Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

Spatio-temporal changes and causes of winter and spring reference crop evapotranspiration in Sichuan

ZHOU Li, NIE Changle, REN Yitong, LIANG Jingjing, XU Hua

2020, 32(4): 559-570. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.01

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To make a better understanding of the variation characteristics of reference crop evapotranspiration (ET₀) in winter and spring in Sichuan Province, based on the daily observed data of 35 meteorological stations in Sichuan from 1980 to 2016, the spatio-temporal changes of ET₀ in winter and spring in Sichuan were analyzed with Thiessen polygon, climate change rate and Kriging spatial interpolation method. Then, the sensitivity coefficients were combined with the contribution rate to study the causes of ET₀ changes. The results showed that the interdecadal variation of ET₀ firstly decreased and then increased. The distribution was obviously high in the southwest and low in the east, and the range of the high value area continued to expand, while the range of the low value area narrowed down in fluctuation. The interannual variation of ET₀ showed an upward trend. The climate change rate and spatial difference of ET₀ in spring were greater than that in winter, and the distribution of the high value area and the low value area of ET₀ was affected by the altitude. The multi-year mean value of the same day ET₀ increased gradually from early winter to early spring. During January 22 to May 2, there was an obvious continuous period of high value, in which the ET₀ value lower than the multi-year daily mean value appeared only in 8 d from 1980 to 2016. Sunshine hours showed positive sensitive coefficient, which was also the most sensitive variable, followed by relative humidity and mean temperature. Temperature was the main factor that affected ET₀ change with the largest contribution rate, which was followed by relative humidity. The positive effects caused by the increasing trend in mean temperature and the negative effects caused by the decreasing trend in relative humidity on ET₀ exceeded the effects caused by the decreasing sunshine hours, which resulted in the ET₀ rise in winter and spring in Sichuan.

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Development and application of a one-step real-time TaqMan-MGB RT-PCR assay for detection of novel duck reovirus

YUN Tao, HUA Jionggang, YE Weicheng, NI Zheng, CHEN Liu, ZHANG Cun

2020, 32(4): 571-576. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.02

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To develop a fast, sensitive, specific TaqMan MGB probe real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR assay for detecting novel duck reovirus (NDRV), a pair of specific primers and a MGB probe were designed according to the conserved region of S3 segment of the NDRV genome. The results showed that recombinant plasmids were used to generate standard curve with correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.999, and the melting curve showed one specific peak. No cross-reaction was detected for classical muscovy duck reovirus (CDRV), avian influenza virus (AIV), duck Temubusu virus (DTMUV), duck hepatitis A virus (DHV-1), Newcastle diseases virus (NDV), duck plague virus (DPV) and muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV). The limit detection of real-time RT-PCR was about 10 copies·μL^-1 for the target gene. The reproducibility tests in inter-assay and intra-assay indicated that the coefficients of variation were less than 2%. In addition, a collection of 239 clinical samples from Zhejiang during the year 2011-2015 were detected by the assay and conventional RT-PCR, respectively. The results showed that 75 samples were positive in the conventional RT-PCR test while 100 samples were positive in the one-step MGB probe real-time RT-PCR test. All the positive samples detected by conventional RT-PCR were positive by one-step MGB probe RT-PCR test, and the coincidence rate was 100%. The method established in this study could be useful for earlier rapid laboratory diagnosis and quantitative analysis of the infection of NDRV.

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Evaluation of immune efficacy of inactivated Streptococcus suis serotype 2 vaccine in mice

DUAN Qianqian, MAO Tianjiao, HAN Yeqin, HAN Xuejiao, WEI Jianzhong, SUN Pei, LI Yu

