Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

Correlation analysis of leaf vegetation index NDVI and PRI of Northeast japonica rice

CHEN Chun-ling, MA Hang, XU Tong-yu, ZHOU Yun-cheng, YU Feng-hua, YU Chang-le

2016, 28(12): 1963-1969. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.01

Abstract ( 584 )

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Typical japonica rice in the northeast area was taken as an example, the japonica rice leaf vegetation index NDVI and PRI were measured by using vegetation index measuring instrument PlantPen, and the growth process of rice was divided into four growth periods in accord with the phenological process. Firstly, the correlation analysis of NDVI and PRI was carried out by using the method of dual distance variable correlation analysis; Then, the NDVI fitting regression model of PRI was established by using linear regression and Cubic curve regression, and the goodness of fit and accuracy of regression model were verified; meanwhile, the fitting effect and test results of linear regression model with Cubic curve regression model were analyzed. The results showed that the leaf vegetation index NDVI and PRI in different growth periods of japonica rice showed significant correlation, and the correlation increased with the growth process of japonica rice. Both of the linear regression model and Cubic curve regression model could make good fitting PRI, NDVI in japonica rice growth process, and the fitting effect became better and better. The four corresponding indexes determination coefficient(R²), root mean square error (RMSE), absolute percentage error (MAPE) of Cubic curve regression model were 0.805 5, 0.035 8, 0.534%; and those of the linear regression model were 0.765 3, 0.048 8, 1.365%. It was obvious that the Cubic curve regression model had smaller RMSE and MAPE values and larger R² value. Thus, its goodness of fit and inspection accuracy were better than the simple linear regression model, which could be used as a reference model for NDVI inversion PRI.

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Influence of different cultivation conditions on stalk lodging resistances of hybrid late rice (Oryza sativa L.)

DENG Jie-lou, OU-YANG Bai-ling, ZHANG Gao-yang, ZHOU Mu-hua, GUI Zai-zhi, ZHU Yuan-yuan, WANG Peng-fei

2016, 28(12): 1970-1978. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.02

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Lodging is one of the important constraints to high yield and stable production of rice. This study investigated the effects of nitrogen and cultivation density application on stem lodging resistance and its relationship with stem morphological and mechanical traits. The mechanisms of stem lodging resistance were explored. Results of the study would provide a theoretical basis for lodging resistance and high yield cultivation of rice. Three indica rice cv. hybrid late rice varieties with different lodging resistance were grown in field experiments conducted with three nitrogen and three cultivation density levels at Shangrao. Lodging index, morphological and mechanical traits of basal culms were measured. Results showed that with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer and plant density, the first stem basal internode became spindling, the second and third internode length showed increasing first and then fall, stem wall became thinning, stem type index decreased, which improved the ability of stem lodging index and reduced lodging resistance; The rice group was large under the cultivation of high nitrogen and density, which inhibited it's growth, and increased angle of inclination and lodging index of rice stem leading to easy lodging. The lodging index had positive correlation with plant height, basal elongation internode length and negative correlation with stem diameter, stem thickness, type index; To a certain extent, increasing nitrogen fertilizer and density could increase the stem length and bending moment, reduce the wall thickness, mechanical strength, and bending moment (M), which reduced the lodging resistance capability, improved rice stem lodging index (LI). Lodging resistance of rice were stronger under medium nitrogen fertilizer (160 kg·hm^-2) and density (20.0 cm×16.6 cm) cultivation condition.

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Discussion of the method of quality breeding in Brassica napus

LIN Bao-gang, ZHANG Dong-qing, DING Hou-dong, ZHANG Yao-feng, YU Hua-sheng, HUA Shui-jin, SHAO Mei-hong, LIU Hua-zhou

2016, 28(12): 1979-1984. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.03

Abstract ( 674 )

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In order to improve the contents of oil and oleic acid in Brassica napus, a new method of rapeseed quality breeding, advanced selection based on superior pool was put forward according to the genetic law of oil content and combined with many years of breeding experience. The core of this method was the construction of superior groups pool quality, superior combinations selection of natural pollination in low generations (F₁-F₂), individual plant selection of self-pollination and natural pollination in the middle generations (F₃-F₅). The yield and quality stability of rapeseed were determined by using the multi-environment cultivation after the formation of stable strains of high yield and high quality in F₆-F₈ generation. Lines with small variation range, excellent quality and high yield were selected to participate in all levels of testing. The oil content of Zheyou 50, Zheyou 51, Zheyou 33 and Zheyou 21 bred by the method were higher than 47%. The oil content and yield were in the domestic leading level. Zheyou 80 was the first variety with high oleic acid in China.

