Then cloned it into pMD19T vector to construct recombinant plasmid named pMD19TVP60， which was served as template to establish the standard curve. Meanwhile， a pair of degenerate primer was designed in the amplification region to establish the SYBR Green Ⅰ realtime PCR detection method， and the reaction condition was optimized， and the sensitivity， specificity and reproducibility were tested. The results showed that the SYBR Green Ⅰ realtime PCR could specifically detect RHDV that the limited detection content was 8.18×101 copies and no amplification of pGM19TEBHSV， Pasteurella multocida， Salmonella， Escherichina coli and healthy organs from rabbits. At the same time， this method was used to detect the internal organs of artificial infection rabbits. The results showed that the SYBR Green Ⅰ fluorescence quantitative PCR could quickly detect the content of the virus RNA in different organs. So this assay could be applied in clinical diagnosis of RHDV. Related Articles | Metrics

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The expression analysis of GHR and IGF1 mRNA in embryonic skeletal muscle myoblasts of different duck breeds JI Gaige， TAO Zhiyun， ZHU Chunhong， SHU Jingting， LIU Hongxiang， XU Wenjuan， HU Yan， LI Huifang* 2016, 28(3):  406.  Abstract ( 423 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (595KB) ( 1342 )   To investigate the expression patterns of growth hormone receptor （GHR） and insulinlike growth factor1 （IGF1） in duck skeletal muscle myoblasts， fluorescent realtime quantitative PCR was used to detect the distribution profile of GHR and IGFI mRNA in skeletal muscle myoblasts of Jinding and Gaoyou ducks at the embryonic day 13， 15， 17， 19， 21 and 23. The results showed that the expressions of IGF1 of Gaoyou ducks in breast and leg muscle myoblasts were significantly higher than that of Jinding ducks at embryonic day 13 （P<0.05）; the embryonic day 17 was the common expression peak of GHR and IGF1 both in Gaoyou ducks and Jinding ducks; and then， significantly decreased. But at the embryonic day 19 and 21， the expressions of GHR and IGF1 in Gaoyou ducks breast muscle myoblasts were significantly higher than those of Jinding ducks （P<0.05）， while there was no significant difference between varieties in the leg muscle myoblasts （P>0.05）. The expression of GHR had a significantly linear positive correlation with the expression of IGF1 in breast and leg muscle myoblasts（P< 0.01）. The results showed that the expression pattern of GHR was consistent with the expression of IGF1 between breeds; the expressions of GHR and IGF1 mRNA in the skeletal muscle myoblasts of duck embryo showed tissue specificity， and there might be a positive regulation mechanism between them. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and vector construction of chicken ovalbumin gene regulatory sequences HUANG Jing， ZHU Zhiwei， CHEN Xiaoyu， YU Fuxian， PAN Jianzhi * 2016, 28(3):  412.  Abstract ( 468 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1679KB) ( 1343 )    There was only one allele of ovalbumin gene in the chicken genome， but it could synthesize and secrete 2 g protein per day， which were accounting for more than 50% of the albumin protein and became the preferred choice in the regulation of exogenous gene expression. This study aimed to identify promoter enhancer and tissuespecific regional location factor by screening the optimization of ovalbumin gene promoter. The upstream -922～-2 073 and -2 801～-3 100 of ovalbumin promoter were divided into 12 regional which average sequence length were about 150 bp， and inserted into the upper reaches of -921～+38 sequences， those 12 series successfully constructed expression vectors provided materials for further optimization promoter with a shortened version. The first intron region of ovalbumin promoter was truncated around 300 bp of mini intron sequences， and successfully constructed 8 mini intron series of vectors. We also successfully separated chicken oviduct epithelial cells and optimized the electricity transfection conditions. In this study， the promoter region with strongest activity pGL4UP1412 and pGL4miniintron3 were screened through detected luciferase activity of the initial screening recombinant plasmid and intron recombinant， while inferred several regions containing enhancer sequence. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of leptindependent signaling JAK/STAT in hypothalamus after treated by SIF on obese rats CHEN Xiaolin 1， LUO Qihui 1， 2， TANG Xiuying1， LIU Yun 1， LI Like 1， CHEN Zhengli 1， 2， * 2016, 28(3):  420.  