2020, 32(4): 577-585. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.03

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In preliminary research, 2 vaccine strains of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 HF2, HF3 were screened out through pathogenicity test, antigenicity test and stability test, and been prepared into inactivated vaccine with ISA 201 VG mineral oil adjuvant. These two inactivated vaccines were immunized in mice with commercial vaccine to evaluate their immune efficacy. The titer of IgG antibody and content of cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-β, MCP-1) in serum were detected by ELISA and the subpopulation of T cells of CD4⁺/CD3⁺, CD8⁺/CD3⁺ were measured by flow cytometry. The protective rate of each immunization group after challenge test, the colonization of SS2 in mice by tissue load test and the pathological sections of lung, liver, spleen and kidney of mice were collected and observed. The results showed that the serum IgG antibody titers of the SS2 inactivated vaccine (HF2 strain, HF3 strain) and the SS2 commercial inactivated vaccine (HA9801 strain) after the second immunization of mice were 1:25 600, 1:12 800, 1:25 600, respectively. The content of IL-4 and IL-10 induced by HF2 inactivated vaccine were significantly higher than HF3 inactivated vaccine and commercial vaccine. The content of IFN-γ、TNF-β were significantly higher than HF3 inactivated vaccine, and the content of MCP-1 were significantly lower than HF3 inactivated vaccine. The commercial vaccine group induced mice to produce significantly higher ratio of CD4⁺/CD3⁺ T cells than other groups. The protection rate of HF2, HF3 inactivated vaccine and HA9801 commercial inactivated vaccine on mice were all 100%.The bacteria colonization of lung and spleen of HF2 inactivated vaccine were significantly lower than HF3 inactivated vaccine, and the pathological changes of lung, spleen and kidney were lighter than other groups. In conclusion, HF2 inactivated vaccine can not only produce a higher level of humoral immunity and cellular immunity, but also completely resist the attack of the virulent strain.

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Screening,evaluation and identification of a pig manure decomposing strain

YU Jieya, NI Mengping, DING Liangchang, HU Zhouming, XIAO Jianzhong, ZHENG Qiang

2020, 32(4): 586-592. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.04

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Fermentation bed is a kind of manure treatment mode widely used by domestic large-scale pig raising enterprises at present while the key technology is microbial inoculum. To isolate strains which can efficiently degrade pig manure, ammonia selective medium was used to screen soil microbial strains, and 7 strains with ammonia nitrogen degradation rate over 70% were obtained. The ammonia inhibition effects of the 7 strains were preliminarily evaluated through pig manure fermentation simulation experiments. The results showed that the 7 strains could reduce ammonia release in pig manure fermentation process to varying degrees, and Z10 strain had the most significant ammonia inhibition effect. The application effect of Z10 strain was evaluated for deodorization of pig manure and promotion of pig manure decomposition. Deodorization experiment results showed that Z10 strain had a good inhibitory effect on NH₃ and H₂S in pig manure odor. During the 21-day fermentation period, compared with the control group, the release of NH₃ and H₂S decreased by 38.66% and 50.03%, respectively. The results of maturity promotion experiment showed that the germination rate and germination index of Z10 group reached 83.33% and 88.55% respectively, while the germination rate and germination index of control group were only 68.35% and 59.12%. Biochemical identification showed that Z10 strain had no protease activity, weak saccharifying enzyme and amylase and lipase activities, but showed strong cellulose degradation activity, and its cellulase activity reached 232.543 U·mL^-1. It was speculated that the decomposition effect of Z10 strain was mainly due to its high cellulose degradation activity. 16S rDNA molecular identification showed that the bacterium was Aspergillus fumigatus.

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Effects of earthworm extract on heat shock protein levels and immune function of silkworm, Bombyx mori

XU Qilin, QI Guilan, MO Guilin, ZHU Jiang, LEI Chunlong, WU Yongsheng, XU Zhenying, LI Juan

2020, 32(4): 593-600. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.05

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To investigate the effect of earthworm extract on the expression of heat shock protein and immune function of silkworm, Bombyx mori, the fifth instar larvae of silkworm were fed with mulberry leaves to which one of three diluted does (1/50, 1/100 and 1/200) earthworm extract had been added. The midgut and hemolymph were obtained after feeding for six days, the expression of HSP70 and HSP90 in midgut were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and the levels of HSP70, HSP90, lysozyme and attacin in the midgut and hemolymph were tested by the ELISA kit. The results showed that, the expression of HSP70 gene in the midgut tissues of the 1/100 and 1/200 dilution groups was 2.97 and 1.86 times of the control group, respectively (P<0.05). The expression of HSP90 gene in the midgut tissues of the 1/100 dilution group was 2.2 times of the control group (P<0.05). The HSP70 and hemolymph peptides in the 1/50 dilution group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in HSP90 between intestine and hemolymph in each treatment group (P>0.05).Thus, adding the earthworm extract in mulberry leaves can promote the expression of heat shock protein, increase the level of atticin, and improve the resistance and immunity of silkworm.

