Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

Effects of drought stress on PSⅡ photochemical activity in leaves of Morus alba

2016, 28(1): 1.

Abstract ( 358 )

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Planting mulberry （Morus alba） not only had ecological value including windbreak and sand\|fixation， but also had a variety of economic benefits， such as increasing farmers income. With the implementing of “mulberry should be planting from southeast to northwest region”， the industry of mulberry is moving from the wet area to arid regions. The physiological mechanism of drought stress on photosystemⅡ （PSⅡ） photochemical activity have been not clear up to now， so effects of drought stress on PSⅡ photochemical activity in mulberry leaves were investigated with chlorophyll a fluorescence transient （OJIP curve） in this study. The results showed that potential photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ （Fv/Fo） and photosynthetic performance index （PIABS） based on light absorption were significantly lower than the control， which indicated that photo-activity of leaf could be inhibited by drought stress. Maximal photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ （Fv/Fm） did not have a remarkable change. The electron transmission from QA to QB in PSⅡ electronic receptor side was relatively decreased in normalized OJIP curve， and electron-accepting ability of PQ electronic library and QB were also decreased， which increased the accumulation of Q-A. Meanwhile， the activity of oxygen evolution complex （OEC） in PSⅡ electronic receptor side was inhibited， and then the photochemical activity of PSⅡ was seriously inhibited. So serious drought stress could inhibit photochemical activity of PSⅡ in mulberry， the mechanism of which might be reducing the electron transport ability in PSⅡ acceptor side and damaging the activity of OEC.

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Production of intersubspecific hybrids of Brassica campestris

CHEN Ji\|peng1， YU En\|chang2， LIAO Ting\|ting1， ZHU Yi\|ming1

2016, 28(1): 9.

Abstract ( 321 )

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By artificial pollination and supplementary pollination in bud stage， hybrids were obtained through reciprocal cross of Brassica campestris L. ssp. Chinenses var. purpurea Bialey and B.campestris ssp. pekinensis in high frequency. Leaf， plant type and flower morphology of hybrids were characterized by intermediate type of their parents. The leaf color of hybrid was darker than B.campestris ssp. pekinensis， more closer to purple color of Brassica campestris L. ssp. Chinenses var. purpurea Bialey. The hybrids showed high heterosis for higher plant height， more branches and more pods than the parents， and they had a good seed setting via cross by themselves because of mature flowers which could produce more than 99% fertile pollens. It also indicated that the female gemmates were fertile in the hybrids. All of the chromosomes paired to 10 bivalents at diakinesis in 95% pollen mother cells. A few of lagged chromosomes were observed at metaphase Ⅱ. The hybrids with heterosis and good seed setting was useful for breeding new type of Brassica campestris.

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Expression of mRNA and proteins of Bcl\|2 and Bax during the development in duck thymus

LIU Chun\|yu*， ZHU Pan\|pan*， FANG Jing**， JIANG Min， YIN Heng

2016, 28(1): 15.

Abstract ( 419 )

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In order to study the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax mRNA and their proteins during the embryonic and post embryonic development of Tianfu duck thymus， 65 Tianfu ducks were divided into 3 groups as follows: 22， 24 and 26 days at embryonic stage， and 0 （neonatal stage）， 3， 5， 8， 14， 17， 20， 26， 29 and 32 weeks after hatching. Immunohistochemisty and in situ hybridization techniques were used in this study. The results showed that Bcl-2 and Bax mRNA and their proteins were distributed in the thymic lymphocytes and epithelial cells. The BCL-2 positive ratios of lymphocytes in the thymic cortex and medulla were not changed from 22 days at embryonic stage to 17 weeks after hatching， but were decreased from 20 to 32 weeks after hatching. The BAX positive ratios of lymphocytes in the thymic cortex and medulla were kept unchanged from 20 to 26 days at embryonic stage and from 8 to 17 weeks after hatching， but were increased from 0 to 8 weeks and from 20 to 32 weeks after hatching. The BCL-2/BAX values of lymphocytes in the thymic cortex and medulla were not changed from 22 to 26 days at embryonic stage and from 8 to 17 weeks after hatching， but were decreased from 0 to 8 weeks and from 20 to 32 weeks after hatching. The change patterns of Bcl-2 mRNA and Bax mRNA positive ratios of lymphocytes in the thymic cortex and medulla were similar to their protein positive ratios， respectively. In each group， the BCL-2 protein， Bcl-2 mRNA positive ratios and BCL-2/BAX value of lymphocytes in the follicle cortex were significantly lower than those in the medulla， while the BAX protein and Bax mRNA positive ratios of lymphocytes in the follicle cortex were significantly higher than those in the medulla， respectively. This study indicated that Bcl-2， Bax genes and their proteins are important modulators for the lymphocyte apoptosis of Tianfu duck thymus.

