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    2022, 34(12):  0-0. 
    Abstract ( 147 )   PDF (1650KB) ( 406 )  
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    Crop Science
    Selection and comprehensive evaluation of special glutinous rice varieties for dumpling in Zhejiang Province, China
    WANG Baojun, CHENG Wangda, SHEN Yaqiang, CHEN Zhaogui, PENG Yuhui, ZHU Jiawei, HUANG Jiapin, ZHANG Hongmei
    2022, 34(12):  2583-2593.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.01
    Abstract ( 793 )   HTML ( 159241 )   PDF (2186KB) ( 639 )  

    To select high-quality glutinous rice varieties suitable for making dumpling (glutinous rice dumpling wrapped in reed leaf) in Zhejiang Province, 27 glutinous rice germplasm resources were collected around Taihu Lake as materials. The field yield, rice quality and eating quality of dumpling were evaluated by correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis from glutinous rice varieties. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the favorite degree of dumpling and smell, suitability of soft and hard, and content of protein. Principal component analysis indicated that comprehensive evaluation value of Shaonuo9714 was the highest. 27 glutinous rice resources were divided into 5 classes by cluster analysis. It was suitable for making dumpling to concentrate in glutinous rice class 1 (Zhenuoyou No.1, Zhenuo 106, Shaonuo 9714, Jiahenuo No.1, with good appearance, sensory and processing quality and high comprehensive score), class 2 (Wankennuo 1116, Taihunuo, Chengnuo 218, Zhennuo 19, Suyunuo, Nuoshi 02, Nuoshi 03, Nuoshi 05 and Xiangnuo 833, which had good flavor quality, but poor yield and quality, with medium comprehensive score) and Class 3 (Wankennuo 1, Nuoshi 01, Nuoshi 04, Nuoshi 06, Nuoshi 07, Nuoshi 08, Wankennuo 3 and Wuyunuo 4819, which had good sensory quality and medium comprehensive score). Combined with the production requirements that the amylose content was less than 2% and the compactness of dumpling was greater than 0.9, the special glutinous rice varieties suitable for dumpling planting in Zhejiang were Shaonuo 9714, Zhenuo 106, Nuoshi 01, Wankennuo 3, Zhenuoyou No.1 and Jiahenuo No.1.

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    Effects of different CO2 concentration and nitrogen rates on photosynthesis and growth of winter wheat
    WU Hao, ZHANG Xuesong, WANG Dan
    2022, 34(12):  2594-2602.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.02
    Abstract ( 376 )   HTML ( 13189 )   PDF (906KB) ( 657 )  

    In order to elucidate the interactive effects of different nitrogen rates on photosynthesis, biomass accumulation and yield of winter wheat under the elevated CO2 concentration, the winter wheat variety Ningmai 13 was selected as the test material, and an experiment with different CO2 concentrations (C, ambient CO2 concentration; T, higher CO2 concentration, ambient CO2 concentration+200 μmol·mol-1) and different N levels (LN, low nitrogen, 90 kg·hm-2; HN, high nitrogen, 240 kg·hm-2) was conducted, and the photosynthetic characteristics, carbon and nitrogen content in leaves, biomass and yield of winter wheat at different growth stages under different treatments were measured. It was shown that the higher CO2 concentration increased the net photosynthetic rate of winter wheat by 78.4% under the low nitrogen level and 77.2% under the high nitrogen level. At the flowering stage and the filling stage, high nitrogen level increased the above-ground biomass accumulation of winter wheat. Among all the treatments, the yield of C-LN was the smallest, yet the yield of T-HN was the highest, and the difference between them was significant (P<0.05). Therefore, it was inferred that under the elevated CO2 concentration in the future, the biomass accumulation and yield of winter wheat could be increased by increasing the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer.

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    Arabidopsis N-terminal acetyltransferase Naa50 is involved in regulation of root cell mitosis
    FENG Jinlin, XI Xiaoyu, ZHAO Shifeng
    2022, 34(12):  2603-2609.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.03
    Abstract ( 487 )   HTML ( 54 )   PDF (3515KB) ( 490 )  

    N-terminal acetyltransferase Naa50 plays an important role in regulating growth and development in Arabidopsis. In order to explore whether Naa50 affects plant growth and development by regulating cell mitosis, the naa50-1 mutant was crossed with H2B-YFP line, and the segregation behavior of chromosomes during cell division was detected by H2B-YFP. The results showed that compared with the wild-type, the cell mitotic index in root meristem region of naa50-1 mutant decreased, chromosome aberration rate and micronucleus rate increased, and so as the proportion of cells in metaphase increased. The expression of CYCB1 protein in root cells was detected by crossing of naa50-1 mutant with CYCB1-CUS, and it was found that the expression of CYCB1 protein in naa50-1 mutant was increased. PI staining analysis showed that there were several dead cells in the root of naa50-1 mutant. These results indicated that Naa50 promotes the equal distribution of genetic material between two daughter cells during mitosis and the transition from metaphase to anaphase. Overall, Naa50 is involved in the regulation of plant growth and development by regulating cell division.