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Cloning of duck IL-2 gene promoter and correlation analysis about polymorphism in the promoter region with its expression levels

ZHANG Tao, LIU He-he, LUO Jun, LI Liang, HUANG Hui-lan, HE Hua

2016, 28(12): 1985-1991. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.04

Abstract ( 589 )

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To study the effect of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of duck IL-2 gene regulatory region on transcriptional regulation, a 2 850 bp promoter sequence of duck IL-2 gene was obtained by cloning. The homology analysis showed that the homology of duck IL-2 promoter sequence with human, mouse and chicken was 35.37%, 37.52% and 34.74%, respectively. The core transcription factor binding sites was concentrated at the region (-1400/-1000). The detecting of SNP and genetic polymorphism of duck IL-2 gene promoter fragment (-1932/-742) found two polymorphism sites (C-1406T and C-1353A). Allele A was the predominant allele, and both polymorphism sites were not in Hardy-Weinberg. Correlation analysis showed that the mRNA expression levels of IL-2 gene and IL-2 protein levels had no significant relationship with different genotypes of the polymorphism sites. However, the expression levels of IL-2 mRNA in individuals with genotype AA were higher than those in other genotypes (P>0.05), suggesting that the allele A might promote the transcription of IL-2 gene. The results provided a theoretical basis for studies on the transcription regulation mechanism of IL-2 gene.

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Epidemiological survey of porcine sapelovirus and genetic variation analysis of 1B gene in Sichuan Province

LI Yu-meng, GUO Bo, XU Yi-Fei, CHEN Ying-qi, CAI Yao, LI Xiao-Jing, GONG Shuang-yan, XU Zhi-wen, ZHU Ling

2016, 28(12): 1992-1999. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.05

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To investigate the prevalence of porcine sapelovirus (PSV), a total of 428 fecal samples from pigs with diarrhea were collected from 34 pig farms during 2015 to 2016 in Sichuan Province, and PSV in these samples was detected by using qRT-PCR. The results revealed that 114 (26.6%) samples and 20 (58.8%) farms were positive for PSV, which indicated that PSV infections in pig herds were endemic in Sichuan province. The 14 novel PSV 1B nucleotide sequences were obtained by RT-PCR and confirmed by sequencing (GenBank accession No.: KU323644-KU323657). Nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequence homologies were 90.6%-100% and 97.1%-100%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the novel Sichuan strains belong to a group with the strains from other provinces of China. There was no major gene mutation, which showed that the gene of PSV was highly conserved in China. The novel Sichuan strains,Korea strains,Germany strains and Britain strains were in different branches, which could indicate that the prevalence of PSV in our country might be independent evolution.

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Expression and distribution of OB-Rb and NPY in ovary of giant panda

LUO Qi-hui, WANG Cheng-dong, LI De-sheng, DENG Lin-hua, LI Cai-wu, CHEN Zheng-li, HUANG Chao

2016, 28(12): 2000-2006. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.06

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In order to explore the effect of long-form leptin receptor (OB-Rb) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) on reproductive regulation of giant panda, the ovarian histology structure, expression of OB-Rb and NPY in ovaries of 5 cases of giant panda were studied by HE staining and immunohistochemical SABC. Results showed that the numbers of ovarian follicles in different stages were small, especially the middle or late follicle, while the numbers of primitive follicles and atresia follicles were relatively greater. OB-Rb and NPY were expressed in ovaries. The OB-Rb positive products were distributed in granulosa cells, theca cells and granular lutein cells of corpus luteum. The NPY positive fiber and products were unevenly distributed in ovarian parts, which formed as beads or dots. The NPY positive nerve mainly distributed around blood vessels, in follicular, corpus luteum and granulosa cells. Results showed that small number of follicle was the features of giant panda's ovarian, which may be closely related with its low reproductive ability, and OB-Rb and NPY participated in the regulation of ovarian follicle development.