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Effects of heat stress on glucose\|6\|phosphate dehydrogenase activity and the chromatin configuration in pig oocytes

2016, 28(1): 22.

Abstract ( 399 )

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Pig ovaries collected from the slaughterhouse were divided into heat stress group and control group. Immature oocytes were taken from ovaries in each group. Brilliant cresol blue staining method was used to study glucose\|6\|phosphate dehydrogenase （G6PD） activity of immature oocytes in each group. Hoechst 33342 was used to label DNA and distinguish the chromatin configuration. It was shown that the percentage of BCB+oocyte in heat stress group was significantly lower than that in control group（P＜0.05）. The proportions of chromatin configuration exhibited no significant differences between heat stress group and control group（P＞0.05）. The proportions of GV1 to GV3 had no significant difference between BCB+and BCB\|oocytes（P＞0.05）. In the control group， the proportion of GV4 chromatin configuration was obviously higher in BCB+oocytes than that in BCB-ones（P＜0.05）， but the proportion of GVBD had no significant difference（P＞0.05）. The proportion of GV4 chromatin configuration had no significant difference between BCB+and BCB-in the heat stress group（P＞0.05）， but the proportion of GVBD was obviously lower in BCB+oocytes than that in BCB-（P＜0.05）. In conclusion， the heat stress affected the metabolic activity of porcine immature oocytes， but had little effects on chromatin configuration.

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Correlation analyses between the body weight and body sizes of Gansu alpine fine\|wool sheep

WANG Zhi\|ming1， WANG Jie\|shu1， WANG Yi2， HAN Xiang\|min1，*， WANG Hua1

2016, 28(1): 28.

Abstract ( 467 )

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The phenotypic correlations，path coefficients， direct and indirect correlations between the body weight and several body sizes of Gansu alpine fine-wool sheep were analyzed by SPSS 190 software. Then the optimum regression equation between the body weight and body sizes was established. The results indicated that the body height （X1）， body length （X2）， chest circumference （X3） and chest depth （X4） showed significant correlations with the body weight at the 001 level. The phenotypic correlations were 0.766， 0.837， 0.834， 0.801， respectively. The body length （X2） and chest circumference （X3） had significant influences on the body weight directly and indirectly. However， the body height （X1） and chest depth （X4） showed effects on the body weight indirectly by assisting other characters. The optimal regression model of the body sizes （Xi） and body weight （Y） was established by the stepwise regression as Y=-43.851+0425X2+0.587X3. （R2=0.836， P<0.01）.

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Effects of compound Chai Qin particles on enzymic activity of CYP450 in duck with aflatoxicosis

LI Yang， GAO Zhu， RONG Qian， YANG Xiao\|min， ZHANG Rui， LI Ying\|lun*

2016, 28(1): 33.

Abstract ( 392 )

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An aflatoxin B1 （AFB1） poisoning model was firstly established in the present study. Ducks were divided into control group， Na2SeO3 group， model group， low/medium/high\|dose compound Chai Qin particles group. 7， 14， 21 d after treatment， liver tissues of ducks were taken to detect of the activities of CYP3A4， CYP1A2 and CYP2E1. Compared with model group， activities of CYP3A4， CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 in liver after 7， 14 d decreased significantly in three compound Chai Qin particles groups regardless of doses. Then， the activities of CYP3A4， CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 increased in these three groups after 21 d. But， there were no significant differences in the activities of CYP3A4， CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 among model group and compound Chai Qin particles groups. It was suggested that compound Chai Qin particles could effectively decrease activities of CYP1A2， CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 in the early treatment of aflatoxicosis by decreasing the activation of AFB1， which could reduce the chemical liver injury， and the increasing activities of CYP450 after 21 d treatment with compound Chai Qin particles might be caused by the increasing demand of CYP450 to metabolize AFB1.

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Effects of twenty\|five traditional antipyretic and antidote medicine extracts against Helicobacter pylori from swine in vitro

RONG Qian， DAI Peng\|fei， DENG Lin， QIN Hong\|xia， LI Ying\|lun*

2016, 28(1): 38.