Abstract ( 397 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (2689KB) ( 1437 )   Soy isoflavone （SIF） had effect on decreasing blood lipids. The present research focused on whether it could lose body weight by regulating leptin level. The experiment was designed to investigate the effects of SIF on leptindependent signaling in hypothalamus of obese rats. Foodinduced obese rats model was established by feeding with high oil diet， then the obese rats were randomly divided into four groups （GroupⅠⅣ） fed with SIF 0 （control group）， 50 （low dose group）， 150 （medium dose group） and 450 （high dose group） mg·kg–1 body weight， respectively. In addition， the control group （Group V, basis group） rats were fed with low oil basal diet. The experiment lasted for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment， all experimental rats were euthanized with pentobarbital sodium and sections of their hypothalamus were prepared and stained with HE. The expressions and positive rates of the main proteins of leptinJAK/STAT signaling, i.e. OBRb， JAK2， pSTAT3， SOCS3， NPY were detected by immunohistochemical SABC， respectively. The results showed that the expressions and positive rates of OBRb， JAK2， pSTAT3 in high dose SIF group and basis group were both significantly higher than those in other groups （P＜0.05）， and their expression levels were raising with the increased dose of SIF. On the contrary， the levels and positive rates of SOCS3 and NPY in high and basis group were the least compared with other groups， and the difference was significant （P＜0.05）， but the expression of NPY was rising in dorsomedial nucleus and paraventricular nucleus following the increased dose of SIF. Above all， SIF had affect on leptindependent signaling road. In conclusion， the five proteins were closely related to body energy regulation. SIF could lose body weight by interfering the leptinJAK/STAT signaling of hypothalamus in obese rat in a dose dependent manner. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between embryonic growth and nucleic acids of Scophthalmus maximus TONG Xuehong 1， 2， TANG Xinhui 2， BAO Chengman 2， YANG Xiaolan 2， CHEN Qian 2， TAO Ping 2 2016, 28(3):  428.  Abstract ( 317 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (642KB) ( 1339 )    Embryonic development of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) was studied， and the growth characteristics as well as the changes of nucleic acids and proteins were analyzed to establish the relationship between growth traits and biochemical indexes. The major results were as follows: （1） Embryonic length changed according to the tendency of “decreaseenlargementdecreaseenlargement” at different stages， and reached the minimal value of 0998 mm at 5 h 40 min after fertilization and the maximal value of 1.089 mm at hatching. （2） Diameter of oil globule increased till cleavage stage and decreased thereafter with the appearance of the highest value of 0.192 mm at 9 h 40 min and the lowest value of 0.176 mm at 65 h. （3） Embryonic body mass increased before gastrula stage and decreased thereafter， and presented the minimal value of 0.340 mg at 7 h 30 min and the maximal value of 0.674 mg at 9 h 40 min. （4） The changes of RNA/DNA and protein/DNA ratios showed that embryonic growth was dominantly hyperplastic till blastula stage， hypertrophical till gastrula stage， hyperplastic till segmentation stage and hypertrophical till hatching， indicating that embryonic growth was periodic alternation of hyperplasia and hypertrophy. （5） The relations were binomial among morphological traits， body mass and biochemical indicators， and RNA/DNA ratio was closely correlated with growth traits. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different microclimatic factors in greenhouse with new greenhouse film or old one on yield and quality of cherry tomato LI Qingbin1， SUN Junbo1， FU Guohuai1， WEI Shasha1， LIU Kun2 2016, 28(3):  435.  Abstract ( 405 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (680KB) ( 1349 )   In this study， we investigated the impact of different microclimatic factors in greenhouse with new or old films on yield and quality of cherry tomato cultivar Qianxi. The differences in temperature， humidity and solar radiation in the condition of thermal insulation of greenhouse in winter and spring and wholeday ventilation in spring and summer， with new greenhouse film or old one， were observed and analyzed. The growth periods of cherry tomato were recorded and yield and quality were measured. In the whole growth period， the daily average temperature in greenhouse with new greenhouse film or old one was about 3 ℃ higher than the outside with no significant difference. The condition of thermal insulation of greenhouse with new greenhouse film was better than the old one during the daytime of sunny days in the airtight condition in winter and spring. There was no significant difference in the condition of thermal insulation of greenhouse with new greenhouse film or old one in the other periods， no matter it was sunny or rainy， the shed was open or closed. The average humidity of greenhouse with old greenhouse film was 3.6% less than that with new one regardless of season or greenhouse ventilation， which played a role in preventing disease and high humidity. The average illumination in the greenhouse with new greenhouse film was 20.6% higher than that with old one. The flowering and fruit mature period of cherry tomato was 35 days earlier than usual in the greenhouse with new greenhouse film. The fruit size and the quantity of diseased fruits in greenhouse with new greenhouse film or old one differed significantly. However， the single fruit weight， sugar content and yield showed no significant difference. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bioinformatics analysis of the MiR164 family and prediction of target gene in Vitis vinifera WANG Lili， GE Jintao， LIU Xingman， ZHAO Tongli* 2016, 28(3):  441.  Abstract ( 512 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1217KB) ( 1386 )    MicroRNAs （miRNAs） play a very important role in regulating the stress resistance and growth development. MiR164 is specific in plants， whose target gene is mainly NAC transcription factor family. By utilizing the bioinformatic methods， we analyzed the phylogenetic of miR164 in Vitis vinifera and some other plants， predicted and analyzed the secondary structure of miR164 family members， the base conservation of the mature sequence， as well as the target gene in NAC （71 members） family of Vitis vinifera. The results showed that four members of miR164 in Vitis vinifera were clustered with the dicotyledon plants， which was accorded with evolution law. The precursors of four members could form stable secondary stemloop structure. Otherwise， the base of mature sequence of four members were highly conserved. According to predicting and analyzing of the target gene， we found two NAC members （GSVIVT01007982001 and GSVIVT01020478001）. By BLAST in NCBI， it showed that they were related with plant root development， which indicated that miR164 family and their target gene in Vitis vinifera play important regulatory role in root development and stress resistance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Seasonal variation of heavy metal contents in four ornamental plants and root region soils SUN Zhengguo 2016, 28(3):  447.  Abstract ( 347 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1289KB) ( 1314 )   In the present study， four widely adopted ornamental plants， i.e. Albizia julibrissin Durazz， Ligustrum lucidum Ait， Ilex chinensis Sims， Rhododendron simsii Planch， were selected as study objects. Seasonal variation of heavy metal contents in these plants and their root region soils was explored. It was shown that heavy metals contents in these plants and their root region soils reached the highest value in autumn， while went down in spring. Heavy metal contents decreased in the order of Zn>As>Cu>Pb>Cd>Ni in root region soils of four ornamental plants. Within the same season， heavy metal contents in root region soils decreased as Albizia julibrissin Durazz>Ligustrum lucidum Ait>Ilex chinensis Sims>Rhododendron simsii Planch. The enrichment coefficients of these four plants to As， Cd， Cu were above 1， indicating that these plants possessed relatively higher accumulation ability to As， Cd and Cu. These results could provide references for the further understanding of interactions between ornamental plants and city environment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Purification of anthocyanin from purple pepper leaf and its bioactivities HU Nengbing1， SUI Yihu1， LIN Yi2 2016, 28(3):  452.  Abstract ( 366 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (741KB) ( 1390 )   Factors influencing purification of anthocyanin from purple pepper leaf and bioactivities of the refined products were studied. It was shown that the influence of factors regarding adsorption of purple pepper leaf anthocyanin by HPD100 macroporous resin decreased as A (pH)>C (the ratio of solid to liquid)>B (temperature)>D (speed). The optimal combination for adsorption of purple pepper leaf anthocyanin by HPD100 macroporous resin was A4B3C2D4， and the concentration of ethanol solution for desorption of the above resin was 40%. The ability of scavenging hydroxyl free radical (·OH) by refined leaf anthocyanin from purple pepper was stronger than that of Vc， while abilities of scavenging superoxide anion (O-2·) and DPPH free radicals were weaker. The refined leaf anthocyanin of purple pepper showed no inhibitory effect on fungi (Rhizopus， Aspergillus niger)， but exhibited inhibitory effect on bacteria (Escherichia coli， Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus licheniformis) with concentration effect. Related Articles | Metrics