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Correlations analysis of annual changes of Diannan Chinese bee, Apis cerana cerana, with climate in southern Yunnan

YANG Juan, HU Zongwen, ZHOU Chuntao, MIAO Chunhui, ZHANG Xuewen

2020, 32(4): 601-609. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.06

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In order to analyze the annual population and potential impact factors of honeybee, Apis cerana cerana, in southern Yunnan, and to reveal the evolutionary relations between the press factor and colony that provide technological reference for conservation of bees, the number of larvae, pupae, adult and stores of honey and pollen by standard frame were measured every 15 days in Jan. to Dec. 2018 from 90 colonies, and then the correlation analysis was made. The results showed that the population of A. cerana cerana colony appeared intensely at the end of winter and the beginning of spring, annual populations was up and down. For the climate, rainfall was less in winter and spring in which the temperature fluctuated strongly, but summer and autumn was moist and hot. The temperature (a=0.977) was the major component for bee colony changes. The honey & pollen storage for colony had significant correlations with adults(r=0.580) and eggs/larvae(r=0.386), but had dramatically negative correlations with temperature(r=-0.248). The impact factors of A. cerana cerana populations involve the internal and external factors, in which the internal factors showed the season dynamics and external factors depended on colony management mode.

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Nutritional components and antioxidant activity of solid-state fermented cottonseed kernel

LI Yuancheng, SUN Hong, WU Yifei, YAO Xiaohong, SHEN Qi, TANG Jiangwu

2020, 32(4): 610-615. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.07

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In the present study, cottonseed kernel was fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus subtilis for 30 h. After fermentation, the free gossypol content was significantly (P<0.05) decreased, whereas the contents of crude ash and acid soluble protein were significantly (P<0.05) increased. The concentration of arginine was significantly (P<0.05) lower after fermentation. The antioxidant activity of cottonseed peptides extracted from fermented cottonseed kernel was affected by the concentration and fermentation time. The highest hydroxyl scavenging rate, DPPH scavenging rate, metal chelating ability of cottonseed peptides were (61.71±1.59)%, (77.25±1.28)%, and (79.13±0.55)%, respectively, at 8 mg·mL^-1 after 30 h fermentation. In conclusion, under the experiment condition, fermentation with S. cerevisiae and B. subtilis could improve the nutritional quality and antioxidant activity of cottonseed kernel.

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Evaluation of genetic diversity in Luffa germplasm resources in China based on ISSR molecular marker

GUO Qinwei, ZHANG Ting, LIU Huiqin, ZHANG Xinhui, LI Chaosen, XIANG Xiaomin, ZHAO Dongfeng, WAN Hongjian

2020, 32(4): 616-623. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.08

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The genetic diversity of 73 Luffa germplasms was analyzed with inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) molecular markers. Fifteen pairs of ISSR primers were screened out of 60 ISSR primer pairs, which produced 99 DNA bands, the average number of polymorphic DNA bands amplified by each primer pair was 6.6, 92 polymorphic bands, 7 basic bands, the proportion of polymorphic primers ranged from 66.67% to 100% and the ratio of polymorphic bands was 92.90%.The results showed the high genetic diversity of Luffa germplasm resources. The value of Nei’s genetic similarity (GS) indexes of 73 Luffa germplasm varied from 0.454 5 to 0.959 6. Clutser analysis with UPGMA method showed that the 73 Luffa germplasm were clustered into 2 groups, Luffa cylindrica(L.) Roem and Luffa acutangula(L.) Roxb., with the similarity coefficient of 0.59. However, with the similarity coefficient of 0.66, these Luffa germplasm were clustered into 4 groups, including tinea fruit, green or light green fruit types, short stick types from west Zhejiang province and long stick types from Guangdong and Guangxi areas.

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Cloning and expression analysis of a calcium-dependent protein kinase gene BoCDPK1 from Brassica oleracea var. italica

WU Feifan, WANG Jiayi, DAI Chenyu, YANG Rumian, XU Pengjie, GUAN Ming, ZHANG Huijuan, JIANG Ming