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Assessment of integrity of total RNA extracted from Penaeus vannamei

YI Le-fei, MU Liang-liang, ZHONG Gai

2016, 28(12): 2007-2013. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.07

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The denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining is the most common method used to assess the integrity of total RNA. The 28S rRNA band is approximately twice as intense as the 18S rRNA band after running an intact total RNA sample on a denaturing gel. If the 28S:18S rRNA ratio is less than 2, it is likely that the RNA sample suffered degradation during preparation. The less the ratio is, the more is the degradation. In order to check whether it works for agarose gel analysis to assess the integrity of total RNA extracted from Penaeus vannamei, the integrity of rRNA and mRNA was assessed using two different methods, gel electrophoresis and 3':5' assay in this paper. Total RNA was extracted from Penaeus vannamei with TRIzol reagent and treated by DNase I. A very low value of 28S:18S rRNA ratio, far less than 2, was observed using agarose gel analysis, which suggested the degradation of total RNA sample during preparation. However, using the same total RNA as template, two genes of about 1 100 bp were successfully amplified by reverse transcription PCR. Furthermore, a 3':5' assay was carried out based on the same total RNA. The 3':5' assay was independent of the rRNA integrity and could assess the mRNA integrity directly. A reverse transcription reaction was primed using oligo (dT), and a real time quantitative PCR assay was used to quantitate the levels of 3' and 5' target sequences from ACT and eEF1A mRNA. The 3':5' ratio of ACT and eEF1A mRNA were 2.79 and 1.53, respectively, which indicated the high integrity of mRNA. So gel electrophoresis of RNA underestimated the integrity of total RNA. The reliable assessment of the integrity of total RNA would need the 3':5' assay.

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Effects of microbial solid-state fermentation on nutritional value of feeds

WU Yi-fei, SUN Hong, LI Yuan-cheng, WANG Xin, LIU Yong, YAO Xiao-hong, TANG Jiang-wu

2016, 28(12): 2014-2020. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.08

Abstract ( 731 )

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To determine the effects of microbial solid-state fermentation on nutritional compositions and in vitro functional activity, the formula feed consisted of corn, soybean meal and wheat bran was fermented with single Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain or mixed stain of S. cerevisiae and Lactobacillus casei. It was shown that contents of crude protein, total phosphorus and low-molecular weight peptide were increased (P<0.05), whereas the crude fat content was decreased (P<0.05). Amino acid determination depicted an increase (P<0.05) in concentrations of aspartate, serine, tyramine, phenylalanine and arginine after the single or mixed fermentation. Moreover, the total amino acid concentration was higher (P<0.05) in S. cerevisiae-fermented feeds, compared with un-fermented feed. The contents of total phenol, VB2, VB6, caffeic acid and pyrogallic acid were also increased (P<0.05). Functional assessment in vitro showed that the water extracts of fermented feed had anti-microbial effect (P<0.05) on the growth of intestinal pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus and Salmonella enterica. The extracts also had promoting effect (P<0.05) on the growth of S. cerevisiae and L. casei. In conclusion, the fermentation with S. cerevisiae alone or mixed with L. casei could improve the nutritional quality of feeds.

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Correlation analysis of DRB1 gene intron 2 microsatellite polymorphism and growth rate on Gansu Alpine Merino

CHENG Shu-ru, WANG Hua, FAN Qing-shan, WANG Xin-rong, ZHANG Li-ping, WU Jian-ping

2016, 28(12): 2021-2027. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.09

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The correlation of the Gansu Alpine Merino DRB1 gene intron 2 microsatellite polymorphism and growth performance were analyzed by growth performance measurement, DNA sequencing and microsatellite DNA polymorphism detection. The results showed that the Gansu Alpine Merino DRB1 gene intron 2 microsatellite repeat unit was composed of GT and GA, which belonged to compound microsatellite type. Thirteen alleles and forty genotypes were detected on 220 Gansu Alpine Merino, allele 201, 195 and 193 bp were advantagous, genotype 201/201 bp was advantagous. The microsatellite locus PIC was 0.830, the heterozygosity was 0.847, which was a highly polymorphic locus. Analysis of correlation indicated that the birth weights of 183, 191, 207 and 197 bp alleles on Gansu Alpine Merino groups were significantly higher than those of the 165, 219, 195, 213 and 203 bp allele populations (P<0.01), at the same time significantly higher than that of the 179, 189, 193 and 201 bp allele populations (P<0.05), birth weights of the group containing 179, 189, 193 and 201 bp allele were significantly higher those that of the 165, 219,165, 213 and 203 bp alleles population (P<0.05). For Gansu Alpine Merino, based on the comprehensive consideration of live weight of 1 month, 2 months, 3 months and 6 months of age, it was believed that the groups containing 197 and 207 bp allele had higher weights, from the perspective of Gansu Alpine Merino DRB1 gene intron 2 microsatellite locus selection, the individuals containing 197 and 207 bp allele should be reserved when selected as breeder, and it would be likely to improve the birth weight and slaughter weight (6 months) of Gansu Alpine Merino.