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    Effects of water retaining agent on carbon-nitrogen metabolism and neutral aroma substances content in cigar tobacco leaves under drought stress
    LI Xinyan, WANG Fangling, ZHANG Mingyue, SHAO Zhihui, WANG Jun, YANG Weili, ZHAO Mingqin
    2022, 34(12):  2610-2621.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.04
    Abstract ( 387 )   HTML ( 2513 )   PDF (1471KB) ( 603 )  

    In order to study the effects of types and dosage of water retaining agents on the carbon and nitrogen metabolism and aroma quality of cigar tobacco leaves under drought stress, Dexue 3 was used as the test material to study the changes of carbon and nitrogen metabolism and neutral aroma components content in cigar tobacco leaves under the effects of types and dosage of water retaining agents (SAP water retaining agent, Wote water retaining agent and self-made water retaining agent) and dosage (2, 4, 6 g per plant). The results showed that: 1) The use of water retaining agent could effectively improve the nitrogen metabolism intensity in the early stage (before 45 days) of cigar tobacco growth and development, accelerate the transformation and accumulation of nitrogen nutrition to nicotine, weaken the nitrogen metabolism intensity in the late stage (after 60 days), and significantly weaken the nicotine accumulation. At 75 days, the nicotine content of each treatment was significantly reduced compared with the control, and the TS-PAA 2 g per plant treatment had the largest reduction, with a decrease of 32.26%. 2) The use of water retaining agent could accelerate the level of carbon metabolism in the middle and late stages (after 45 days), and promote the increase of starch, total sugar and reducing sugar content in cigar tobacco leaves. Among them, TS-PAA 4 g per plant treatment had the highest increase, increasing 327.28%, 80.51% and 79.54%, respectively compared with the control. The sugar base ratio increased by 161.90%, and the two sugar ratios (reducing sugar/total sugar) were maintained at about 0.9. 3) The use of water retaining agent could also significantly delay leaf senescence, improve the drought resistance of tobacco plants, and promote the accumulation of neutral aroma components in cigar tobacco leaves. 4) Under drought stress, the use of water retaining agent was conducive to promoting the reasonable transformation and dynamic balance of carbon and nitrogen metabolism during the growth and development of cigar tobacco leaves, and improving the quality of tobacco leaves. Compared with different treatments, TS-PAA and Wote water retaining agent had the best effect at the dosage of 4 g per plant and SAP water retaining agent at the dosage of 6 g per plant.

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    Animal Science
    Global genotype and subgenotype prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus
    CHEN Jie, ZUO Zhicai, CAI Dongjie, FU Xingxin, LIU Lingli, ZHANG Yilin, GOU Liping, WANG Ya, REN Zhihua, DENG Junliang
    2022, 34(12):  2622-2628.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.05
    Abstract ( 689 )   HTML ( 501 )   PDF (733KB) ( 780 )  

    The most frequently-reported Bovine viral diarrhea virus(BVDV) subgenotype was 1b, followed by 1a and 2a. 1t and 1n were the less reported subgenotypes, and 1v was a new popular subgenotype in recent years. Recently, the emergence of many new BVDV subgenotypes showed that continuous genetic variation made its prevention and control more and more difficult. The large number of various BVDV subgenotypes had been documented in European countries, indicating greater genetic diversity of BVDV in this continent. The number of BVDV strains found in Asia was significantly higher than those in other continents, and 1b was the most prevalent subgenotype in Asia. BVDV-3 had been reported most frequently in Europe and had also been reported in Asia. This study reviewed the worldwide prevalence of BVDV, enriched the molecular epidemiological data of BVDV, and provided a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of BVDV.

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    Relationship between MC1R c.676A>G and goat skin pigmentation and its effect on melanin synthesis
    JIANG Jing, REN Hangxing, ZHOU Peng, SUN Xiaoyan, LI Jie, FU Lin, ZHANG Li, LIU Liangjia, WANG Gaofu
    2022, 34(12):  2629-2639.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.06
    Abstract ( 337 )   HTML ( 417 )   PDF (3210KB) ( 529 )  