Abstract ( 377 )

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Using ethanol reflux， water decoction or ultrasonic method， extracts of 25 different traditional antipyretic and antidote medicines were obtained. Inhibition zone diameters of above 25 extracts on Helicobacter pylori（Hp） from swine were detected by Oxford cup method. Minimal inhibitory concentration（MIC） were detected by macrodilution broth method， and combined antibacterial effects in vitro of them were also observed. MICs of the extracts obtained from rhizome coptidis， fructus canarii against Hp ranged from 156 to 312 mg·mL-1. MICs of the extracts obtained from flos lonicerae， radix tinosporae， folium isatidis， radix scrophulariae， radix sophorae tonkinensis， radix pulsatillea， herba violae， radix et rhizome rhei and herba taraxaci ranged from 12.50 to 25.00 mg·mL-1. MICs of the extracts obtained from caulis sargentodoxae， rhizome polygoni cuspidati， rhizoma belamcandae， caulis lonicerae， flos chrysanthemi， herba houttuyniae， fructus forsythiae， radix isatidis， herba leonuri， fructus chebulae and radix ampelopsis ranged from 50.00 to 100.00 mg·mL-1. MICs of the extracts obtained from rhizome cimicifugae， rhizome dryopteris crassirhizomatis and radix bupleuri exceeded 200.00 mg·mL-1. The results of pairwise joint bacteriostatic test showed that the fractional inhibitory concentration index （FICI） of the extracts from fructus canarii and radix tinosporea against Hp was less than or equal to 0.5. The FICI of fructus canarii/radix tinosporea with rhizome coptidis were more than 0.5， but less than or equal to 1. The FICI of fructus canarii/radix tinosporea/rhizome coptidis with flos lonicerae were more than 2. It was concluded that fructus canarii， radix tinosporea， rhizome coptidis， flos lonicerae showed a good antibacterial effect against Hp in vitro. The combination of fructus canarii and radix tinosporea was characterized by a synergism effect， whereas the combination of fructus canarii and rhizome coptidis， radix tinosporea and rhizome coptidis， respectively， was characterized by an additive effect. The combination of fructus canarii or radix tinosporea or rhizome coptidis with flos lonicerae showed a antagonism effect.

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Distribution of HCV infection related OCLN and CD81 in different tissues of Macaca mulatta lasiotis

HE Liu1，CHEN Zheng\|li1，2，LUO Qi\|hui1，2，*，DENG Juan1，XIA Yu1，SHI Liang\|qin1，CHENG An\|chun2

2016, 28(1): 44.

Abstract ( 343 )

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The study on hepatitis C virus （HCV） was restricted by lack of suitable animal model. Macaca mulatta lasiotis， known as macaque which has the similar genetic background with human， may be a suitable animal model for studying HCV infection. By testing the expression level of species tropism gene OCLN and CD81 in different macaque tissues， the possibility of using macaque as an effective animal model was explored with the expression level of HCV\|susceptible human liver cancer cell line of Huh 751 as the control. The results showed that OCLN and CD81 were expressed in liver， spleen， lungs， lymph nodes and spinal cord of macaque， but the expression levels were significantly lower than that in Huh 751（P＜0.01）. The expression of OCLN in liver was lower than that in lung， but CD81 expression in liver was higher than other tissues. In addition， the expression of OCLN in different tissues of macaque showed a similar pattern as that in human， with a decreasing order of lung＞liver＞spleen. It was concluded that the low expression level of OCLN and CD81 in macaque could lead to the ineffective combination of HCV and target tissue， which was possibly related to the inefficiency of macaque as a suitable animal model for HCV. In future， the expression level of OCLN and CD81 in macaque may be enhanced by genetic manipulation， so as to improve the HCV\|infection of macaque.

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Study on nitrogen absorption and operation mechanism of citrus tree in two fertilization modes

LI Qing\|nan，CAO Shu\|yan，GU Xian\|jie，XIONG Bo，YE Shuang，QIU Xia，WANG Zhi\|hui*

2016, 28(1): 51.

Abstract ( 427 )

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With 8\|year\|old Huangguogan in Shimian as materials，15N\|urea and urea were fertilized through two modes including the key phenophase （germination period，strong period of summer shoot，rapid enlargement of the fruit，veraison） fertilization and conventional （the falling period，strong period of summer shoot） fertilization. The difference in Ndff value in fruits and leaves during the strong periods of summer shoot，rapid enlargement of the fruit and veraison， and Ndff value，the distribution rate of 15N，the utilization rate of 15N in different parts of the tree during the maturity period were measured. The results showed that：in the three key periods of rapid enlargement of the fruit，veraison and maturity，the Ndff value of citrus fruit in the key phenophase fertilization mode was notable higher than that in conventional fertilization mode，the Ndff value of citrus leaves in veraison was notable lower than the other three phenophases in the two modes，which were 2.04 （the key phenophase fertilization） and 2.01（conventional fertilization） respectively. In the maturity period，the distribution rates of 15N were the highest in fruits both in the two modes，in which the distribution rate of 15N in fruits in the key phenophase fertilization mode was 502%，significantly higher than 45.7% in the conventional fertilization mode; Meanwhile， the utilization rate of 15N of citrus tree in the key phenophase fertilization mode was 35.7%，which was also significantly higher than 27.8% in the conventional fertilization mode. It was indicated that nitrogen could be absorbed and utilized much more fully by citrus trees in the key phenophase fertilization mode.