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Polymorphism analysis of TGF-β2 gene promoter of chickens

LU Wei, WU Yun, XU Lu, XU Qi, CHANG Guo-bin, CHEN Guo-hong

2016, 28(12): 2028-2032. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.10

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To study the SNP in TGF-β2 gene promoter and its effect on the promoter functional elements, genotyping was used by PCR-SSCP in the region of 554-824 bp(19 433 476-19 433 746 bp in Chromosome 3) of the promoter of TGF-β2 gene among 16 chicken breeds. After the direct sequencing, we found three SNP loci totally in all breeds: the C/G in 679 loci, the G/A in 699 loci and the T/C in 774 loci. Three SNPs were detected in the Big-bone chicken and Taihu chicken, but no SNP was found in AA chicken. Moreover, we analyzed the transcription factor binding sites and CpG island by JASPAR and MethPrimer software respectively in TGF-β2 gene promoter, and found that SNPs changed the transcription factor binding sites and the CpG islands. The results suggested that SNPs in TGF-β2 promoter played an important role in the regulation of gene expression through different ways.

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Molecular cloning and expression patterns of MTHFR gene in broiler

XING Jin-yi, WANG Xiao-pei, SONG Qi

2016, 28(12): 2033-2039. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.11

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The broiler methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene was cloned by RT-PCR, and the protein structure of broiler MTHFR was predicted by bioinformatics methods. The expression levels in different tissues were detected by qPCR. The results showed that the broiler MTHFR cDNA (GenBank accession No: KU351685) was 2 342 bp in length, which coded 651 amino acids. The phylogenetic tree analysis indicated the broiler MTHFR was closely related to mallard and swan goose. The broiler MTHFR protein contained conserved MTHFR superfamily domain and was hydrophilicity protein. The secondary structure of MTHFR protein mainly contained α-helix (38.71%) and random coil (36.41%). The residing probability of MTHFR in the cytoplasmic and nuclear was 60.9% and 30.4%, respectively. By qPCR, different mRNA expression levels of broiler MTHFR were detected in all the 8 investigated tissues. Among them, heart showed the highest expression levels and muscle of legs had the lowest expression levels. In addition, the MTHFR expression levels in offspring liver of broiler breeders were significantly increased under folate deficiency in the maternal diets (P<0.01). These results will provide the data for further research of MTHFR gene structure and function, and dietary folic acid supplementation in poultry production.

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Growth model fitting and analysis of broccoli seedlings

LIU Jun, ZHU Liang-qi, HEI Yin-xiu, LIU Can, XIE Fei, HE Dao-gen

2016, 28(12): 2040-2046. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.12

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With broccoli variety Tailu No.1 as materials, the growth status of broccoli seedlings was observed continuously. The growth dynamic processes of plant height, stem diameter, fresh weight and dry weight were fitted by Logistic equation, and the Logistic growth model, phenology and growth characteristic parameters were obtained. The results showed that the growth variation regularity of broccoli seedlings in different growth indicators are basically the same, in line with S-shaped growth curve, and the coefficient of determination (R²) was more than 0.981. Each index entered the fast growth period and the slow growth period on 8 d and 33 d after sowing, respectively. Linear growth of the fast growth period accounted for more than 60% of the total amount of growth. According to the Logistic curve, three phases of accelerating growth, fast growth and slow growth were accurately divided during broccoli seedling period. The correlation coefficient of the model validation indicated the reliability of broccoli seedling growth model. By using the Logistic equation, the dynamic growth of broccoli seedlings could be fitted. The fertilizer and water management should be strengthened in fast growth period of seedlings (20-33 d after sowing); and the transplantation should be carried out on 33 d with four leaves.

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Effect of NDGA treatment on ABA content and expression of related genes in strawberry

SONG Xiao-juan, LI Ya-li, XIAO Jie, LI Xin, LI Rui-ling, YE Yu-yun, TANG Hao-ru

2016, 28(12): 2047-2053. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.13

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The Benihoppe strawberry was treated with different concentrations of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), which can depress the synthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) to investigate its influence on physiological indexes and related gene expression. The results showed that NDGA could significantly inhibit biosynthesis of soluble sugar and pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside chloride, and the inhibition became more obvious with the increasing concentration. In addition, FaNCED was inhibited and FaCYP707A, FaBG1 and FaCHLH were accelerated with a certain concentration of NDGA. Our study may provide helpful information for further study on molecular mechanism of NDGA on inhibiting the biosynthesis of ABA.