    In order to reveal the relationship between goat MC1R gene c.676A>G mutation and goat skin pigmentation, and the effect of mutation on melanin synthesis and the expression of pigment-related genes in the downstream of the cAMP signaling pathway: on the one hand, the direct sequencing was used to detect the MC1R c.676A>G mutation of Youzhou dark-skin goats and the hybrid offsprings (120 individuals), and the abdominal skin color of individuals of different genotypes was determined with the colorimeter, and the relationship between c.676A>G mutation and skin pigmentation was analyzed; on the other hand, the eukaryotic expression vectors of wild type (MC1R c.676A) and mutant type (MC1R c.676G) were constructed and transfected into B16-F10 cells for overexpression by liposome-mediated method, and the differences of melanin in each group were detected by the microplate reader and the expression differences of pigment-related genes in the downstream of the cAMP signaling pathway (MITF, TYR, TYRP1, DCT) in cells were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that the c.676A>G site of Youzhou dark-skin goats and their hybrid offsprings was dominated by the GG genotype, and the skin color values of different genotype populations did not show significant difference (P>0.05). The melanin in mutant group cells (MC1R c.676G) showed significantly (P<0.01) higher value than that of the wild group cells (MC1R c.676A). The relative expression of MITF, TYRP1 and DCT in the mutant group cells was significantly (P<0.01) higher than that of the wild group, and the relative expression of TYR in the mutant group was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of the wild group. In summary, MC1R c.676A>G did not directly affect goat skin pigmentation. However, MC1R c.676G could promote the synthesis of melanin in B16-F10 cells and could increase the expression of MITF, TYR, TYRP1 and DCT genes in the downstream of cAMP signaling pathway, indicating that MC1R c.676A>G was closely related to melanin synthesis.

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    Construction of T7 phage tail fiber random evolution library
    HONG Weiming, LI Ruiting, GUO Zijie, XU Hai, ZUO Weiyong, ZHANG Liang, SONG Liang
    2022, 34(12):  2640-2647.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.07
    Abstract ( 375 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (9376KB) ( 503 )  

    In order to satisfy the need of non-antibiotic livestock breeding, it is urgent to obtain new lytic bacteriophages with high-efficiency lysis, clear genetic background and broad host range, which can be used for anti-bacteria approaches. This study aimed to construct a random mutant library of the carboxy-terminal gene of T7 phage by using error-prone PCR method, so that the broad-host-range phages would be selected and identified from the library. The whole genome of T7 phage was extracted, and a 33 kb of left arm of genome was recovered after SfiⅠ digestion. The carboxy-terminal of T7 phage tail fiber (TF-ct, 350 bp) as well as the downstream arm (4 000 bp) from gene 17 were amplified by PCR method, respectively. TF-ct was used as templet for error-prone PCR amplification to obtain random mutant fragments, and the PCR products were connected with pMD19-T simple vector to construct a plasmid library. The SfiⅠ and SphⅠ enzyme site ready fragments were prepared by digesting plasmid library, and then connected with the 33 kb of genome left arm and 4 000 bp of gene 17 downstream arm to rescue T7 phage tail fiber random evolution library. Random mutant TF-ct gene fragments were successfully amplified by error-prone PCR, and both plasmid library and T7 phage library were correctly constructed. Fifteen phage clones were randomly picked from the library for DNA sequencing analysis, the results showed that the mutation rate of TF-ct gene was 1.23% to 2.16%. The amino acid mutant in loop region of tail fiber terminal led to the change of adsorption efficiency of T7 phage towards its host bacteria. The random evolution library of T7 phage tail fiber carboxy-terminal was successfully constructed, and further identified the relationship between the amino composition of tail fiber terminal loop region and T7 phage host recognition.

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    Horticultural Science
    Changes of polysaccharide content and pectin degradation related enzyme activities in cell wall during softening of kiwifruit
    LU Linghong, MA Yuanyuan, GU Xianbin, XIAO Jinping, SONG Genhua, ZHANG Huiqin
    2022, 34(12):  2648-2658.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.08
    Abstract ( 525 )   HTML ( 722 )   PDF (2101KB) ( 688 )  