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Diversity and structure of endophytic bacteria in Menthae Haplocalycis Herba

CHEN Ze\|bin1，2， LI Bing3，*， WANG Ding\|kang4， YU Lei1， XU Sheng\|guang1， ZHANG Yong\|fu1， REN Zhen1

2016, 28(1): 56.

Abstract ( 409 )

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In order to investigate the endophytic bacterial community， leaves samples were collected from Menthae Haplocalycis Herba. The 16S rDNA\|V4 region of leaves collected from Menthae Haplocalycis Herba were sequenced by Illumina MiSeq high\|throughput sequencing technology. Using Qiime and Mothur softwares， the number of sequences and operational taxonomic units （OTUs） for sample was sorted and calculated， the species abundance and distribution， Alpha diversity index and difference in species abundance among samples were analyzed. The number of effective sequences and OTUs for each sample were 60 034/226. The rarefaction curves showed that adequate sampling was achieved. The number of OTUs was close to saturation. The chao 1 and Shannon indexes of sample BH were 226.0 and 2.538, respectively. The species of endophytic bacteria in Menthae Haplocalycis Herba belonged to Acidovorax （65.34%）， Sphingomonas （17.32%）， Pedobacter （5.88%）， Methylobacterium （4.33%）， Luteolibacter （1.94%）， Agrobacterium （1.53%）， Sphingobacterium （1.30%）， Chryseobacterium （0.92%）， Flavobacterium （0.78%） and Dyadobacter （0.67%）. The dominant species were Acidovorax and Sphingomonas with a percentage of 65.34% and 17.32% respectively. Illumina high\|throughput sequencing technology provided more accurate and scientific data resources for the study of endophytic bacteria in Menthae Haplocalycis Herba.

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Identification and analysis of GPX genes in Chinese cabbage

2016, 28(1): 64.

Abstract ( 555 )

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To study the biological characteristics of glutathione peroxidase （GPX） genes in cabbage， 10 GPX genes were screened from the whole genome database of cabbage. Then expression levels of these GPX genes were analyzed based on cabbage transcriptome RNA\|Seq data at embryonic development and in different organs. Meantime， gene mapping， promoter， gene structure， phylogenetic tree and expression level of these 10 GPX genes were studied using bioinformatics tools. The results showed that there were six introns in the coding region of BrGPX5， while other genes only had five introns， which indicated that BrGPX5 gene obtained an intron during evolution， resulting in increased molecular weight of the amino acid. In addition， there were two and above E-box elements in the promoter region of each GPX gene in Chinese cabbage.

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Effects of intermediate stock Liaozhen No.2 on nutrient contents in different parts of Huahong apple tree

YUAN Ji\|cun， ZHAO De\|ying*， XU Kai， CHENG Cun\|gang

2016, 28(1): 70.

Abstract ( 358 )

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This experiment took biennial potted Huahong apple as test material to study the effects of grafting of intermediate stock Liaozhen No.2 on the mineral elements contents in different parts of Huahong apple tree. The results showed that after grafting of intermediate stock Liaozhen No.2， the absorption and utilization of mineral elements in leaves， shoots， trunk， trap roots and lateral roots of Huahong apple tree all increased. The content of the same mineral element was distinctly different in different parts. The content of Fe in trap roots was obviously higher than that in other three parts， while the content of other mineral elements were all the highest in leaves. The content of the same mineral element was apparently different in different diameter classes of roots and all mineral element contents showed the highest amount in the roots with d≤0.5 mm, except the K element in the control.

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Physiological changes of Arenga pinnata to drought stress and re\|watering process

RUAN Zhi\|ping1，2

2016, 28(1): 74.

Abstract ( 440 )

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To evaluate the physiological response of Arenga pinnata to drought stress and re\|watering process， activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， the contents of proline， soluble protein and malondialdehyde （MDA）， relative electrical conductivity and chlorophyll contents in the leaves and roots of A.pinnata were determined when the two-year seedlings were subjected to 0 （control）， 7， 14， 21 d drought stress， and 3， 6 d re-watering. The results showed as follows: The SOD activities in leaves varied significantly under different treatments， and SOD activities in roots under drought stresses and re\|watering were significantly higher than those of the control. The contents of proline increased significantly under 21 d drought stress, and decreased drastically then. However， the contents of soluble protein in leaves and roots decreased significantly under 14 and 21 d drought stress， and increased drastically during re-watering process. MDA contents in leaves and roots showed the contrary change trends. The relative electrical conductivity in leaves and roots increased drastically under 14 and 21 d drought stresses, then decreased during re-watering process. The contents of chlorophyll increased and reached to the maximum under 21 d drought stress. The dynamic tendencies of proline content， soluable protein content and relative electrical conductivity in leaves were similar to those in roots. However， different change trends of SOD activities were observed in leaves and roots， which also for MDA contents. The physiological change trends indicated the synergistic effects in leaves and roots of A.pinnata to drought stress and re-watering process.