2020, 32(4): 624-631. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.09

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Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are Ca²⁺ sensor proteins, and they play an important role in plant growth, development and stress responses. On the basis of BoCDPK1 gene isolation, sequence analysis, phylogenetic analysis and expression analysis were performed to provide a foundation for both gene function identification and stress-resistance breeding in the future. PCR method was applied to isolate a CDPK gene from broccoli, and sequence analysis was performed by using bioinformatics. Expression patterns of this CDPK gene during Hyaloperonospora parasitica and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection were obtained by qRT-PCR. Sequencing results indicated that the full genomic DNA of BoCDPK1 was 2 414 bp in size with six introns. The complete coding sequence was 1 647 bp in length, encoding 548 amino acids. BoCDPK1 contained one S_TKc and four EF-hand domains. Multiple sequence alignment results revealed that BoCDPK1 shared the highest similarity with homologous sequences from Brassica plants and had a few amino acid differences, and they grouped to the same clade. qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of BoCDPK1 was induced by both H. parasitica and S. sclerotiorum, and the expression levels increased firstly and then decreased with the increasing of inoculation time. The highest expression level of BoCDPK1 was observed at 72 h after H. parasitica inoculation, with 3.4 fold higher than the control. When inoculated by S. sclerotiorum, the highest level was observed at 36 h after inoculation. Sequence characteristics, phylogenetic relationships and expression patterns of BoCDPK1 gene isolated from broccoli were confirmed.

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Characteristics of nutrients and leaf surface organisms under different citrus moss severities

YANG Lei, ZHANG Yungui, YANG Haijian, LI Xunlan, HONG Lin

2020, 32(4): 632-643. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.10

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The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the leaf nutrient elements and leaf surface community structure under different citrus moss degrees. In this study, we collected the leaves of W·murcott from two different citrus orchards in Jiangjin district of Chongqing for experiments. The degree of leaf moss was classified into G0-G5 and the disease index was counted. Also, the nutrient element content of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), zinc(Zn), copper(Cu), iron(Fe), manganese(Mn), boron (B) in the leaves of each disease level was determined. High-throughput sequencing technology was utilized to explore the community composition, abundance, difference of phyllosphere eukaryotes under different disease levels. The results showed that both of the severity and characteristics of citrus moss in the two orchards were similar. The content of P was significantly negatively correlated with disease severities, the content of Mg was significantly negatively correlated with disease severities, and the content of Ca was significantly positively correlated with disease severities, the content of K was significantly positively correlated with disease severities. At the genus level, the dominants in G1 were Heterochlorella, Sporidiobolus and Cladosporium, the dominants in G2 were Heterochlorella, Symmetrospora and Microsporomyces, the dominants in G3 were Heterochlorella, Cladosporium and Sporidiobolus, the dominants in G4 were Heterochlorella, Cladosporium and Heveochlorella, and the dominants in G5 were Heterochlorella, Cladosporium and Microsporomyces. The relative abundance of uncultured Apatococcus, Cladosporium herbarum, Heveochlorella hainangensis on leaf surface were positively correlated with the disease levels. The content of P, Fe, Mg, Mn, Cu, N had a great influence on the structure of leaf biota species. The main pathogen uncultured Apatococcus, Cladosporium herbarum were negatively correlated with the content of P and they were positively correlated with Ca. Investigating relationship between mineral nutrient elements in citrus leaves and the eukaryotic community structure of leaf surface, we found the P content was significantly negatively correlated with citrus moss severities and the relative abundance of the major pathogens, the Ca content in the leaves were positively correlated with the citrus moss disease levels and the relative abundance of the main pathogens. In conclusion, citrus moss was most closely related to P and Ca in leaves, and the occurrence degree of citrus moss can directly affect the content of P and Ca in leaves.

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Fruit development regulation and quality accumulation characteristics analysis of Zizyphus jujuba cv. Shucuizao

DENG Qian, WANG Yang, DENG Qunxian, XIN Yaning, LI Lei, LONG Xingyu, ZHU Jin, ZHANG Huifen, XIA Hui, LIANG Dong

2020, 32(4): 644-652. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.11

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In the present study, Shucuizao cultivated in open field and in greenhouse were used as materials, and Luojiangtiaoyuanzao, the main local cultivar in Luojiang district of Deyang city, was used as the control. The developmental dynamics, appearance quality (single fruit weight, vertical diameter, coloring index, etc.) and nutritional quality (soluble sugar, titratable acid, ascorbic acid content, etc.) of jujube fruit were compared and analyzed. It was shown that the single fruit weight and edible rate of Shucuizao were better than Luojiangtiaoyuanzao. And the appropriate sugar/acid ratio resulted in a sweet and sour taste. Through the comparison of different cultivation methods of Shucuizao, it was found that the single fruit weight in the mature stage of Shucuizao in greenhouse was significantly higher than that in open field, the maturity period was 7~14 days earlier than that of Shucuizao in open field, and the rate of falling fruit and cracking fruit was lower than that of Shucuizao in open field. However, there was no significant difference in edible rate, sugar/acid ratio and fruit taste between Shucuizao in greenhouse and in open field. In conclusion, Shucuizao had a good performance in high fruit weight, high edible rate and sweet and sour flavor in Luojiang area, which provided a good material for the introduction of new fresh jujube variety in Luojiang area.