    To investigate the degradation characteristics of cell wall polysaccharides and effects of related pectin degrading enzymes on the softening process of kiwifruit fruits at different storage temperatures. Fruit firmness, cell wall polysaccharide content and pectin degradation related enzyme activities of Xuxiang, Jinli and Wanlv fruits during storage at 25 ℃ and 4 ℃ were determined, and their correlation was analyzed. The firmness of Wanlv decreased the fastest and the storage time was the shortest, while the firmness of Xuxiang changed the slowest and the storage time was the longest. With fruit softening, contents of hemicellulose, cellulose and covalent soluble pectin (CSP) in kiwifruit of these three cultivars showed a decreasing trend, content of water soluble pectin (WSP) showed an increasing trend, while content of ionic soluble pectin (ISP) was relatively stable. The degradation rates of cell wall components of different cultivars were different at the two storage temperatures. Change rate of polysaccharide components in Wanlv kiwifruit was the fastest, followed by Jinli and Xuxiang. Storage at 4 ℃ delayed the degradation of cell wall polysaccharides. The results of correlation analysis showed that there was a significant (P<0.05) negative correlation between fruit firmness and WSP content, and a significant positive correlation between fruit firmness and CSP, hemicellulose and cellulose content in three varieties of kiwifruit. The results of pectin degradation enzyme activity determination showed that PG and β-Gal activities of Wanlv were significantly higher than those of the other two cultivars at 25 ℃, and PG and β-Gal activities of Xuxiang kiwifruit were significantly lower than those of the other two cultivars. In the early stage of storage at 4 ℃, activities of PL and α-AF in Xuxiang were significantly lower than those of the other two cultivars. At 25 ℃, PG and β-Gal were the pectin degrading enzymes that was significantly related to the softening of Xuxiang fruit. Under 4 ℃ storage condition, the enzymes significantly related to fruit softening of the three kiwifruit cultivars were different. The pectinase that was significantly related to the softening of Xuxiang fruit was α-AF and PME. The pectinases significantly associated with the softening of Jinli and Wanlv fruits were α-AF and PL, respectively. Wanlv kiwifruit softened the fastest, and its cell wall polysaccharide content changed the fastest. The softening rate of Xuxiang kiwifruit was the slowest, and the change of polysaccharide content in cell wall was also the slowest. In the early stage of storage at 25 ℃, the activities of PG, β-Gal and α-AF in Wanlv were the highest, while the activities of PME, PG, PL, β-Gal and α-AF in Xuxiang were the lowest. In the early stage of storage at 4 ℃, PL and α-AF activities were the highest in Wanlv, and the lowest in Xuxiang. These differences in pectinase activity may be one of the reasons for the rapid softening of Wanlv fruit and the slow softening of Xuxiang fruit.

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    Effects of dustfall on photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of major fruit trees in Aksu Region, China
    SUN Shouxia, CHEN Hong, LYU Wei, PIAO Hanqi, ZHOU Guanghui, WANG Hesong, ZHANG Shubin, HAO Jinlian
    2022, 34(12):  2659-2668.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.09
    Abstract ( 426 )   HTML ( 17 )   PDF (1959KB) ( 593 )  

    In order to explore the effect of long-term foliar dusts on photosynthetic performance of leaves in main fruit trees of Aksu area, Malus pumila, Juglans regia and Ziziphus jujube were used as experimental materials from June to August, five sample trees affected by dustfall in natural state were selected as dustfall treatment, and five sample trees whose leaves were washed with clear water every seven days were used as control treatments, respectively. The changes in dust absorption amount, photosynthetic parameters, fluorescence parameters and chlorophyll content in leaves were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the dust absorption ability of leaves in three fruit trees was as follows: Malus pumila>Ziziphus jujube>Juglans regia. The chlorophyll content (Chl), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) in three kinds of fruit trees treated with dustfall were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those in the control plants, while the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in the control plants. The longer the dust absorption time was, the greater the influence on Chl and photosynthetic parameters of fruit trees was. In addition, the maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) in three kinds of fruit trees treated with dustfall were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those in the control plants, while the minimal initial fluorescence (Fo) and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in the control plants. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between dust absorption and Pn, Chl and Fv/Fm in leaves of three kinds of fruit trees at P<0.05 and P<0.01 level, respectively. The main factor limiting Pn in leaves of three kinds of fruit trees under dustfall treatment was non-stomatal factor. Dustfall caused some damage or reversible inactivation of PSⅡ reaction center in fruit tree leaves, which reduced the original light energy conversion efficiency of fruit tree leaves, thus affecting the normal photosynthesis. The research results can provide a scientific theoretical basis for the cultivation and management of main fruit trees in Aksu area.

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    Physiology of stress resistance of Agapanthus praecox under drought and salt stress
    LIU Tao, CHEN Hairong, WANG Chengzhong, REN Li, ZHANG Di
    2022, 34(12):  2669-2681.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.10
    Abstract ( 1238 )   HTML ( 75 )   PDF (2303KB) ( 625 )  

    Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis Big Blue was taken as the experimental material under drought and salt treatments, to explore the tolerance to drought and salt stress at the level of resistance physiology to provide scientific guidance for its application under drought and salt stress treatments. Results showed that A. praecox could have resistance for about 30 d under drought stress. The semi-lethal NaCl concentration was about 1.29%. The results of physiological indexes showed that the cell membrane permeability, malondialdehyde content and total soluble protein content continued to rise under both stress treatments. The chlorophyll content under drought stress firstly increased and then decreased. Under drought stress, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) increased under 30-day drought stress and then decreased, while catalase (CAT) activity continued to decrease. Under salt stress, the activities of three antioxidant enzymes all showed a downward trend. qRT-PCR results showed distinctive results that Cu/Zn-SOD, POD, APX and GPX responded to the drought stress, while Cu/Zn-SOD, POD and GPX were involved in responding to the salt stress. The results of the principal component analysis indicated that membrane lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activity and osmoregulatory substance content of A. praecox can evaluate the tolerance to drought,while antioxidant enzyme activity indicated the tolerance to salt.