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Concentrations of heavy metals，pesticide residues and Se in Grifola frondosa with different cultivation methods

2016, 28(1): 79.

Abstract ( 437 )

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In order to find out the differences among Grifola frondosa with different cultivation methods，monitoring was conducted for 3 years in 10 growers. Both heavy metals and pesticide residues in spring Grifola frondosa， autumn Grifola frondosa with overlying soil， autumn Grifola frondosa without overlying soil， and their corresponding culture media were determined. The results showed that Pb content in autumn Grifola frondosa with overlying soil was 2.81 mg·kg-1， exceeding the maximum limit （1.0 mg·kg-1）set in GB 2762—2012， which may be caused by the high concentration of Pb in overlying soil. The cultivation method of autumn Grifola frondosa without overlying soil could control the enrichment of Pb. The result also showed that Pb concentration in autumn Grifola frondosa without overlying soil was 0.120 mg·kg-1，which was within the maximum limit. The organophosphorus， organochlorine， pyrethroid and carbamate pesticide residues in spring Grifola frondosa，autumn Grifola frondosa with overlying soil， autumn Grifola frondosa without overlying soil were not detected. Se contents in autumn Grifola frondosa with overlying soil， spring Grifola frondosa，autumn Grifola frondosa without overlying soil were 0.200，0.080， 0.133 mg·kg-1， respectively. The cultivation method of autumn Grifola frondosa without overlying soil could block the enrichment of Pb through the culture medium. The Pb， Cd， carbendazim， carbofuran， deltamethrin， bifenthrin， fenpropathrin， beta cypermethrin in Grifola frondosa without overlying soil was within the national standard. Grifola frondosa cultivated without overlying soil had the same yield as with overlying soil， but the income was doubled. In conclusion， concentrations of heavy metals， pesticide residues and Se in Grifola frondosa with different culture medium were determined in the present stuty，and the results may provide technical support for quality and safety control of Grifola frondosa cultivation.

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In vitro susceptibility evaluation of citrus cultivars to Alternaria alternata pv. citri

FU Yu\|shi1， LUO Jun\|qin2， XU Jian\|guo2， LI Hong\|ye1，*

2016, 28(1): 84.

Abstract ( 348 )

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Alternaria brown spot （Alternaria alternata pv. citri） is a highly destructive disease of tangerines and hybrids of tangerine and grapefruit， or tangerine and orange， which causes defoliation， fruit dropping and dieback， and reduces fruit marketability due to the lesions on the fruit surface. In this paper， the susceptibility of 42 citrus cultivars to this disease were evaluated through inoculating the conidia suspension of A.alternata pv. citri onto the detached young leaves. The result showed that tangerines （Oota ponkan， Xinshengxi No.3 ponkan， Yanxiwanlu ponkan， Hongju 418， Yang xiao 2-6 Nanfengmiju， Ruju， Wuhe Zaoju， Ougan and Mantouhong） were highly susceptible to this pathogen， while Dongjiang Bendizao， Zhuhong and Shatangju showed immunity. Hybrids （Minneola， Orlando， Nova， Kara， Sedoka， Amakusa， Tsunokaori and Murcott） were highly susceptible to A.alternata pv. citri， while Otani-iyo and Nishinoka were slightly susceptible and Ellendale， Hongyugan， Kiyomi， Shiranui and Nankou were immune. Orange， pummelo and lemon were immune to this disease. The susceptibility of other cultivars such as Satsuma， Changshanhuyou and Kumquat remains to be further determined.

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Screening of adjuvants for bioherbicidal fungus Helminthosporium gramineum

2016, 28(1): 90.

Abstract ( 473 )

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Helminthosporium gramineum was isolated from infected barnyard grass and considered as a potential biocontrol candidate based on its epidemiological traits and crop safety. Its conidia showed great promise as a bioherbicidal agent for control of barnyard grass in rice fields. Thus， this study was conducted to screen conidia adjuvants for bioherbicidal fungus H.gramineum based on the biological compatibility， dispersion force， stability and other evaluation indictors. The results showed that there was better biological compatibility when SP-20， soybean oil and CMC were considered as surfactants， vegetable oil adjuvant and stabilizer, respectively. They did not significantly inhibit the mycelia growth and conidia germination. The dispersion index （I） of conidia suspensions was 0094 after addition of SP-20 as surfactants， which indicated higher dispersion force. The slope of linear fitting was minimal as 0.232 when CMC was used as stabilizer， which showed better stability. These results of adjuvants would be helpful for developing H.gramineum formulations.

