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25 April 2019, Volume 31 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Crop Science
Animal Science
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Crop Science

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Cloning and characterization of maize ZmGS5 in regulating seed development of Arabidopsis thaliana HE Chunmei, WANG Juan, DONG Rui, LIU Chunxiao, LIU Qiang, GUAN Haiying, WANG Liming, XU Xiangbo, LIU Tieshan 2019, 31(4):  513-518.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.01 Abstract ( 646 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (1828KB) ( 1711 )   Seed development is closely related with yield. Genome comparative analysis had revealed that maize ZmGS5 was significantly related with kernel development. In this study, the maize ZmGS5 was cloned, the open reading frame of ZmGS5 was 1 491 bp in length and encoded a 496 aa serine carboxypeptidase. The over-expression construct of ZmGS5 was then transformed into Arabidopsis by floral-dipping method. Through observation of the phenotypic alterations of the transgenic lines, functions of ZmGS5 in regulating growth and seed development was preliminarily revealed. These results showed that the transgenic lines over-expressing ZmGS5 could increase rosette diameter, enlarged leaf size and improved biomass, number of siliques per plant, one-thousand-seed weight and seed size. These results demonstrated that ZmGS5 played important roles in regulating plant growth especially in the seed size. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular and cytogenetic identification of Triticum aestivum-Leymus racemosus translocation line T3AS·3AL-7Lr#1S ZHANG Yali, WANG Linsheng 2019, 31(4):  519-524.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.02 Abstract ( 442 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1992KB) ( 1560 )   Leymus racemosus is highly resistant to wheat scab (Fusarum head blight, FHB). The transfer of scab resistant gene from L. racemosus to Triticum aestivum is of great significance for broadening the base of wheat resistance. In the present study, the pollen of T. aestivum-L. racemosus disomic addition line DA7Lr with scab resistance was irradiated by60Co-γ-rays 1 200 R (100 R·min-1) prior to pollinating to emasculated T. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring. One plant with a translocated chromosome was detected in the M1 by GISH. The plant with one translocation chromosome was self-pollinated, and at meiotic metaphase Ⅰ its progenies with two translocation chromosomes were analyzed for chromosome pairing behavior in their pollen mother cells (PMCs). One ring bivalent was observed, indicating that the plant with two translocation chromosomes was one translocation homozygote. C-banding and sequential GISH/FISH analysis, using Oligo-pAs1-2 and Oligo-pSc119.2-2 as probe, translocation line T3AS·3AL-7Lr#1S was confirmed. Three molecular markers of EST-STS such as BE591127, BQ168298 and BE591737 were screened, and these markers can be used to track the translocation line. The translocation line had good resistance to wheat scab and feasibility to be used as a new germplasm in wheat breeding resistant to scab disease. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Animal Science

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Age-related histomorphological studies on Harderian gland of Chinese yellow quail ZHAO Piao, HE Min, LYU Yingying, WEI Jingjing, SONG Kunda, CHEN Xiaomei 2019, 31(4):  525-531.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.03 Abstract ( 538 )   HTML ( 1026 )   PDF (5420KB) ( 1668 )   To investigate the morphology, growth, histological structure and development of the Harderian gland of the Chinese yellow quail at different ages, the size, absolute weight, and growth index of the Harderian gland, the morphology, growth, histological structure and development of the Harderian gland of the Chinese yellow quail from 0 to 38 weeks were studied. The results showed that the Hadman glands of the Chinese yellow quail had a complete shape at the time of birth and were located in the eyelids, ventral and posteromedial of the eyeballs, and had a rostrum extension in the optic nerve, one end was free and the other end was opened by a gland duct. The inner corners of the third eyelid curve, the glands were irregularly banded, one end was small, one end was large, light pink; absolute mass, length and width gradually increased with age, and Hadrian gland were complex tubular vesicles. The gland had a connective tissue capsule in vitro, and the capsule extended into the gland parenchyma. The gland was divided into multiple leaflets of different sizes, and the lobules were composed of acinar and glandular ducts. The development of the Hadrian gland of the Chinese yellow quail reached maturity at one week after birth, and mature maturity was between 0 and 38 weeks of age. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prokaryotic expression and bioinformatics analysis of Nsp5 gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus LIU Zhengkui, WU Yuan, CHEN Lin, WANG Lei, MU Hongye, ZHU Xuhang, WANG Xiaodu 2019, 31(4):  532-538.