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Prokaryotic expression and activity analysis of thioredoxin reductase from Bacillus subtilis

CHEN Hong-na, LI Jian-wen, JIANG Ao, SUN Wen-xiu

2016, 28(12): 2054-2059. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.14

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NADPH dependent thioredoxin reductase is a flavoprotein containing selenium, which plays an important role in cell proliferation and differentiation and maintaining cell oxidation-reduction equilibrium. The TrxR gene from Bacillus subtilis was amplified and subcloned into pET-28a(+) expression vector. Subsequently, the plasimid was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). And then expression and purification of TrxR were performed. Results showed that the TrxR gene from B. subtilis strain BS04 was 1 011 bp in length, which encoding 336 amino acids; the amino acid identity between the gene we cloned and the sequence deposited in GenBank was about 99%. SDS-PAGE and Western-blotting analysis suggested that the molecular weight of the fusion protein was about 37 ku which was in accord with the estimated. Moreover, the kinetic parameters K_m and K_cat of the recombinant protein were determined to be 3.06 mmol·L^-1 and 324.71 min^-1 using DTNB assay. All above results provide good opportunity for our further study on the gene function.

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Screening of high efficient fungicide for the pathogen of tomato gray mold and research on novel mixed agent

DUAN Hai-ming, YU Li, HUANG Wei-dong, YU Hai-bing

2016, 28(12): 2060-2067. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.15

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The study aimed to acquire high efficiency fungicides and novel mixed agent for the control of tomato gray mold. The inhibitory activities of 8 fungicides, fermentation supernatant of antagonistic bacteria and mixed agent of fermentation supernatant and chemical fungicides to Botrytis cinerea were tested with the mycelium growth rate method. The results showed that fludioxonil, prochloraz, tebuconazole and myclobutanil had high toxicity to Botrytis cinerea, and EC₅₀ were 0.031 92, 0.057 18, 0.185 60 and 0.805 30 μg·mL^-1, respectively. Followed by iprodione, pyrimethanil and chlorothalonil, their EC₅₀ were 4.204 90, 5.949 90 and 8.816 30 μg·mL^-1. The inhibitory effect of mancozeb was the worst with the EC₅₀ of 103.519 40 μg·mL^-1, and the EC₅₀ of fermentation supernatant of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens cultured for 72 h to Botrytis cinerea was 76.9 mL·L^-1. Horsfall's method was applied to screen the synergistic combinations. The toxicity ratio reached 1.61, 1.60, 1.53, 1.38 and 1.32 when the mixed proportion of fermentation supernatant and prochloraz, tebuconazole, mancozeb, fludioxonil and iprodione were 6:4, 4:6, 8:2, 9:1 and 7:3, respectively, which had obvious synergistic effect.

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Effect of phenylalanine ammonialyase transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana on bacterial community in rhizosphere soil

LIU Dan, WU Feng-zhi

2016, 28(12): 2068-2075. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.16

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The effect of phenylalanine ammonialyase (Pal) transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana on the bacterial structure and diversity in rhizosphere soil was studied by Miseq method. The results showed that the Chao index for the bacterial communities was calculated, and was significantly higher in the rhizospheres collected from the AcPal⁺ transgenic Arabidopsis than the ones collected from the Pal^- mutant Arabidopsis or wild type Arabidopsis. The Shannon diversity index and Simpson index for the bacterial communities were calculated, and both community diversity were significantly higher in the rhizospheres collected from the AcPal⁺ transgenic Arabidopsis than the ones collected from the Pal^- mutant Arabidopsis or wild type Arabidopsis. The Actinobacteria relative abundances were increased at phylum levels, as well as Alphaproteobacteria relative abundances at class levels from the AcPal⁺ transgenic Arabidopsis than those from the Pal^- mutant Arabidopsis. Major microbial groups of AcPal⁺ transgenic Arabidopsis are Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Alphaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Myxococcales etc. It indicated that the transgenic Arabidopsis roots might promote or inhibit the development of certain physiological characteristics of the bacterial community, and hence a change in the structure and diversity of the soil microbial communities.