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Effects of biochar and nitrogen fertilizers on dry matter accumulation of flue\|cured tobacco and soil biological characteristics

2016, 28(1): 96.

Abstract ( 578 )

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Changes of dry matter accumulation， enzymatic activity of flue\|cured tobacco， microbial biomass carbon （MBC） and soil organic carbon were studied at different growth stages to explore the effects of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer on tobacco growth and soil biological characteristics via a field experiment. It was shown that at N1 （22.5 kg·hm-2）， N2 （37.5 kg·hm-2） and N3 levels （52.5 kg·hm-2）， application of 2.4 t·hm-2 biochar remarkably improved dry matter accumulation in the middle and late growth stage of flue\|cured tobacco and utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer after 90 d of transplanting， and the nitrogen utilization efficiency increased the most at low nitrogen level（N1）. For all 3 N levels， application of biochar restrained sucrase activity. Meanwhile， for N1 and N2 levels， application of biochar could significantly increase urease and catalase activity. Besides， application of 2.4 t·hm-2 biochar significantly increased MBC content in the late growth stage of flue\|cured tobacco at N1 and N2 levels. Application of biochar with nitrogen fertilizers could remarkably increase soil organic carbon content during the whole growth period of flue\|cured tobacco. In general， application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer could improve soil biological characteristics and promote the growth of flue\|cured tobacco， and at a low nitrogen level， application of 2.4 t·hm-2 biochar exhibited a better effect.

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Changes in vertical distribution characteristics of soil pH and humus fractions after paddy field switched to tea garden in west Sichuan Basin

YUAN Da\|gang， PU Guang\|lan， CHENG Wei\|li， WANG Chang\|quan， HE Gang

2016, 28(1): 104.

Abstract ( 456 )

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In order to investigate the vertical distribution characteristics of soil pH and humus fractions in bleached paddy soil under 2 land use types， i.e. tea garden and paddy field， the pH， and the content of total humus carbon （CT） and its fractions in each soil layer were studied by sampling method of equal interval. The results were as follows: （1） Both paddy field and tea garden soil showed acid to strong acid reaction. However， after tea plantation， the acidification of bleached paddy soil increased; （2） On the whole， the vertical distribution characteristics about the content of CT and its fractions under both paddy field and tea garden appeared descend trend from surface layer to bottom layer. Meanwhile， the profile distribution characteristics of CT and its fractions were closely related to root distribution depth. The content of CT and its fractions below 30 cm soil layer under paddy field declined significantly. However， within 0—60 cm range under tea garden， it declined slowly; （3） The transformation from paddy field into tea garden favored the formation and accumulation of total humus carbon（CT） and fulvic acid carbon （CFA）. On the other hand， the content of humic acid carbon （CHA） and humin carbon （CHM） varied within different soil layers， as they were only accumulated in 40—60 cm soil layer other than in 0—30 cm soil layer; （4） The value of CFA/CT and CHA+FA/CT in each soil layer of tea garden was higher than that in paddy field， but the CHM/CT value was higher in paddy field than in tea garden. The value of CHA/CFA and CHA/CT varied within different soil layers. For instance， in 0—30 cm soil layer， it was higher in paddy field than that in tea garden. However， it was higher in tea garden than that in paddy field in 40—60 cm soil layer; （5） When the pH value was lower， the content of total carbon and its fractions were higher， and vice versa.

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Estimation and evaluation of agricultural non\|point source pollution load by stage export coefficient model: A case study in Sichuan Province

GUI Ping\|jing1， WANG Feng1， LI Shan\|pu1， ZHOU Xi2， ZOU Li\|kou2， FAN Liang\|qian1，*

2016, 28(1): 110.

Abstract ( 354 )

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The traditional export coefficient model for agricultural non\|point source pollution （ANSP） load estimation can not calculate the ANSP load in different stages. Based on the export coefficient model， the stage load estimation model of ANSP was established from stages of generation， discharge and export， respectively. In the stage model， the source of ANSP was divided into agriculture land， livestock and poultry breeding and rural living. Subsequently， Sichuan Province was taken as a case study area， and the total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorous （TP） loads in each stage in 2012 was calculated by the stage model. According to the stage loads of TN and TP， the main pollution source and main polluted districts were analyzed in each ANSP formation stage. It was shown that agriculture land was the main pollution source in generation stage， while livestock and poultry breeding were the main sources of ANSP in both discharge and export stages. Moreover， main polluted areas with high pollution generation load intensity of ANSP were found， including Suining， Bazhong， Yaan and Deyang. Aba was the area where the biggest discharge load in per farmland area was found， and Suining was the region where the surface water was polluted the most seriously by ANSP in whole Sichuan Province. In conclusion， the stage load estimation model could calculate and assess the stage load of ANSP simply and effectively， and the present study could provide theoretical support for the control of ANSP.