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.04 Abstract ( 719 )   HTML ( 127 )   PDF (1348KB) ( 1693 )   Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) nonstructural protein 5 (Nsp5) gene was expressed by the prokaryotic expression system and the structure of the encoded protein was predicted by bioinformatics software for understanding the pathogenecity mechanism of PEDV. In this study, the Nsp5 gene of PEDV/LY/2014/04 strain was subcloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a, and the recombinant plasmid was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction enzyme digestion. The recombinant plasmid pET-28a(+)-Nsp5 was transformed into competent cells of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The expression and purification effect of Nsp5 were detected by SDS-PAGE. The Vector NTI Advance, online software was utilized to predict and analyze the amino acid composition, epitope, secondary and tertiary structure of Nsp5 protein. The results showed that the recombinant plasmid pET-28a(+)-Nsp5 was successfully constructed, and approximately 22 ku recombinant protein was expressed and mainly existed in the form of inclusion bodies. High-purity recombinant protein was obtained after purifying by His band Ni+. The Nsp5 protein consisted of a polypeptide with 196 amino acid residues. The theoretical molecular mass of the slightly alkaline recombinant protein was 21 820.07 u, and the theoretical isoelectric point(pI) was 8.734. The secondary structure was composed of 55.61% α-helix(h), 7.65% β-fold(t), 20.92% irregular curl(c) and 15.82% extended chain(e). In the tertiary structure of the Nsp5 protein, the middle segment skeleton is mainly formed by α-helix, and a plurality of complex secondary structures at the C-end constituted the enzyme active center of the protein. The prediction of B cell epitope indicated that there were 15 potential B cell dominant epitope. This study provided data support for studying on the biological function of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus Nsp5 protein. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Detection and phylogenetic analysis of carp edema virus (CEV) in farmed koi carp in Sichuan Province KANG Huimin, HE Jiale, LIU Chenkai, ZHOU Yaojia, GENG Yi, OUYANG Ping 2019, 31(4):  539-544.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.05 Abstract ( 483 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (6369KB) ( 1573 )   In October 2017, an infectious disease broke out at a koi carp farm in Sichuan Province. It was characterized by drowsiness, abdominal swelling, gill swelling and eye depression. The cumulative mortality rate was 50%. In order to study its etiology and regularity of the disease, dissection, histopathology, electron microscopy and phylogenetic analysis were carried out. Principal symptoms included ocular opacity, abdominal swelling and gill necrosis. The gill, liver, kidney and brain tissues showed obvious degeneration, necrosis and massive inflammatory cell infiltration. Virus particles were found in kidney under transmission electron microscope. The specific amplification products of carp edema virus (CEV) were detected by nested-PCR. Based on CEV P4a gene, phylogenetic analysis showed that the homology between the isolated strain and British strain R083 was 90%. The result in this study was important for virus evolution, classification, viral diagonosis and disease control of carp edema virus. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning, characterization, and expression patterns of one sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase isoform from freshwater mussel Hyriopsis cumingii ZHANG Aiju, LIU Shili, LIU Jindian, ZHANG Genfang, ZHOU Zhiming 2019, 31(4):  545-555.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.06 Abstract ( 722 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (3991KB) ( 1689 )   The full-length cDNA sequence of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase isoform gene was isolated from the gill of Hyriopsis cumingii by using SMART RACE technique. The entire SERCA cDNA was 3 326 bp, including a 201-bp 5'-UTR, a 3 060-bp ORF and a 65-bp 3'-UTR, encoding a 1 019-amino acid protein, and no putative signal peptide was predicted. Four types of domains were found and the general structures of SERCA gene, containing phosphorylation region, fluorescein isothiocyanate site, 5'-(p-fluorosulfonyl) benzoyladenosinebinding site, phospholamban-binding motif and thapsigargin sites were also identified. Compared with SERCA homologs from seawater mollusks and other animals, the SERCA of H. cumingii had high similarity with them in both sequence and structure. Tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that SERCA mRNA was detected in all the sampled tissues, but was prominently expressed in the gill, mantle and hepatopancreas. When exposed to a series of increasing Ca2+ that lasted 7 days, the mRNA expression of SERCA gene in mantle was shown to be cove-shaped, ascending when Ca2+ concentration was more than 60 mg·L-1 and peaking at 80 mg·L-1. Moreover, the temporal expression of SERCA transcripts in mantle after 60 mg·L-1 Ca2+ exposure was slightly down-regulated at 24 h, but up-regulated from 24 h to 48 h post-treatment, peaking at 48 h. The results of present study will provide useful information for further studies on function and regulation mechanism of SERCA gene. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Horticultural Science