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Resources evaluation of 29 celery varieties for autumn-winter cultivation in southern Jiangsu

SHEN Di, CHEN Longzheng, LU Xiaohua, TAO Jianping, FENG Gucheng, LIU Jiexia, FENG Kai, YIN Lian, DING Xu, JIA Lili, XU Zhisheng, LIU Huiji, XIONG Aisheng

2020, 32(4): 653-660. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.12

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In order to evaluate the resources of celery varieties, 29 celery varieties were selected and planted in Lishui District of Nanjing City in the autumn of 2018. Then, differences, correlations, principal components and cluster of 10 main agronomic traits were analyzed. The results showed that the variation coefficient of 10 main agronomic traits ranged from 9.11% to 39.74%. The highest coefficient of variation emerged in yield, which was 39.74%. There were different degrees of correlation among the agronomic traits. The yield exhibited a significant positive correlation with individual plant quality, plant height, petiole width and petiole thickness. Principal component analysis indicated that the cumulative contribution rate of eigenvalues of the first three factors reached 85.586%. These three factors, including plant type and yield factors, leaf and petiole number-related factors, as well as leaf and petiole morphology-related factors, summarized the information of original indicators in general. The 29 celery varieties were divided into 4 categories at the location of 10 Euclidean distances through cluster analysis. Among them, 16 varieties belonged to class I, their characteristic were as follow: plants were relatively short, quality of each plant was medium, leaves and leaf petiole color were different, and petiole was mostly solid. Two varieties belonged to class II, they showed a tall and strong type with heavy weight per plant, petiole solid, less fiber, high yield. The six varieties of celery belonged to class III, they were lower and stronger, and had the heavier weight per plant and round leaves, lower yield. Type IV contained five celery varieties, this type had short plants, many leaves, and low yield. The results of this paper would provide potential useful reference information for the production of celery in southern Jiangsu, and the collection and identification of celery germplasm resources.

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Differences in matter production characteristics and yield formation of tissue culture gingers in different generations

REN Yun, LI Qiang, LI Zhexin, LIU Yiqing, TANG Jianmin

2020, 32(4): 661-670. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.13

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To study the differences in matter production characteristics and yield formation of tissue cultured gingers in different generations, and to determine the best promotion generation of tissue cultured ginger in production, tissue cultured original-original seeds (T₁), original seeds (T₂) and production seeds (T₃) were used as experimental materials to conduct a two-year field experiment in 2017-2018. The results showed that the growth characteristics of T₃ and T₂ were significantly better than that of T₁, which showed the plant height and stem diameter of T₃ and T₂ grew rapidly, and ensured the rapid growth of shoot in the early growth stage. After entering the rhizome expansion period, the growth of plant height and stem diameter of ginger slowed down, and tillers occurred rapidly. T₃ and T₂ could effectively control the occurrence of tillering, reduce the consumption of photosynthetic products by excessive tillering, and ensure the supply of photosynthetic products of rhizomes, thereby increased the rate of dry matter accumulation, prolonged the rapid growth period, and significantly increased their dry matter accumulation, laid a material foundation for high yield. After rhizome expansion period, the lower proportion in stem, leaf and root of T₃ and T₂, which promoted the transfer of photosynthetic products to rhizomes and further promoted the expansion of rhizomes, thus achieved high yield. Therefore, compared with the original-original seeds and original seeds, the production seeds of ginger had obvious yield advantages, which could effectively improve the economic benefits of ginger production. Comprehensive considering the yield differences and economic benefits, and seeds degeneration law of tissue cultured ginger, the tissue cultured ginger production seeds (T₃) could be used as the best promotion generation for production, which could realize its yield potential, improve economic benefits and effectively control the occurrence of diseases.