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Analysis on salinity composition of northern meadow soil in greenhouse

DONG Huan, LOU Chun-rong, YUAN Xing-fu, CHEN Xiao-yun, HE Zhi-gang

2016, 28(12): 2076-2081. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.17

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Grey correlative degree analysis and the principal component analysis were applied to study soil salinity indexes of 32 greenhouse soil samples in Haicheng City. It was shown that the sorting of grey correlative degree analysis between soil total salinity and other soil salinity indexes was as chloridion>sulfate>potassium>nitrate>1/pH>sodion>bicarbonate>calcium>magnesium. The results of principal component analysis showed that total salinity, chloridion, nitrate, potassium, 1/pH and sulfate were the main positive factors of the first principal component. The cluster analysis showed that except Dongsi Town, which varied obviously, the soil salinity within a certain area were close. But, the variation of salinity existed among different regions.

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Parametric optimization of unsaturated soil hydraulic movement model

RAO Yuan, XU Wen-jun, JIANG Zhao-hui, LAZAROVITCH Naftali, LI Shao-wen

2016, 28(12): 2082-2089. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.18

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In order to explore the suitability of parametric optimization methods, the influence of 2 typical parametric optimization methods, namely Minimizing the Objective Function (MOF), and Markov Chain Monte Carlo with DiffeRential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis algorithm (MCMC-DREAM), on numerical inversion performance was evaluated to offer suggestions for further exploring more efficient parametric optimization methods. Numerical case study showed that MOF had lower computation complexity, however, higher sensitivity to the initial solution. Therefore, MOF was suitable for conducting parametric optimization in the case of enough prior information. In contrast, MCMC-DREAM was insensitive to the initial solution, but took longer time to complete computation. As a result, MCMC-DREAM was suitable for conducting parametric optimization in the case of limited prior information. Both optimization methods suffered equifinality. However, both methods' ability to solve the practical problems could be improved by overcoming the equifinality drawback with adequate prior information and sensitivity analysis.

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Analysis into terrain gradient features and functional spatial planning of land use in mountainous city

ZHU Xiao-li, WANG San, XIE De-ti

2016, 28(12): 2090-2097. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.19

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Based on the land use data, land use maps and DEM data in 2014 and GIS technology, the topographic variation of land use in Beibei District was revealed via distribution index, Lorenz curves and Gini coefficient from the perspective of slope and elevation. It was shown that the distribution characteristics of regional land use type were closely linked to elevation and slope. Woodland and unused land advantages were mainly distributed in the area of high terrain level. The advantages of the construction land, arable land and garden land increased gradually with the decrease of terrain level. Slope showed significant influence on spatial distribution of all land use types. The area in the elevation of 300-400 m and slope of 6-15°was the mean area for urban expansion and arable land protection. The distribution of arable land and garden land on terrain was similar, but the construction land, woodland and other agricultural land exhibited regional differences. The distribution of land use type showed obvious hierarchy. Based on terrain advantage level, it increased as water layer, construction land layer, arable land layer, garden layer, and woodland layer. Combined with land use pattern, 5 functional regions in the study area were designed, namely, the core of water area, urban development area, modern agriculture development area, ecological agriculture development area and ecological barrier area, and corresponding land development suggestions were put forward.

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Elements distribution and their correlation analysis in Coleus blumei Benth under selenium treatments

YUAN Ju-hong, HU Mian-hao

2016, 28(12): 2098-2108. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.20

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In order to investigate the distribution of mineral elements and heavy metal elements contents and their correlation in the various organs of Coleus blumei Benth with different concentrations of Se (0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 mg·L^-1), a pot experiment was conducted. The results showed that the content and distribution of mineral elements and heavy metal contents in the roots, stems and leaves of C. blumei Benth changed significantly with different concentrations of Se, the sequence of K and Ca contents was in stems>leaves>roots, Fe and Mn contents was in roots>leaves>stems, Zn content was in leaves>stems>roots. The sequence of Na and Mg contents with low concentration of Se (≤ 0.5 mg·kg^-1) treatments was in roots>stems>leaves and leaves>roots>stems, respectively, but the sequence of Na and Mg contents with high concentration of Se (≥ 1.0 mg·kg^-1) treatments was in stems>roots>leaves and leaves>stems>roots, respectively. The sequence of Cr and Cd contents was in roots>stems>leaves, Pb content was in roots>leaves>stems. Correlation analysis showed that: (1) there were significant positive correlations between Se content and contents of As and Pb, but were no significant correlations between Se content and contents of K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr and Cd in the roots of C. blumei Benth. For 13 kinds of elements, the element pairs with positive correlations were no more than those with negative correlations and showed a complex network structure. (2) There were no significant correlations between Se content and contents of K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, As and Pb in the stems. For 13 kinds of elements, the element pairs with positive correlations were more than those with negative correlations and showed two simple network structures. (3) There were significant negative correlations between Se and Ca contents, but were no significant correlations between Se content and contents of K, Na, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr and Cd in the leaves. For 13 kinds of elements, the element pairs with positive correlations were more than those with negative correlations and showed two simple linear structures.