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Effects of exogenous melatonin on physiological characteristics of 5BB grape leaves under NaCl stress HAN Guomin, LIU Xi, TANG Meiling, DAI Lingmin 2019, 31(4):  556-564.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.07 Abstract ( 652 )   HTML ( 65535 )   PDF (1173KB) ( 1834 )   The detached leaves of grape rootstocks 5BB were used to study the effects of exogenous melatonin (100, 200 and 500 nmol·L-1) on photosynthesis and related physiological indicators under NaCl (0.25 mol·L-1) stress, with the petiole immersed in the mixed solution of melatonin and NaCl during the six days' treatment. The results showed that exogenous melatonin increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity to scavenge free oxygen radical accumulated in leaves under NaCl stress, and blocked membrane lipid peroxidation to improve the photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic capacity of grape leaves under stress; Furthermore, the protective effects of exogenous melatonin decreased with the increase of melatonin concentration. Thus, exogenous melatonin could alleviate the damage by NaCl stress in 5BB,and 100 nmol·L-1 was the proper concentration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Phylogenetic relationships among 38 cultivars of Lagerstroemia indica based on ISSR molecular markers QIAO Zhongquan, WANG Xiaoming, LI Yongxin, ZENG Huijie, CAI Neng, LIU Sisi, CHEN Yi 2019, 31(4):  565-571.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.08 Abstract ( 640 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1067KB) ( 1685 )   Lagerstroemia indica is one of the world-famous ornamental plants in summer with lots of visitors, but the sources of most L. indica cultivars are poorly known, resulting in some difficulties in cultivars classification. This study analyzed the genetic relationships among 38 cultivars of L. indica by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular-marked technique, and screened 10 ISSR primers to assess the genetic relationship of 30 L. indica cultivars from America and 8 L. indica cultivars from China. The result showed that a total of 81 DNA bands were amplified and 70 of which (86.42%) were polymorphic. The genetic similar coefficient of 38 cultivars ranged from 0.543 2 to 0.988 7 with the average of 0.788 2, suggesting that the genetic relationships among these 38 cultivars were relatively close. When the genetic similarity of 0.736 was used as the threshold value, 38 cultivars were divided into three major groups by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) method cluster analysis, and these cultivars could be divided into seven groups at similarity coefficient of 0.76. ISSR technique was efficient in generating accurate information of genetic diversity and relationship of L. indica cultivars. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overexpression of SgP5CS gene from Suaeda salsa enhances drought tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis GUO Dandan, YANG Qinghua, ZHU Danhua, JIN Hangxia 2019, 31(4):  572-578.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.09 Abstract ( 600 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1448KB) ( 1496 )   Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) is an important regulatory factor in synthesis of proline, an osmotic regulator in plants. SgP5CS gene of Suaeda salsa was cloned and introduced into Arabidopsis, the related physiological indexes and drought tolerance were determined, and the function of SgP5CS gene and regulation mechanism under drought stress were studied. The results showed that Arabidopsis with SgP5CS overexpression had long roots, while the content of free proline increased significantly and content of malondialdehyde decreased after two weeks of drought stress. It was found that overexpression of SgP5CS gene could enhance drought tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis. These results laid a foundation to further study the SgP5CS gene function in Suaeda glauca, which might provide reference for the drought resistance mechanism in plants. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Plant Protection

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Study on spatial distribution pattern and parameter characteristics of PCR positive strains of Citrus Huanglongbing MENG Youqing, WANG Enguo, LI Yanmin, MING Ke, YUAN Yiwen 2019, 31(4):  579-587.