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    Plant Protection
    Identification and control of anthracnose in vegetable soybean
    LIU Na, FAN Qiaochu, ZHOU Jia, SONG Yajing, ZHANG Guwen, FENG Zhijuan, BO Yuanpeng, WANG Bin, GONG Yaming
    2022, 34(12):  2682-2688.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.11
    Abstract ( 750 )   HTML ( 67 )   PDF (2561KB) ( 619 )  

    Anthracnose disease is a common fungal disease of vegetable soybean, which forms black spots on the pod surface and affects the appearance and quality of fresh pod seriously. It has become one of economically important fungal diseases on vegetable soybean yield in China. To identify the pathogens causing vegetable soybean anthracnose in Zhejiang Province, we collected anthracnose disease samples and isolated the pathogens according to Koch's postulate. The pathogens were further identified based on morphological characteristics and rDNA-ITS sequence analysis in this study. Our results showed that two Colletotrichum species, Colletotrichum truncatum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, were the major pathogens causing vegetable soybean anthracnose in this region. To further guide the vegetable soybean anthracnose control using fungicides, we measured the sensitivity of representative strain C. truncatum Cts18 and C. Gloeosporioides Cts22 to commonly used fungicide carbendazim and tebuconazole. Results indicated that the concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC50) of carbendazim against C. truncatum Cts18 and C. gloeosporioides Cts22 were 2.13 μg·mL-1 and 96.12 μg·mL-1, respectively. The EC50 of tebuconazole against Cts18 and Cts22 were 0.27 μg·mL-1 and 0.63 μg·mL-1, respectively. These results suggested that Cts18 was more sensitive than Cts22 towards the tested fungicides, and tebuconazole is a potential fungicide for managing vegetable soybean anthracnose in fields in this region.

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    Environmental Science
    Effects of straw and straw-derived biochar returning on ammonia volatilization in tropical soil-rice system
    LIN Zhiwen, ZHANG Peng, WU Tianhao, SHAN Ying, ZOU Ganghua, ZHAO Fengliang, ZHENG Guiping
    2022, 34(12):  2689-2699.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.12
    Abstract ( 1041 )   HTML ( 1488 )   PDF (2196KB) ( 687 )  

    Ammonia volatilization is one of the main forms of nitrogen loss in paddy fields. In the present study, soil column experiment was adopted with 6 treatments, namely, no nitrogen fertilizer (0N), straw returning (ST), straw-derived biochar returning (BI), conventional fertilization (CF), straw returning with nitrogen fertilizer (NST), straw-derived biochar returning with nitrogen fertilizer (NBI), to evaluate the effects of straw and straw-derived biochar returning on ammonia volatilization in the tropical soil-rice system. The results showed that, compared with the CK treatment, NST treatment significantly (P<0.05) reduced the pH, yet increased the NH4+-N content of surface water at the tillering stage. NBI treatment significantly (P<0.05) elevated the pH and NH4+-N content of soil, yet decreased soil NO3--N content as compared with the CF treatment. Overall, NBI treatment could inhibit ammonia volatilization under the experiment conditions, as its cumulative ammonia volatilization was significantly (P<0.05) decreased by 28.9% than that of CF treatment.

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    Effects of simulated acid rain on dissolution characteristics and fraction of phosphorus in tea garden soil
    YAO Longren, WANG Xiaojun, ZHUO Chao, LENG Mingzhu, NI Wuzhong
    2022, 34(12):  2700-2709.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.13
    Abstract ( 351 )   HTML ( 56 )   PDF (1144KB) ( 557 )  