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Responses of photosynthetic characteristics and growth of watermelon at the initial fructicative period to nitrogen deficiency in different degree WANG Mingyou， ZHANG Hong， LI Shiping， JING Dawei 2016, 28(3):  457.  Abstract ( 384 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (863KB) ( 1315 )   Effects of different nitrogen deficiency degree on leaf photosynthesis characteristics and physiological indices of watermelon were studied by using watermelon Heitong K8 as the experimental material， which would provide basis for measuring and diagnosing the degree of nitrogen deficiency and nitrogen fertilization. The results indicated that contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein in leaves of watermelon decreased significantly along with the decrease of nitrogen application amount， and as well as the net photosynthetic rate （Pn） and stomatal conductance in leaves and total biomass， while the ratios of root to shoot were increased. These results showed that the growth and photosynthetic and physiological characteristics of watermelon were obviously inhibited under nitrogen deficiency. Results of chlorophyll fluorescence research showed that Fv/Fm， Sm， ETo/CSo and RC/CSo of watermelon leaves under the nitrogendeficiency treatments were obviously lower than the control leaves， in which Sm was the most sensitive index. However， there was no significant difference among ABS/CSo， TRo/CSo and DIo/CSo under nitrogendeficiency treatments. In addition， correlation analysis indicated that the correlations of Sm and Pn， Fv/Fm and total biomass reached extremely significant level. These results suggested that the chlorophyll fluorescence measurements could detect the changes of photosynthesis of nitrogendeficiency watermelon leaves， and could be used to diagnose the degree of nitrogen deficiency. Related Articles | Metrics

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Biological characteristics of Ectropis grisescens Warren GE Chaomei， YIN Kunshan， TANG Meijun， XIAO Qiang* 2016, 28(3):  464.  Abstract ( 539 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (889KB) ( 1519 )   Ectropis grisescens Warren was one of the major pests of tea plant， which widely distributed in China. The morphological characteristics， life history， life habit and population life table of E. grisescens were investigated in this paper based on field investigation and laboratory observation. Results showed that E. grisescens occurred 6-7 generations per year in Xinchang， Zhejiang province. The first generation of larvae occurred from late March to late April， and others occurred monthly. The pupae gradually began to overwinter in rhizosphere soil of tea from mid to late October and feathered in midMarch of the following year. The larvae had 4-5 instars. The total amount of food consumption was 7362 mg per larva on average， and 9601% was eaten by instar from 3rd to the last. The food consumption of larvae exponentially increased from 1st to last instar， and the exponential curve between food consumption（y） and larva instar（x） was y = 1.012e1.5857x. Under the condition of laboratory， the number of eggs was 2910 per female. The survival rates of each stage of E. grisescens were as follows. eggs， 93.8%; 1st -3rd instar larvae， 98.6%; 4th -5th instar larvae， 98.6%; prepupae， 98.6%; pupae， 82.2%; and adults， 92.0%. The F1 generation sex ratio （♀∶♂） was 1∶0.85， and the population trend index was 98.9. Related Articles | Metrics

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Inhibition effect of fermented filtrates of Pleurotus eryngii on 3 plant fungi HOU Ludan， WU Ying， ZHANG Jie* 2016, 28(3):  469.  Abstract ( 326 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1065KB) ( 1487 )   Pleurotus eryngii is a very important edible and medical mushroom， whose fermented filtrates contain a lot of secondary metabolites. The inhibition effect of the fermented filtrates from Pleurotus eryngii on the growth of Alternaria alternata， Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucmrium and Fusarium graminearum was investigated. The results showed that the fermented filtrates from Pleurotus eryngii showed the lysis phenomenon and it had significant inhibition effects on pathogen mycelial growth and spore germination. The inhibitory rate of the extracts against the mycelial growth showed as Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucmrium （92.78%）>Alternaria alternata （89.76%）>Fusarium graminearum （87.45%） and the inhibitory rate against the spore germination were Fusarium graminearum （79.45%）>Alternaria alternata （72.25%）>Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucmrium （52.32%）. Therefore， there were the antipathogenic materials in fermented filtrates of Pleurotus eryngii， which could lay the foundation for the development of bioinhibitor. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of biogas slurry application on N， P and K uptake and utilization characteristics of Zizania latifolia CHEN Gui1， ZHAO Guohua2， ZHANG Hongmei1， SHEN Yaqiang1， YANG Jifeng3， FENG Sihai4， CHEN Xiaozhong3， CHENG Wangda1，* 2016, 28(3):  474.  Abstract ( 326 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1854KB) ( 1459 )   A filed experiment was conducted to study the effect of biogas slurry application on N， P and K accumulation at different growth stages and utilization rate of Zizania latifolia. It was shown that P and K accumulation at maturity stage were suppressed obviously under treatments of 2.0N and 2.7N, in which the application rate of biogas slurry were 2.0 and 2.7 times the application rate of chemical nitrogen in control (CK) treatment. Compared to CK， P and K accumulation was decreased by 8.73% and 42.0%， and 16.4% and 34.1%， respectively， under these two treatments. N accumulation at maturity stage was decreased significantly only under 27N treatment. N and P concentrations in stems and leaves of Zizania latifolia during whole growth stage showed a rising trend generally under 2.0N and 2.7N treatments， especially for 2.7N， which were contrary to K. N concentrations in edible parts of Zizania latifolia were increased with the increase of biogas slurry application rates. K concentrations were increased firstly and then decreased. However， P concentrations kept relatively stable. Biogas slurry application could restrain P translocation in stems， but promote K translocation in both stems and leaves. In addition， 2.0N and 2.7N treatments significantly reduced N translocation in leaves. In conclusion， biogas slurry application could affect N， P and K uptake and accumulation in Zizania latifolia and alter nutrient utilization efficiency. Reasonable application rate shall be beneficial to increase nutrient utilization efficiency. Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial variability of soil organic matter and its influencing factors in southern area of Daxing District in Beijing JIANG Wei1，2， GAO Yunbing2，3，4， LIU Yu2，3，4， PAN Yuchun2，3，4， XING Shihe1,* 2016, 28(3):  482.  Abstract ( 434 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1337KB) ( 1357 )   With the southern plain in Daxing District， Beijing as the study area， a total of 2 272 soil sample sites were selected in agricultural land. Spatial distribution characteristics of soil organic mather (SOM) in the surface layer were analyzed using Geostatistical method， and its influencing factors were revealed by variance analysis and buffer analysis. It was shown that SOM content varied in the range of （11.25±3.68） g·kg-1 with a coefficient of variation being 32.71%. The spatial variability distance of SOM was 7.1 km， and the SOM content was moderately spatial dependent with the nugget effect of 7.02， which suggested that the structural factors exhibited stronger effect than random factors. On the whole， the spatial distribution of SOM content were plaque shape， and its high spot was located in medium loam and light loam soil， and low spot was mainly located in sandy soil. Except residential area， soil texture， soil type， land use type， facility agricultural land and livestock and poultry industry had a significant impact on the spatial distribution of SOM. The argillaceous， high tillage intensity soil was inclined to accumulate SOM. And so was the soil which was within 1 km away from agricultural facilities land and 1.4 km away from livestock and poultry industry. These results could provide references for studies regarding spatial variability of soil organic matter and its influence factors in homogeneous regions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of combined application of biochar and fertilizer on growth of tobacco under Cd stress YOU Fangfang1， ZHAO Mingqin1,*， CHEN Fayuan1， SUN Cuihong1， XU Yueqi1， LI Hui2， JIN Hongshi3， JIN Jianghua3 2016, 28(3):  489.  Abstract ( 448 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (923KB) ( 1403 )   With tobacco cv. Yuyan12 as material， the activity of roots system， protective enzymes， Cd content in tobacco leaves and changes of leaf biomass with the application of biochar and different fertilizers under Cd stress were explored by pot experiment. It was shown that addition of biochar could increase soil rhizosphere pH， and the contents of available Cd in soil and tobacco leaves were decreased significantly at fast growing period （60 d）. At mature period （90 d）， for the fertilization method of compound fertilizer or compound fertilizer with organic fertilizer， the content of available Cd in soil was reduced by 22.2% and 7.14%， respectively， after addition of biochar， and Cd concentration in tobacco leaves was reduced by 61.3% and 40.3%， respectively. Meanwhile， the activity of root system was increased by 11.24 and 18.85 μg·g-1·h-1， respectively， and the biomass of tobacco leaves was increased by 67.6% and 21.4%， respectively， for these two treatments after addition of biochar. Under Cd stress， after addition of biochar into these two fertilization methods， the content of MDA decreased significantly， and the activities of SOD， POD and CAT of tobacco leaves were increased. Therefore， for the fertilization method of organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer， the addition of biochar could effectively decrease Cd concentration in tobacco leaves， and eliminate Cd stress. Related Articles | Metrics