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.10 Abstract ( 444 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1095KB) ( 1532 )   In order to reveal the spatial distribution and infection characteristics of PCR positive strains of Citrus Huanglongbing in Zhejiang Province, PCR method was used to sample and detect 2 900 orange trees scattered in 7 different locations where Citrus Huanglongbing occurred during the year 2017 and 2018. Ten strains were clustered as a group, 290 groups of sample data were obtained. The spatial distribution pattern of Citrus Huanglongbing was determined by aggregation index method. The results showed that C>1, I>0, K>0, CA>0, M*/$\bar{x}$>1, were aggregation distribution patterns, indicating that the distribution of Citrus Huanglongbing PCR-positive plants tended to aggregation distribution. The regression test of Iwao's M*-$\bar{x}$ linear model indicated that the basic components of spatial distribution of Citrus Huanglongbing PCR-positive plants were individual groups. The PCR-positive plants attract to each other, thus making a clear distributive focus of diseases in the citrus orchard. The analysis of Taylor's V-$\bar{x}$ power law model showed the spatial distribution to be density-dependent, the higher the density of positive plants, the more tendency to aggregate distribution, meaning the intensity of aggregation increases with growing positive rate. The theoretical sampling model was N=1.962/D2[1.6976/$\bar{x}$-0.9296], while the sequential sampling formula was Tn=1.6976/[$D^{2}_{0}$+0.9296/n]. The application of these parameters was of great significance in improving monitoring efficiency and early-warning of Citrus Huanglongbing, as well as making control decisions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of Fusarium pathogens of Albizia julibrissin wilt and their cultural characteristics CAI Yue, WANG Chuyan, HUANG Minghua, CHENG Junwen, QIAN Zhongyi, GE Chunmei 2019, 31(4):  588-599.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.11 Abstract ( 510 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (3354KB) ( 1629 )   Twenty samples of Albizia julibrissin wilt plants were selected as objects from Changgang, Hefei in Anhui Province, tissue isolation was used and identification was performed on morphological and molecular features, influence of different culture conditions including carbon, nitrogen, pH and temperature on the growth of pathogens were also investigated. Seven strains of Fusarium spp. were obtained and identified as F. equiseti (3 and 3-1), F. oxysporum (4 and 10), F. solani (1-2 and 3-2) and F. proliferatum (2-3), respectively. Pathogenicity tests on the branch showed that F. oxysporum was highly pathogenic strain,while F. solani, F. equiseti and F. proliferatum were weak pathogenic strains. Cultural studies indicated optimum temperature and pH were 28-32 ℃ and 7, respectively, while F. proliferatum could grow faster in pH=9. Sucrose and lactose could be used by F. solani, F. proliferatum and F. equiseti among tested carbons and the optimal carbons of F. oxysporum were glucose, sucrose and lactose. Colony diameters of Fusarium spp. were biggest when ammonium nitrate was used as nitrogen source, and smallest when ammonium oxalate was used as nitrogen source. This study would provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and control of Albizia julibrissin wilt. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fuzzy clustering analysis and structure of insect community in protected tomato XING Kun, CAO Junyu, ZHAO Fei 2019, 31(4):  600-606.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.12 Abstract ( 561 )   HTML ( 131071 )   PDF (1111KB) ( 1858 )   In the protected tomato field, the five points sampling method was used to record the species and quantities of insects trapped on yellow templates. The basic characteristics of the insect community were analyzed using basic features of the community characteristics index, and temporal dynamics of the insect community characteristics were clustered using hierarchical clustering methods. The study indicated that the insects were collected by tomato in greenhouse belonged to 16 families, 7 orders. Aleyrodidae was the highest in pests and Aphelinidae was the dominant species in natural enemies. The results showed that the control period of main pests might be divided into two phases. In the early stage of tomato growth, biological control of natural enemies should be given. However, in the middle and later stage of tomato growth, insect community was extremely unstable with the increase of pests, so the chemical control should be adopted. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Environmental Science

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Ameliorative effect of bioorganic material on coastal saline soil ZHOU Wenzhi, SUN Xiangyang, LI Suyan, ZHANG Le 2019, 31(4):  607-615.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.13 Abstract ( 459 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1014KB) ( 1800 )   Biochar and green waste composting were selected to improve the coastal saline-alkali soil, in order to solve the problem of high salinity of coastal saline-alkali soil in Hebei Province. A two-factor four-level test (application rate of green waste composting was set as 0, 20, 40, 80 g·kg-1 and denoted as G0, G1, G2, G3, respectively; application rate of biochar was set as 0, 10, 20, 40 g·kg-1, and denoted as B0, B1, B2, B3, respectively) was designed and carried out through indoor soil culture. The dynamics of soil physical and chemical indicators, including soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, and contents of Cl-, $SO^{2-}_{4}$, organic matter were determined to explore the ameliorative effect of bioorganic material on costal saline soil. It was shown that soil pH showed no significant change with varied green waste composting application under B1 treatment. Except that, soil pH of G2 and G3 treatment was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of