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Resistance mechanism of Alopecurus japonicus in response to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and mesosulfuron-methyl

BI Yaling, DAI Lingling, GU Gang, LI Junjun

2020, 32(4): 671-677. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.14

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To clarify the resistance mechanism of Alopecurus japonicus to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and mesosulfuron-methyl, fragments encoding acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) and acetolactate synthase (ALS) were amplified, cloned and sequenced from resistant (R) and susceptible (S) populations of A. japonicus, respectively. Activity differences of glutathione S-transferases in R and S populations were studied. Dose-response experiments were conducted to evaluate the resistance levels of resistant A. japonicus population to different ACCase-and ALS-inhibiting herbicides. The nucleotide sequence analysis showed that a substitution of tryptophan acid (Trp) 2027 by cysteine acid (Cys) existed in the CT domain of ACCase gene, and a substitution of tryptophan acid (Trp) 574 by arginine acid (Arg) of ALS gene existed in AFT population. The level of metabolic response mediated by GSTs metabolizing enzymes in plants was increased after herbicide treatment, the metabolic detoxification response of plants to herbicides was accelerated, the GSTs activity of R was obviously higher than that of S population. A. japonicus AFT population confered high resistance to clodinafop-propargyl, clethodim, flucarbazone-Na with resistance index of 27.90, 34.43 and 10.30, respectively. Moderate resistance to pinoxaden, imazapic, bispyribac-sodium with resistance index of 5.49, 6.42 and 5.01. This study indicated that the substitutions of tryptophan acid at position 2027 in the ACCase gene, tryptophan acid at position 574 in the ALS gene and the significantly increased of GSTs activity might be linked to resistance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and mesosulfuron-methyl in AFT populations.

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Effects of sulfate on reduction and transformation of soil iron minerals and arsenic release

LIU Tao, ZHANG Chipeng, HAO Yaoling, QIU Lijuan, HUANG Chenchen

2020, 32(4): 678-684. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.15

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The effects of sulfate on transformation and release of iron and arsenate in the soil contaminated by acid mine drainage were investigated by means of flooding release experiment in this study. Three kinds of comparative tests were designed and conducted, including sterilization treatment, non-sterilization treatment and sulfation non-sterilization treatment. Each treatment was incubated for 30 days in an anaerobic incubation box, and the supernatants of each treatment were sampled every 5 days, to determine pH values, redox potential (Eh), and ferrous iron and arsenic concentrations. The HCl-extractable Fe(Ⅱ) and arsenic concentrations in the soil were also determined. In the initial stage, pH in soil solution increased, yet Eh decreased with the help of soil microorganisms. In the first 5 days (stage of reduction and transformation of iron minerals), the activation rate of iron and arsenic in the soil and the release rate were higher than comparative treatment, and the addition of sulfate would increase the rate of release. After then, a large amount of sulfate was reduced and ferrous sulfide minerals were formed due to the enhancement of reduction strength in soil. The reduction rate of iron oxides in the soil was kept at a lower level, except for sulfurization non-sterilization treatment, and the content of activated arsenic in the soil decreased. The process of iron and arsenic release was suppressed. The iron concentration in the solution was maintained at a lower level after 15 days of the experiment, which was probably resulted by the formation of iron oxides deposits. However, the arsenic concentration increased gradually and the addition of sulfate could enhance the release of arsenic.

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Climate characteristics of frost in Guizhou

ZHANG Bo, YU Fei, WU Zhanping, HU Jiamin

2020, 32(4): 685-695. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.16

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The distribution characteristics of frost in Guizhou was analyzed, which would provide scientific basis for rational utilization of climate resources and supervise agriculture.The first frost day, the last frost day and the frost free period in Guizhou were analyzed based on the daily minimum temperature of 0 cm of 84 meteorological stations in Guizhou Province from 1961 to 2018 by using linear trend, M-K mutation test and spatial analysis. The results showed that in recent 58 years, the average first frost day and the last frost day in Guizhou was December 2 and February 23, the average frost free period was 291 d, with the rates at 2.34 d·(10a)^-1, 2.95 d·(10a)^-1 and 5.76 d·(10a)^-1, showed significant trends of delay, advance and extension (P<0.01), respectively. In the spatial distribution, the first frost day showed the characteristics of earlier in the west, later in the east, earlier in the north and later in the south, 69% of the sites showed a trend of significant delay. The last frost day showed the characteristics of earlier in the south, later in the northwest and northeast. The frost free period was generally prolonged, and 82% of the stations passed the significance level test. Altitude was the key factor affecting the first frost, the last frost and the frost free period in Guizhou, the frost free period decreased with the increase of latitude and altitude. The first frost event occured later, the last frost event occured eailer, and the frost-free period becomed longer, which would provide sufficient heat resources and more favorable agricultural production in Guizhou.