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Extraction and antioxidant effects of isoflavone in Pueraria lobata （Willd.） Ohwi root tuber LI Ling1，2， TAN Li1， QUAN Qinguo3， QUAN Hao1， HE Fulin1， HUANG Guangwen1， SHAO Jinhua1， YAN Xuyu1，* 2016, 28(3):  496.  Abstract ( 620 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (728KB) ( 1397 )   In the present study， isoflavone was extracted from Pueraria lobata（Willd.） Ohwi root tuber collected in Tujia Mountain by ultrasoundassisted ethanol extraction. Based on single factor test analysis， main technology parameters of the extraction process were optimized by response surface design of 4 factors and 4 levels， and antioxidant effects of the extracted isoflavone were also studied. The results showed that the optimum extraction technology was as follows: the ethanol concentration was 810%，ultrasoundassisted extraction time was 41.2 min， extraction temperature was 61.2 ℃， solid to liquid ratio （m/V） was 1∶9.5， and particle size of raw material was 40 mesh. Under this condition， the extraction rate of isoflavone reached 3.43%. The antioxidant effects of the extracted isoflavone were weaker than that of vitamin C， but it could yield synergetic effect with vitamin C. Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening of γaminobutyric acidproducing probiotics and characterization of its biological activity XU Yuqin1， DAI Xixi1， TANG Huiqin1， GU Xiaoxiao1， PAN Kangcheng 1， 2， * 2016, 28(3):  502.  Abstract ( 328 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (936KB) ( 1407 )   The purpose of the present study was to screen a high γaminobutyric acid （GABA） producing probiotics， which had the ability of biological antagonism and tolerance of acid and bile salt. The suspicious strains which producing GABA were analyzed qualitatively and quantitively by paper chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry （HPLCMS）. Combining the morphological， physiochemical properties with 16S rDNA sequencing analysis， a high GABAproducing bacterium was identified. Then the inhibition of this high GABAproducing strain against three pathogen bacteria from animal and the tolerance of acid and bile salt were performed. The results showed that the strain GA8 which isolated from pickle had high yield of GABA; it was cultured in GYP medium containing 1% Lglutamate at 37 ℃ for 48 h， the yield of GABA reached 3.50 g·L-1; it was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum. The bacteria liquid and supernatant of GA8 strain culture had some inhibitory effect on Salmonella pullorum， Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus， and GA8 strain had no bacteriostasis ability. When the initial concentration of living bacteria was 108 cfu·mL-1， the living bacteria could reach more than 106 cfu·mL-1 after cultured on medium with pH 2.0 for 4 h and 103 cfu·mL-1 after cultured on medium contained bile salt 0.3% for 4 h. The results indicated that the strain GA8 had some antibacterial properties and acid resistance， but bile salt resistant ability was not prominent. Related Articles | Metrics

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Physiological analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters monitoring of the excitation light source based on LED LI Yadi， CUI Huikun， LI Zhengming， ZOU Qiuying， JI Jianwei* 2016, 28(3):  509.  Abstract ( 353 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1047KB) ( 1361 )   A set of online detection system for chlorophyll fluorescence was designed. The fluorescence intensity of chlorophyll was detected by MINIPAM fluorescence detector， and LED light source were used as different light conditions， fluorescence parameters and fast response curves of plants under different conditions were measured. Detection system through 232 serial communication protocol with the host computer communication， WinControl software was used to achieve data collection and preservation. Experimental results showed that the suitable light could greatly promote the photosynthesis of plants， and thus improve the yield of crops， and the photosynthesis of plants under the environmental stress was obviously inhibited. Related Articles | Metrics