G0 with the same biochar application rate. With the certain green waste composting application rate, B3 treatment significantly (P<0.05) increased soil pH. Without biochar addition, application of green waste composting significantly (P<0.05) reduced soil EC. Under G0 and G1 condition, application of biochar in B1 level significantly (P<0.05) reduced soil EC. Application of appropriate rate of biochar or green waste composting significantly (P<0.05) reduced soil SAR. Under G3 condition, addition of biochar significantly (P<0.05) lowered the content of soil $SO^{2-}_{4}$. With the same application rate of biochar, soil $SO^{2-}_{4}$ content of G3 treatment was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of G0 treatment. Compared with B0G0 treatment, application of biochar in B3 level or green waste composting in G3 level significantly (P<0.05) reduced soil Cl- content. Under the same application rate of biochar or green waste composting, addition of biochar or green waste composting significantly (P<0.05) increased soil organic matter, and application of appropriate biochar or green waste composting could significantly (P<0.05) increase soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. Overall, application of appropriate amount of biochar and green waste composting could both improve soil fertility and reduce soil pH and salinity. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of humic acid particles with different sizes on available cadmium in soil ZOU Chuan, GUO Bin, LIN Yicheng, FU Qinglin, LIU Chen, DING Nengfei, LI Ningyu, LI Hua 2019, 31(4):  616-623.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.14 Abstract ( 517 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1559KB) ( 1581 )   In order to explore the effect and mechanism of humic acid on available cadmium in soil, four kinds of humic acid particles with different sizes were obtained by different grinding treatments, and were analyzed by means of adsorption experiment, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the effects of their soluble and residue fractions on Cd adsorption of soil were studied by pot experiments. The results showed that both the Cd adsorption curves of original humic acid and the residue fractions fitted well with the Langmuir adsorption model. Compared with original humic acid, the residue fractions significantly (P<0.05) decreased soil pH and soil available Cd content. Correspondingly, the soluble fractions added into soil increased the soil available Cd content. Scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy indicated that the specific surface area and carboxyl group of the residue fractions were increased with the smaller particle size, while the content of phenolic hydroxyl group of the soluble treatment was increased. In conclusion, the grinding-induced decrease in particle size of humic acid strengthened the adsorption effects on Cd for the residue fractions, and mobility effects on Cd for the soluble fractions, respectively. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of straw returning and nitrogen reduction on soil nutrition, carbon pool and rice yield in rice field WANG Baojun, CHENG Wangda, CHEN Gui, SHEN Yaqiang, ZHANG Hongmei 2019, 31(4):  624-630.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.15 Abstract ( 576 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1023KB) ( 1768 )   In order to determine the effects of straw returning and nitrogen reduction on soil nutrition, carbon pool and rice yield, a field experiment was conducted. It was shown that the proper treatment of straw returning and nitrogen reduction could improve soil quality and increase rice yield. Compared with application of 270 kg·hm-2 N, straw returning with 240 kg·hm-2 N significantly (P<0.05) increased the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, total organic carbon by 33.86%, 13.83%, 54.64%, 21.60%, 33.81%, respectively, yet the contents of ammonium nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon were significantly (P<0.05) decreased by 13.69%, 49.22% and 32.36%, respectively. As for yield, straw returning with 240 kg·hm-2 N was the highest. Compared with the treatments without N application (both without and with straw returning), rice yield of the treatment of straw returning with 240 kg·hm-2 N was significantly (P<0.05) increased by 57.90% and 62.22%, respectively. Under the experimental conditions, the optimal straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer reduction model was the treatment of straw returning with 240 kg·hm-2 N, which could improve soil nutrient, enhance soil carbon content, and increase rice yield. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of bio-organic fertilizer on soil microbial population and enzymes activities under different continuous cropping years of protected cucumber WANG Yanyun, ZHAO Longjie, HAO Chunli, CAI Jinzhong 2019, 31(4):  631-638.