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Optimization of chlorophylls extraction from Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl leaf and its inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus in liquid food

QUAN Qin-guo, DUAN Li-ping, HE Chu-xian, ZHOU Nong, LI Cheng-yong

2016, 28(12): 2109-2115. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.21

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Chlorophyll was extracted from Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl leaves in Yongzhou via ultrasonic-assisted organic solvent, and the sterilization effect of the extracted chlorophylls against Staphylococcus aureus in liquid food was explored. It was shown that 4.667 mg·g^-1 chlorophyll could be obtained under the following optical conditions: solid/liquid ratio of 1: 20 g·mL^-1; ultrasonic treatment time of 8.8 min; extraction temperature of 50 ℃; extraction time of 3.9 h, and acetone-ethanol (2:1. V/V) as the extraction agent. The best inhibition effects of the extracted chlorophyll against S. aureus was achieved at the concentration of 10 mmol·L^-1 in NaCl-water system.

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A method of spatial discretization of statistical fruit production: A case study of Pinggu District in Beijing

LIU Yu, FAN Wen-yang, GAO Yun-bing, TANG Lin-nan

2016, 28(12): 2116-2122. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.22

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Spatial discretization of fruit production was of great help to deeply learn the spatial diversity in small scaled districts, and provide guidance for those areas lacking fruit statistical data to develop the spatial discretization method. Based on Pinggu's overall plan of land use and surface rolling, this study built discretization model for plain, hill and mountain's areas, respectively, and then selected appropriate correction method to discrete the fruit output from village to 500 m×500 m's grid size. The results were shown as follows: (1) Compared with the simulation results of overall samples, the correlation between predicted output and actual fruit output increased from 0.585 to 0.690, which meant the partition modeling was an effective method. (2) There were differences in the relationship between the influence factors and fruit output. The orchard area in plain area had a linear effect on fruit output. Differently, the orchard area in shallow mountain area and deep mountain area had an exponential effect on fruit output, and the fitting effect improved significantly after increasing the elevation and slope variables. (3) In 2012, influenced by natural geographical factors, fruit production presented an obvious zonal distribution. The villages with higher output mainly lay in the shallow hills with relatively flat terrain, good natural background and convenient working environment for farmers. Instead, limited by policy or terrain, the fruit output in the plain and deep mountains was relatively low.

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Application of uniform design method in optimizing PXRF determination methods of heavy metals in soil

YANG Gui-lan, SHANG Zhao-cong, LI Liang-jun, NI Xiao-fang, ZHANG Ming-hong

2016, 28(12): 2123-2129. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.12.23

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Total concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn, As and Pb in farm land soil from Yangtze River Delta region were determined by portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (PXRF). A regression model between the overall average of relative standard deviation (RSD) and relevant factors was established using uniform design and quadratic polynomial stepwise regression method. It was shown that the optimal detection conditions were obtained as air dried sample, 0.125 mm particle size, 3 MPa sampling pressure and 115 s detection time. The relative error between the overall average of RSD (the average of 5 elements' relative standard deviation) for experimental values and the overall average of RSD for predicted values in regression model verification test were less than 5%, indicating a good predictive ability of the regression model. Under such optimal detection conditions, the detection limits of PXRF for Cr, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb were 15.0, 4.12, 3.22, 2.22 and 3.14 mg·kg^-1, respectively. For total concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn, As and Pb in 33 soil samples determined by PXRF and ICP-OES, the linear regression models' coefficients R² were all greater than 0.97, and the relative error between model predicted values and ICP-OES measured value of 7 unknown samples were less than 10%. The results showed that under the optimal detection conditions, test data by PXRF reached a quantitative analysis level through linear regression model calibration.

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