    In order to explore the internal relationship between acid rain and soil phosphorus loss, the effects of simulated acid rain on phosphorus leaching dynamic characteristics and phosphorus form changes in tea garden soil were studied by soil column experiment. Four treatments were designed in this experiment: T1, simulated acid rain with pH value of 3.5; T2, simulated acid rain with pH value of 4.5; T3, simulated acid rain with pH value of 5.5; CK, distilled water with pH value of 6.5 as control. The results showed that the accumulative dissolution amount of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) under T1, T2, T3 treatments was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of CK by 17.3%, 38.8% and 20.4, respectively. The accumulative dissolution amount of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) under T1 and T2 treatments was also significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of CK. The regression analysis results showed that the relationship between the accumulative dissolution amount of total phosphorus (TP), the accumulative dissolution amount of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and the leaching volume fit the first-order kinetic equation (R2>0.999). Compared with CK, the maximum accumulative dissolution amount of DIP under T1, T2, T3 treatments was increased by 16.0%, 49.9% and 16.0%, respectively, and the maximum accumulative dissolution amount of TP under T2 treatment was increased by 13.4%. After leaching with the simulated acid rain, the mass fraction of NaHCO3 extractable inorganic phosphorus and NaHCO3 extractable total phosphorus in tea garden soil was significantly (P<0.05) increased compared with CK, yet the mass fraction of NH4Cl extractable inorganic phosphorus, NaOH extractable inorganic phosphorus, and concentrated hydrochloric acid extractable total phosphorus was significantly (P<0.05) decreased. In general, acid rain could directly promote the release of inorganic and organic phosphorus from soil, increase the proportion of active phosphorus components in soil, and eventually increase the risk of soil phosphorus loss.

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    Variation characteristics of soil microbial diversity in chrysanthemum rhizosphere soil with different continuous cropping years
    ZHANG Xiaobo, YU Chunlei, ZHANG Wenyang, YAN Ye, RUAN Fang
    2022, 34(12):  2710-2719.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.14
    Abstract ( 234 )   HTML ( 1409 )   PDF (2411KB) ( 578 )  

    In order to reveal the community structure and diversity characteristics of microbe in chrysanthemum rhizosphere soil under continuous cropping, taking the rhizosphere soil of chrysanthemum with different continuous cropping years as the research object, high-throughput sequencing technology (Illumina-MiSeq) and bioinformatics were used to analyze the bacterial and fungal community composition and diversity in chrysanthemum rhizosphere soil of no continuous cropping (CK), continuous cropping for 2-years (2a) and continuous cropping for 9 years (9a). The results showed that the number and diversity of bacteria in rhizosphere soil of chrysanthemum in 2a and 9a treatments were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of CK. Continuous cropping had little influence on the fungal community diversity and abundance, but had significant influence on the fungal community composition. Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, Mortierella and other microbial communities were decreased, and the abundance of microbial communities such as Monographella, Fusarium, Ilyonectria and other microbial community were increased in 2a and 9a treatment, compared with CK. Continuous cropping of chrysanthemum significantly increased the number and diversity of bacteria, and significantly affected the composition of fungal community in the rhizosphere soil.

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    Optimization of low temperature resistant corn stalk degrading bacterial community and its effect
    WANG Yiran, KANG Zhichao, ZHU Guopeng, WANG Yang, QI Geqi, YU Hongwen
    2022, 34(12):  2720-2727.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.15
    Abstract ( 317 )   HTML ( 257 )   PDF (911KB) ( 560 )  

    In order to adapt to the climate characteristics of low average annual temperature and frequent freezing and thawing in northeast China, this study optimized the construction of microbial community which could efficiently degrade straw in low temperature environment. The metagenomic sequencing technology was employed for correlation analysis of six bacterial genera (Sphingobacter, Arthrobacter, Flavobacterium, Geobacter, Delfteia and Sphingosphinomonas) in JZ5, an original frigostable straw degrading bacterial community. Besides, the composition of the original community JZ5 was simplified. The results showed that after 12 d of culture at 15 ℃, pH value of optimized community CJZ1 and CJZ2 increased by 0.76 and 0.66 compared with the initial value, respectively, and the degradation rate of straw increased by 0.47 and 0.25 percentage point compared with the original community, respectively, with no significant difference. In addition, the active peak of laccase and lignin peroxidase significantly decreased, while cellulase activity increased by 43.66% and 37.99%, hemicellulase activity increase by 21.40% and 12.91%, respectively in CJZ1 and CJZ2. The results could provide a new idea for the optimization of bacterial community, and a high quality bacterial community for the efficient degradation of straw at low temperature.

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    Food Science
    Simultaneous determination of five Alternaria toxins by QuEChERS-ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in fruit puree for infants
    DENG Tao, YANG Hua, XIAO Yingping, WANG Wen, LYU Wentao, WANG Xiaoli, WU Zhen, JI Xiaofeng
    2022, 34(12):  2728-2739.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.16
    Abstract ( 319 )   HTML ( 68 )   PDF (1511KB) ( 487 )  