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.16 Abstract ( 520 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1231KB) ( 1715 )   In the present study, bio-organic fertilizer was made from trichoderma, abandoned north Chinese caterpillar fungus medium and gulomic acid residue after evaporation. The low (7.5 t·hm-2), medium (15 t·hm-2), high (30 t·hm-2) dosage bio-organic fertilizer was applied in non-continuous cropping soil and protected cucumber continuous soil of 3, 7, 11 years, respectively, and soil microbial population, enzymes activities and amelioration effect were determined. The results showed that the quantity of soil bacteria, actinomycetes, trichoderma, activities of soil invertase, phosphatase, urease, catalase, soil quality membership value, and the yield and contents of vitamin C and soluble sugar of cucumber were enhanced at first and then decreased with the increasing continuous cropping years under the same application rate of bio-organic fertilizers. However, the quantities of soil fungi and Fusarium oxysporum were increased with the increasing continuous cropping years. Under the same continuous cropping years, the quantity of soil microbes, activities of soil enzyme, yield and quality of cucumber were enhanced with the increasing application rate of bio-organic fertilizer. This bio-organic fertilizer could ameliorate ecological quality of continuous cropping soil, yield and quality of cucumber, and its amelioration effect on soils with was enhanced with higher application rate on soils with longer continuous cropping years. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of tetrabromobisphenol A on inorganic nitrogen transformation in soil and its possible microbiological mechanism ZHANG Bowei, WANG Haijing, SONG Maoyong, XIE Huijun, ZHANG Jian 2019, 31(4):  639-645.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.17 Abstract ( 541 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1028KB) ( 1526 )   As one of the emerging contaminants, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) could accumulate in the soil and affect soil materials cycling as well as soil microbes. TBBPAs with different concentrations (4-40 mg·kg-1) were added in soil to investigate their effects on $NH^{+}_{4}-N$, $NO^{-}_{2}-N$ and $NO^{-}_{3}-N$ transformation in lab. The bacterial community structures, as well as the prediction of the functions related to inorganic nitrogen transformation influenced by TBBPA, were analyzed with Illumina sequencing. It was shown that 40 mg·kg-1 TBBPA had a significant (P<0.05) effect on soil inorganic nitrogen transformation. Addition of 40 mg·kg-1 TBBPA increased the abundance of nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria and promoted $NH^{+}_{4}-N$ and $NO^{-}_{3}-N$ transformation in the aerobic condition, while decreased the abundance of denitrifying bacteria and inhibited $NO^{-}_{3}-N$ transformation in anaerobic condition. In addition, 40 mg·kg-1 TBBPA also had remarkable effect on microbial community structure, including a positive effect on the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and a negative effect on the relative abundances of Chloroflexi and Actinobacteria. By predicting the microbial functions related to nitrogen transformation, it could be inferred that 40 mg·kg-1 TBBPA induced the expression of narG and nirK and promoted $NO^{-}_{3}-N$ transformation in the aerobic condition, yet reduced the expression of nasB and inhibited $NO^{-}_{3}-N$ transformation in anaerobic condition. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Discussion on ages of modern Stagnic Anthrosols: taking Zhejiang as an example ZHANG Mingkui, QIU Zhiteng, YANG Liangyu 2019, 31(4):  646-653.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.18 Abstract ( 406 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1051KB) ( 1382 )   In the present study, Zhejiang was selected as the study area. Based on the analysis of the topography characteristics and its formation, the histories of population evolution and land development, water conservancy construction and development of agricultural technology, the formation age of modern Stagnic Anthrosols was discussed. According to the analysis, rice cultivation in the study area had been around for 7 000 years, but the history of large-scale rice plantation was basically in 2 000 years. Before the Qin Dynasty, the development level of agricultural technology was relatively low, so it was difficult to form a large-scale flood and drought alternation soil environment, and the soils were lack of diagnostic characteristics of modern Stagnic Anthrosols. The Tang and Song, Ming and Qing dynasties and the 50s to 70s of 20th Century were the three main forming stages of the Stagnic Anthrosols in the study area, and the area showed rapid expansion in these ages. Alluvial fan and valley plain might be the main distribution areas of the earliest modern Stagnic Anthrosols in the study area. The formation time of large area of Stagnic Anthrosols in the different landscapes was generally in sequence of water-net plain, river valley plain, coastal plain and hilly land. It was considered that the improvement of rice plantation environment was the precondition for the formation of the modern Stagnic Anthrosols, and the development of farming technology and the increase of population were the main motive forces for the expansion. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Food Science