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Soil organic carbon and its active components characteristics under different land utilization types at the periphery of city wetlands

JIAN Xing1，2， WANG Song3， WANG Yu\|liang3， WANG Jian\|fei1，2

2016, 28(1): 119.

Abstract ( 569 )

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In order to reveal the action mechanism between land use types and soil organic carbon components， five land utilization types， including woodland， shelter forest， aquaculture land， park green land and cultivated land， were selected as the study objects. It was shown that soil organic carbon （SOC） aggregated in the surface layer. Compared to the other land use types， woodland exhibited higher carbon sequestration capacity. The quantity distribution proportion of soil easily oxidized carbon （EOC） exhibited limited variation within the same land use type. The quantity distribution proportion of particulate organic carbon （POC） in 0-10 cm soil layer showed aggregation in park green land， shelter forest， and aquaculture land， and the variation of POC below 10 cm soil layer in these three land use types was small. SOC， EOC and POC contents showed significant correlations among each other at 0.01 level. Compared with SOC and EOC， POC in 0-10 cm soil layer was more sensitive to changes of land use type in park green land and aquaculture land.

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Effects of organic fertilizers on transformation and migration of soil heavy metals under flooded condition

2016, 28(1): 127.

Abstract ( 490 )

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A soil column experiment and BCR sequential extraction were applied together to investigate the chemical forms and migration risk of zinc （Zn）， copper （Cu）， lead （Pb） and cadmium （Cd） in the farm land soil. It was shown that application of different organic fertilizers had minimal effect on migration of heavy metals. After 9 months flooding， Zn， Cu， Pb and Cd migrated from the topsoil （0—20 cm） down about 2 cm （focusing on 20—22 cm soil layer）， which indicated limited pollution to the deep soil layers. After adding organic fertilizers， with the increase of flooded time， the percentage of acid\|extractable fraction decreased， while the reducible fraction increased， which indicated that organic fertilizers had certain inhibition effect on availability of heavy metals. The content of oxidizable and residual fraction remained substantially constant during this process， and the total percentage of oxidizable and residual fraction was less than 15%.

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Effect of fully wettish and water logging cultivation on greenhouse soil salinization

LIU Ye， PAN Rui\|rui， JIANG Jie\|zeng*， YAN Wu\|wei

2016, 28(1): 134.

Abstract ( 328 )

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In the present study， 3 treatments including continuous drought （control）， fully wettish and water logging cultivation were set， and after these treatments， 2 crops of pakchoi were cultivated in the greenhouse. Soil EC value， NO-3 content and soil enzyme activity in different soil layers before and after pakchoi cultivation were tested and analyzed， respectively， to compare the effect of fully wettish and water logging cultivation on greenhouse soil salinization. It was shown that there was no significant difference in pakchoi yield by two water\|cultivation treatments. Soil EC value and NO-3 content in different soil layers under 2 water\|cultivation treatments were all smaller than the control. After cultivation of pakchoi， the soil EC value in 0-10 cm soil layer was increased by 83.66%， 48.88%， respectively， under fully wettish and water logging， while it was increased by 105.76% under control. Similarly， soil NO3- content in 0-10 cm soil layer after pakchoi cultivation was increased by 27.70%， 42.95%， respectively， under fully wettish and water logging， while it was increased by 98.83% under control. All these results suggested that two water\|cultivation treatments were effective in delaying salinization under greenhouse.

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Ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediment in coastal areas in southern Zhejiang

CHEN Xing\|xing， HUANG Zhen\|hua， WU Yue， LU Rong\|mao， YE Shen， KE Ai\|ying*

2016, 28(1): 139.

Abstract ( 304 )

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The contents of heavy metals in surface sediment in coastal areas in southern Zhejiang were analyzed， and the ecological risk of heavy metals were assessed by Hakanson potential ecological risk index method and coefficient of contaminates. It was shown that the situations of heavy metals pollution of each sampling site in the three areas were similar. The contamination status of Cu， Pb， Zn and Cr reached medium level. The average comprehensive pollution index of the three areas was 6.44， 7.23 and 6.45， respectively， which belonged to the low pollution level. The ecological risk index of the three areas decreased as DT（45.29）>CN（42.26）>QJK （42.16）， which were all below 150 and exhibited low ecological risk. For spatial distribution， the pollution level reduced by degrees with the distance far away from the coast in CN and QJK.

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Effects of Huanglongbing on fruit quality of Shatangju （Citrus reticulata Blanco）

WANG Sheng\|tong， ZHENG Zheng， BAO Min\|li， XU Mei\|rong， DENG Xiao\|ling*

2016, 28(1): 145.