    A QuEChERS-ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of five Alternaria toxins including tenuazonic acid, tentoxin, aletrnariol monomethyl ether, alternariol and altenuene in fruit puree for infants was established. A fruit puree sample was extracted with a mixture solution of acetonitrile∶water∶formic acid (79∶20∶1, V/V/V), followed by a salting-out extraction using 0.5 g anhydrous CH3COONa and 0.5 g NaCl coupled with a dehydration step with the addition of 4 g anhydrous MgSO4, and a purification step with 100 mg C18. An ACQUITY UPLC® HSS T3 column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm) was used for chromatographic separation. The mobile phase consisted of 5 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate aqueous solution and methanol and a gradient elution program was applied. The measurement was carried out under the condition of multiple response monitoring mode and electrospray ion source. The matrix-matched external standard was used for quantitative analysis. The linearity of the method was in the range of 0.1-200 μg·L-1, with the determination coefficients (R2) greater than 0.998. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.1 μg·kg-1 and 0.3 μg·kg-1, respectively. The average recoveries were in the range of 73.8% to 118.0% with the relative standard deviations of 2.3% to 8.5%. The results demonstrated that the developed method was efficient, accurate, sensitive, and suitable for the quantitative determination of five Alternaria toxins in fruit puree for infants.

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    Study on calcium alginate microcapsule embedding IgY and its release properties
    LU Wenjing, CHEN Di, YE Qin, ZHANG Cen, RUAN Lingli, XIAO Chaogeng, YAO Yunxin
    2022, 34(12):  2740-2749.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.17
    Abstract ( 350 )   HTML ( 67 )   PDF (2478KB) ( 506 )  

    Egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) is a highly active oral antibody that is closely related to human health. In order to maximize the retention of IgY's biological activity and improve its stability, the natural polysaccharide sodium alginate was used as the main wall material, and the gel bead was prepared by the method of retination-coagulation bath embedding IgY. Taking the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity as the main indicators, the optimal preparation process of IgY-calcium sodium alginate gel beads was explored by the response surface method, and the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model was used to evaluate the release effect of gel beads. The results showed that when sodium alginate was 28.30 g·L-1, calcium chloride was 10.80 g·L-1 and the mass ratio of core to wall was 0.46:1, the newly prepared IgY-calcium alginate gel beads had good molding effect, the encapsulation efficiency was (53.30±1.55)%, and the loading capacity was (10.90±0.26)%. Through macroscopic morphological observation, the gel bead particles had good roundness and uniformity, with a particle size of about (2.10±0.05) mm and a hardness of (4 396.87±331.62) g. After drying, the swelling ratio of the gel beads was 0.94±0.39 after 2 h in the simulated gastric juice, the cumulative release ratio of IgY was about (11.10±3.20)%, and after 2 h in the simulated intestinal fluid, the swelling ratio continued to increase to 4.81±0.32, and the cumulative release ratio of IgY reached (97.10±2.40)%. Therefore, IgY-calcium alginate gel beads had the effect of slowly releasing the core material in the gastric juice, and IgY could be basically released in the intestinal fluid.

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    Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products
    Determination of jingangmycin and propiconazole in Atractylodes macrocephala by solid phase extraction/ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
    ZHANG Chunrong, GUO Qian, KONG Liping, WU Yuanyuan, LIN Qin, XU Zhenlan, TANG Tao
    2022, 34(12):  2750-2758.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.18
    Abstract ( 341 )   HTML ( 393 )   PDF (1112KB) ( 524 )  

    A simple and sensitive method was developed for the determination of jingangmycin A and propiconazole in fresh and dry samples of Atractylodes macrocephala by solid phase extraction/ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE/UPLC-MS/MS). The samples were extracted with methanol/water(9∶1, V/V),purified with an Oasis HLB column (for jingangmycin A) and Cleanert AQ C18 column (for propiconazole),and separated on a HSS T3 column,finally analyzed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode via positive electrospray ionization (ESI+). Under the optimum condition,the calibration curves for the analyte were linear in the range of 0.000 1-0.1 mg·L-1,with correlation coefficients(R2) not less than 0.999 6. At spiked levels of 0.01,0.5 and 5.0 mg·kg-1,the recoveries for jingangmycin A in two matrices were in the range of 72.4%-85.8% with relative standard deviations(RSD) of 0.89%-6.20%; At spiked levels of 0.005,0.1 and 1.0 mg·kg-1,the recoveries for propiconazole in two matrices were in the range of 88.1%-98.9% with relative standard deviations(RSD) of 1.4%-4.8%. The method was simple, reproducible, accurate, precise and the detection limit could meet the requirements of pesticide residue analysis.