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Comparative study of fruit appearance, flavor and nutritional components in Huapi and Rong'an kumquat MA Zhangzheng, MA Qiaoli, GU Qingqing, LE Si, LEI Changyu, WEI Qingjiang 2019, 31(4):  654-660.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.19 Abstract ( 562 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1309KB) ( 1624 )   To explore the quality characteristics of Huapi kumquat, a mutant from the seedlings of Rong'an kumquat, the differences in fruit appearance, flavor and nutritional components of the two kumquats were compared, and Rong'an kumquat was used as the control. The results showed that the single fruit weight, longitudinal and transverse diameter, oil cell number, and citrus colour index were lower in Huapi kumquat than that of Rong'an kumquat. Moreover, fruit shear force was lower, but the other texture indexes were higher in Huapi kumquat than the control. Analysis of sugar and acid revealed that the contents of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and total sugar were higher in both peel and flesh of Huapi kumquat than those in Rong'an kumquat. Meanwhile, contents of malic acid and citric acid were lower, but acetic acid, malic acid and fumaric acid were higher in peel of Huapi kumquat than those of Rong'an kumquat. In the flesh, contents of citric acid and succinic acid were lower in Huapi kumquat, while it accumulated more tartaric acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid. In addition, Huapi kumquat accumulated less VC, but more total flavonoid and polyphenol. The Huapi kumquat also accumulated more coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and total phenolic acid than the control. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of a duplex real-time recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) assay for efficient detection of Salmonella and drug-resistant related class 1 integron CHENG Hui, LIANG Yi, YU Shengtao, YE Zhongdu, JIANG Han, ZHU Cheng 2019, 31(4):  661-668.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.20 Abstract ( 678 )   HTML ( 66 )   PDF (1472KB) ( 1594 )   Based on the technology of recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), this study established a duplex real-time recombinase polymerase amplification to identify Salmonella and its drug-resistant class 1 integrase genes in a single tube rapidly. The RPA primers and exo probes were designed by virulence gene fimY and the class 1 integrase gene intI1 to establish a dual RT-RPA method. The results showed the reaction was good and specific when the final concentration of the primers of fimY and intI1 were 320 nmol·L-1 and 400 nmol·L-1, respectively. And the final concentration of probe of fimY and intI1 were 60 nmol·L-1 and 100 nmol·L-1, respectively. The RPA amplification was initiated by incubating the reaction mixture at 37 ℃ for 20 min. The sensitivity test showed that the detection sensitivity of Salmonella was 1.29×101 CFU·mL-1, and the detection sensitivity of intI1 was 1.60×101 CFU·mL-1. In this study, 61 Salmonella strains (2 integrase-positive strains) and 555 integrase-positive Escherichia coli strains were isolated from pig farms, slaughterhouses, supermarkets and markets in the early. And the dual RT-RPA method could detect the gene of fimY and intI1 in a single tube. Compared with the traditional method, the dual RT-RPA method had the advantages of high specificity, high sensitivity and high speed (20 min), which provided an accurate and efficient method to detect Salmonella and intI1 gene, laying the foundation for the detection of resistant and harmful microorganisms rapidly. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in new nondestructive detection and identification techniques of crop diseases based on deep learning WANG Yanxiang, ZHANG Yan, YANG Chengya, MENG Qinglong, SHANG Jing 2019, 31(4):  669-676.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.04.21 Abstract ( 970 )   HTML ( 1628670 )   PDF (1389KB) ( 2268 )   The non-destructive testing and early identification of crop diseases is the key to the development of precision agriculture and ecological agriculture. With the progress of image acquisition and image processing technologies, advanced imaging detection technologies such as hyperspectral imaging and image analysis technologies based on deep learning were increasingly used in non-destructive testing of crop pests and diseases. This article first briefly introduced the basic principles of the new non-destructive testing technology represented by near-infrared thermal imaging technology and hyperspectral imaging technology and the image recognition technology represented by deep learning, and then systematically elaborated new imaging technologies and advanced image recognition and analysis technologies. The domestic and foreign research status in crop disease detection and identification was demonstrated, and its advantages and disadvantages in disease detection and identification were analyzed, with the advantages of rapidity and high accuracy, but the disadvantage of too large data volume to handle. The research trends and development directions of non-destructive testing of crop diseases were further pointed out, indicating that the combination of hyperspectral imaging with thermal infrared imaging and deep learning will be the development direction for the early detection of crop pests and diseases. References | Related Articles | Metrics