Abstract ( 584 )

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To comprehensively evaluate the effect of Huanglongbing（HLB） on Shatangju （Citrus reticulate Blanco cv. Shatangju）， the fruits were collected from healthy trees and HLB\|infected trees， the indexes of fruit quality including appearance quality traits， fruit internal quality， sensory evaluation and coloring quality were quantitatively evaluated. The results showed that compared with the healthy fruits， the single fruit weight of the fruits picked from HLB\|infected trees were decreased， the total soluble solids content（Brix）， vitamin C（Vc） content ， brix/acidity ratio（TSS/TA）， edible rate and juice percentage were significantly reduced， while the titratable acid（TA） content and fruit firmness significantly increased. The differences in coloring quality of pulp and rind between the two kinds of fruits were significant. The sensory evaluation results showed that the citrus flavor， richness and eating quality of HLB\|infected fruits were apparently decreased compared with the healthy fruits， while off\|flavor degree increased sharply. In summary， HLB showed a significant impact on size， shape， firmness， coloring， sensory evaluation， internal quality and so on， which caused enormous reduction in fruit quality of Shatangju， so more attention should be paid to the prevention and control of HLB\|infected Shatangju.

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Comparison of fruit nutritional qualities and functional compounds of Changshan\|huyou and grapefruit

2016, 28(1): 150.

Abstract ( 557 )

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The appearance characteristics （fruit weight， indexes of fruit shape and peel thickness）， contents of nutritive ingredients （total soluble solids， total sugars， reducing sugars， total acids， vitamin C， minerals and amino acids） and functional compounds （flavonoids， limonoids and essential oil） of Changshan\|huyou and grapefruit were analyzed and compared. The results showed that the contents of bitter compounds （naringin and limonoids） and total acids in Changshan\|huyou were lower than those in grapefruit， and the contents of total sugars， total soluble solids and minerals （calcium， iron， zinc， selenium） in Changshan\|huyou were higher than those in grapefruit. While contents of naringin and limonoids in red pulp grapefruit were much higher than the others in this study. The essential oil contents in two kinds of grapefruit were higher than those in Changshan\|huyou. The taste of grapefruit was more bitter and sourer than that of Changshan\|huyou. However， both Changshan\|huyou and grapefruit contained abundant nutrient substance and functional compounds， and had high nutrition and healthy value. This study would be a certain guide to the production and consumption of these two kinds of citrus.

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Optimization of Maillard reaction conditions of abalone cooking liquor

2016, 28(1): 157.

Abstract ( 410 )

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Abalone cooking liquor, Maillard reaction product with special flavor, was obtained through Maillard reaction. On the basis of single factor experiments， response surface method was used to optimize Maillard reaction process， and the mathematical model among temperature， time， sugar concentration and the degree of browning， intermediate， free amino acid content， was established. The technological conditions were optimized by the quadratic regression model， which were temperature 115 ℃， time 84 min， sugar concentration （glucose∶xylose=2∶3） 5%. In such conditions， the reaction liquid was red brown with strong toasty， and the indexes of Maillard reaction were measured as D420=0.552， D294=0.653， and free amino acid content was 3.93 mg·mL-1.

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Study on the pasteurization technology of instant rice

CHEN Li\|min1，2，ZHANG Qiang1，GAO Hai\|yan1，ZHOU De\|xing2，CHEN Hang\|jun1，*

2016, 28(1): 165.

Abstract ( 666 )

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The instant rice was produced using the japonica rice 88 as raw material and its pasteurization technology was researched. The optimal pasteurization parameters of instant rice were obtained by analyzing the physical and chemical indexes， texture profile and total numbers of colony during storage and the sensory evaluation， and the results was 85 ℃ sterilizing for 25 min or 95 ℃ sterilizing for 20 min. The pasteurized rice kept good quality and its microbial index met the relevant national standards when stored at 5 ℃ for 20 days.

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Influencing factors and research progress on transformation of watermelon by Agrobacterium

ZHAO Xiao\|qiang， NIU Xiao\|wei， FAN Min*

2016, 28(1): 171.

Abstract ( 402 )

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Agrobacterium\|mediated genetic transformation was the commonly used method in the watermelon genetic engineering. On the basis of an introduction about the influencing factors of Agrobacterium\|mediated transformation of watermelon and the application of transgenic watermelon， this study summarized the major influencing factors in genetic transformation process of watermelon， such as the strain of Agrobacterium， the type of vector， the age of seedling， the type of explants， pre\|culture time， co\|culture time， the concentration and time of infection， the type and concentration of antibiotics and the concentration of acetosyringone. The application value and achievement of transgenic watermelon were also reviewed.

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