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Diversity characteristics of soil oribatid mites in 7 microenvironments in Xinjiang

Yakup HASANJAN, Omar ABLIZ, Mardan ASKAR, Aliya SIDIK

2020, 32(4): 696-704. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.17

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The Oribatida is the most abundant and diverse group of mites and one of the most abundant groups of invertebrates in soil, which is important for the decomposition of organic matter. In order to explore the effects of soil microhabitats on the structure and diversity of soil oribatid mite communities under extremely environment in arid land in Northwest China, soil samples were taken from each microhabitat from March, June, October to December in 2018, and were processed for Oribatida extraction in the modified Berlese-Tullgren extractor. A total of 11 752 adult soil oribatid mites were captured and classified into 44 genera, 34 families. Among them, Zygoribatula and Protoribates were the dominant groups, and accounted for 65.94% of the total collections. There were significant(P<0.05) differences in number of individuals, groups and diversity index of the soil Oribatida communities under different microhabitats. The order of individuals of the soil Oribatida in different microhabitats were SF>AG>AF>VY>VF>GL>FL, the order of groups quantity was SF>GL>AG>VY>AF>VF=FL and the order of diversity index was FL>VY>GL>SF>VF>AG>AF, respectively. The similarities among different microhabitats belonged to moderate dissimilarity (0.25-0.50). The results of MGP analysisⅠindicated that soil Oribatida communities in the area mainly belonged to O pattern, yet MGP analysisⅡindicated that soil Oribatida communities belonged to P pattern. In general, the soil microhabitats exerted an important impact on the ecological distribution of oribatid mite communities in the arid region.

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Optimization of total triterpenoids extraction from Ganoderma lucidum spore powder and evaluations of their biological capacities in vitro

WEN Huiping, LEI Weimin, KE Leqin, CHEN Yuwei, HOU Jing, XIAO Jianzhong

2020, 32(4): 705-713. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.18

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To optimize the ultrasonic extraction technology of total triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, and investigate its antioxidant and antitumor activity in vitro, the extraction method was optimized to achieve high yield. The significant influencing factors were firstly screened by Plackett-Burman (PB) design on the basis of single factor experiment, and then were further optimized by Box-Behnken. Antioxidant activity of total triterpenoids in vitro was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS⁺ free radical scavenging activity assay and the effect of total triterpenoids on the human hepatoma HepG-2 cells was detected by CCK-8. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: ethanol volume fraction of 80%, solid-liquid ratio of 1:23, ultrasonic power of 540 W, ultrasonic temperature of 40 ℃, ultrasonic time of 60 min. The bioactivity studies showed that the total triterpenoids extracted from Ganoderma lucidum spore powder had better ability to scavenge ABTS⁺ than DPPH free radicals, and had anti-proliferation activity against human hepatoma cell (HepG-2).

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Spatial evolution characteristics of total agricultural machinery power in China from 2000 to 2017

ZHANG Xiongyi, XU Xinliang, ZHANG Zheng, ZHUANG Dachun, ZENG Qin, BI Rengui, YAN Can

2020, 32(4): 714-722. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.19

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To explore the spatial distribution and evolution characteristics of China's total agricultural machinery power, ArcGIS spatial analysis and Pearson correlation analysis were adopted. The spatial distribution of total agricultural machinery power in nine agricultural areas from 2000 to 2017 were explored. The provincial (Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan excluded) spatial evolution characteristics of total agricultural machinery power per hectare were analyzed, and the correlations within the changes of added value of the primary industry, cultivated land and total agricultural machinery power were determined. It was shown that the total agricultural machinery power increased rapidly in China from 2000 to 2017. The spatial distribution pattern in 9 agricultural areas varied from “one strong and many weak regions” to “multiple strong coexistence”. The development of total agricultural machinery power was not balanced among provinces. The correlation coefficient between the changes of total agricultural machinery power and the added value of the primary industry was 0.735, which indicated an obvious correlation. In other words, the increase of the total agricultural machinery power would promote the increase of the added value of the primary industry. The correlation coefficient between the changes of the total agricultural machinery power and the cultivated land was 0.478.