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Banana shape description method based on change parameters for double ellipses PENG Qi1， TU Lifen1，*， ZHANG Kaibing2 2016, 28(3):  515.  Abstract ( 361 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1298KB) ( 1336 )   In order to realize the external shape description for banana， a banana shape description method based on change parameters for double ellipses has been proposed. First of all， the binary image of the object was obtained by image processing. The ellipse curve fitting of the two dimensional point set was provided by the library function cv.fitEllipse in Open Source Computer Vision Library （OPENCV）， and the external outline of ellipse was selected as the initial contour. Then， based on the first step， the external ellipse and inscribed ellipse with variable parameters was constructed， and the banana shape fitting was described based on the areas of double ellipses overlap. Finally， the double ellipses parameters describing the banana shape were extracted as characteristic parameter， which was used to describe the shape for the other types of fruits and vegetables， and to determine the effectiveness of the characteristic parameters. Experimental results showed that the proposed method was simple， fast and efficient. The operation speed was about 0.1 s on the FX6300 AMD processor platform. The algorithm was written in C++ language， which can be used in automatic production line for fruit sorting and packing. Related Articles | Metrics

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The twodimension coordinates extraction of tea shoots picking based on image information PEI Wei， WANG Xiaolin 2016, 28(3):  522.  Abstract ( 353 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (966KB) ( 1362 )   The identification of tender tea leaves and the extraction of picking position parameters are prerequisites for intelligent tea harvest. This article first analyzed the overall scheme of tea mechanical picking and the feasibility of obtaining picking position by the tea image. Then extracted the minimum enclosing rectangle of each tea shoot in the binary image and labeled the center of the minimum enclosing rectangle as the picking position of the tea shoot. So the position parameters of tea picking were obtained， which provided the basis for subsequent intelligent picking of tea. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research of realtime precision measuring device for measuring tree diameter growth ZHANG Yinxiang 1， YU Jing 2，*， YAO Jingyuan 2 2016, 28(3):  528.  Abstract ( 283 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1231KB) ( 1360 )    Plant growth could be directly observed by realtime precision measurement of tree diameter. So the realtime precision measuring device for tree diameter was developed in this study. The mechanical bracket and circuit system of each part had been designed firstly， and the realtime precision measuring device was then completed. Then， the diameter of Araucaria heterophyll had been measured by this device during sunny day， rainy day and cloudy day， respectively. And the week change law of tree diameter was summarized. The results showed that this realtime precision measuring device could be well used for measuring tree diameter. Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes and driving force of grain production in Shandong Province during 1999-2014 LI Fuduo， YANG Xinghong* 2016, 28(3):  535.  Abstract ( 378 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (984KB) ( 1333 )   Based on the statistical data of 1999-2014， the changes of yield and planting structure of grain production in Shandong Province were analyzed. It was shown that the grain production in Shandong Province exhibited an increasing trend after fall first. The average grain yield per unit in Shandong Province exhibited an overall trend of steady growth， and the increase was particularly obvious after 2002. Specifically， the increase of legume crops was the highest， and was followed by potato， wheat， and corn. The planting structure has experienced major adjustment in 2002-2006. But， the planting area of corn and wheat were still the two largest in Shandong Province. In the short term， the fundamental status of wheat in planting structure was impossible to shake. The planting area of potato and legume crops decreased significantly in recent years. However， the proportion of other food crops in planting area kept stable. In general， the increase of total grain yield in Shandong Province mainly depended on the rise of unit yield. These results would provide references for the making of agricultural production planning and agricultural economic policy in national major grain production areas. Related Articles | Metrics