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Study on settlement of nutrient solution in vegetable cultivation pipeline based on ultrasonic atomization

LONG Lixia, JIANG Pin, LUO Yahui, YANG Xiwen, SHI Yixin, HU Wenwu

2020, 32(4): 723-730. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.20

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A pipeline cultivation test platform based on ultrasonic atomization was built to study the effect of wind speed, atomization amount and temperature difference on settlement of nutrient solution fog in the pipeline. The influence of wind speed, atomization amount and temperature difference on the fogging amount in the pipeline was analyzed by single factor experiment, the order of factors were obtained by quadratic regression orthogonal rotation combined test, and the regression equation of the settlement amount of nutrient solution was established. The results show that: as the amount of atomization increased, the amount of settlement generally increased. When the atomization amount was lower than 420 mL·h^-1, the settlement amount increased slowly, and when the atomization amount was more than 420 mL·h^-1, the settlement amount increased significantly. As the wind speed increased gradually, the settlement amount decreased continuously, the wind speed was 1.1 m·s^-1, the settlement amount was the largest. When the wind speed was more than 1.5 m·s^-1, the settlement amount decreased significantly. The settlement amount changed approximately symmetrically with the positive and negative levels of the temperature difference, the absolute value of the temperature difference increased, and the settlement amount increased. The R² of the regression model was 0.734 7, and the model fitted well. The effects of three factors on the settlement of vegetable roots were as follows: atomization amount>wind speed>temperature difference. The maximum settlement amount was 0.063 g, the optimum combined atomization amount was 680.11 m L·h^-1, the wind speed was 1.34 m·s^-1, and the temperature difference was 0.039 ℃ in the model. The model was verified when the atomization amount, wind speed and temperature difference were: 660 mL·h^-1, 1.5 m·s^-1, 0 ℃, 540 mL·h^-1, 1.3 m·s^-1, 0 ℃, 540 mL·h^-1, 1.7 m·s^-1, 0 ℃, the settlement amount was determined by regression model to be 0.062, 0.060, 0.056 g, and the measured values were 0.057, 0.056 and 0.051 g. The relative errors were 8.77%, 7.14% and 9.80%, respectively. The results provided a reference sequence for the rapid and effective adjustment of the root growth environment, provided a reference method for the study of other environmental factors of the root system, and provided a reference for studying the root environment in other shapes of the aeroponics device.

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Research on regional scientific and technological innovation efficiency and its influencing factors of agricultural research institution in China

CHEN Yao, ZHAO Zhijun, GAO Yun

2020, 32(4): 731-741. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.21

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Based on the perspective of the types of innovative achievements, the types of scientific and technological innovative achievements of agricultural research institutions were divided into academic, technical and economic ones. The stochastic frontier model was used to analyze the three types of innovative output efficiency and their influencing factors of agricultural research institutions in China. The results showed that: firstly, during the sampling period, the three types of output efficiency of agricultural research institutions in China were relatively low. There was more improvement of economic output efficiency, followed by technological output and finally academic output. Secondly, there were distinct differences among the three types of output efficiency of agricultural research institutions in various provinces, with serious polarization and diversification. In terms of time trend, technical and economic output efficiency, though relatively low, had shown a good trend of rising. Thirdly, during the sampling period, compared with R&D (research and development) capital, R&D personnel had a higher output contribution, the output efficiency of scientific and technological innovation of agricultural research institutions in China mainly depended on the input of R&D personnel, and the input of R&D funds played a restraining role in the efficiency of scientific and technological innovation in agricultural research institutions. The efficiency of scientific and technological innovation in provincial agricultural research institutions developed extremely unevenly. Fourthly, personnel structure had a significant role in promoting academic and technical output, but had a negative impact on economic output. Personnel quality had a positive effect on the three types of output, but had no evident impact on academic output. Government support had a negative impact on economic output. Infrastructure had a positive effect on the three types of output.

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Research progress on effect of nitric oxide on adventitious root formation in plants

LI Weifang, WANG Chunlei, WANG Ni, DENG Yuzheng, YAO Yandong, WEI Lijuan, LIAO Weibiao

2020, 32(4): 742-752. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.04.22

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As a small gaseous signal molecule, the roles of nitric oxide (NO) in plants have been widely studied in recent years. Especially, much progress has been made in the mechanisms of plant NO production and its mechanism of action during adventitious root development in plants. This paper mainly reviewed four aspects: the production pathway of NO in plants, the roles of NO and its interactions with other signaling molecules during adventitious rooting in plants, the NO-regulated genes expression during adventitious rooting, the perspectives of the studies about NO in adventitious root development in plants. The aim of this review was to provide theoretical references for the application of NO in adventitious rooting of plants.

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