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    Biosystems Engineering
    Visualization software for plant gene editing identification
    YOU Qi, WU Wenwen, JIANG Yi
    2022, 34(12):  2759-2766.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.19
    Abstract ( 278 )   HTML ( 43 )   PDF (3029KB) ( 453 )  

    The CRISPR editing system together with high-throughput sequencing can evaluate the efficiency and accuracy of mutation efficiently. At present, they have been widely used in genetics, biology, medicine and others. However, a one-click visualization tool was lack to evaluate mutation efficiency and accuracy of high-throughput sequencing data. Here, a Python-based visualization tool was developed, named as the visualization software for plant gene editing identification. The software can calculate high-throughput gene editing data together, and can realize data preprocessing (split and merge), detection of mutation and efficiency, visualization outputs of charts with one click. The software was an interface program, data input and results output could be realized by clicking the mouse. The outputs had a variety of formats, including images zooming and color change, which was convenient for post-processing results and writing papers. In addition, the tool supported multiple operating systems (Windows, Linux and MacOS) and was easy to install and use. At present, the user manual and program package of the software had been uploaded to the open software platform.

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    Remote sensing extraction of fruit tree planting area based on Sentinel-2 multi-temporal images
    ZHOU Xinxing, ZHAO Lin, ZHANG Wenjie, TAN Changwei, LI Gangbo, SHI Mengyun, ZHANG Ting, YANG Feng
    2022, 34(12):  2767-2777.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.20
    Abstract ( 420 )   HTML ( 287 )   PDF (11896KB) ( 570 )  

    In order to extract the spatial distribution information of fruit trees, the Dasha River Basin was selected as the study area, and the Sentinel-2 multispectral remote sensing images of different months were used as the data source. The best monitoring period was obtained by analyzing the spectral information of different months. On this basis, five vegetation indices of normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI), ratio vegetation index (RVI), enhance vegetation index (EVI), structure intensive pigment index (SIPI) and normalized difference water index (NDWI) in different periods were selected to construct a decision tree extraction model combined with machine learning technology. The results showed that the images in March, April, July, and August were suitable for the extraction of fruit tree planting area. The vegetation indices in different months with high contribution were selected through the attribute of Feature_importances_, as the input feature. Based on the combination of the hyperparameter learning curve and grid search technology, parameters of Max_depth and Min_samples_leaf were determined as 5 and 10, respectively, as the model effect was the best under these parameters. After the adjustment of parameters, the decision tree model was drawn, and the accuracies of the model on the training set and the test set were 0.919 4 and 0.875 1, respectively. The extraction results showed that fruit tree planting area was mainly in the banks of the Dasha River, and the planting plots of fruit trees in the east and northwest were relatively fragmented. The total planting area was 6 838 hm2. On the basis of the verification sample, the accuracy of the extraction results was calculated by the confusion matrix. The Kappa coefficient was 0.87, and the user accuracy and mapping accuracy of fruit tree planting area extraction were 92.91% and 90.77%, respectively. Thus, the proposed method could be applied to remote sensing extraction of fruit trees in a large area, and could provide effective technical means for the monitor of fruit tree planting areas with medium and high resolution remote sensing images.

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    Agricultural Economy and Development
    Does urbanization promote development of agricultural mechanization?: an empirical study based on county level panel data of China
    WEI Zheng, CAO Guangqiao
    2022, 34(12):  2778-2788.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.21
    Abstract ( 207 )   HTML ( 137 )   PDF (1205KB) ( 454 )  

    In the present study, the county-level panel data of China, as well as the lighting data at night monitored by satellite characterizing the urbanization level, was used to empirically investigate the impact of urbanization level on the agricultural mechanization level in China and to explore its action mechanism. Besides, the heterogeneous impacts of urbanization on the development of agricultural mechanization under different terrain were also tested. It was found that with the improvement of urbanization level, the agricultural mechanization level was improved, and the robustness results strengthened this conclusion. Urbanization level in plain and hilly areas had positive effect on agricultural mechanization level, yet urbanization level in mountainous areas resulted in a negative impact on the agricultural mechanization level. Analysis of impact mechanism revealed that the transfer of labor force, the changes of planting structure and the improvement of rural transportation facilities were the main transmission ways for urbanization to promote the development of agricultural mechanization level.

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    Aging, planting purpose and rice farmers' chemical pesticide reduction
    LIU Enling, LUO Xiaofeng, DU Sanxia, YAN Aqian, WANG Xiangli
    2022, 34(12):  2789-2799.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.22
    Abstract ( 267 )   HTML ( 55 )   PDF (1133KB) ( 477 )  

    The reduction of chemical pesticides is an important way to promote the green development of agriculture and to guarantee the quality and safety of agricultural products. In this study, the effects of aging and planting purpose on farmers' chemical pesticide reduction behaviors were examined, and the moderating effect of planting purpose was tested, by using field survey data from 613 rice farmers in Hubei Province and Jiangxi Province, China. It was shown that aging significantly hindered farmers' chemical pesticide reduction, and farmers pursing food self-sufficiency were more inclined to reduce chemical pesticide application. Further analysis revealed that planting purpose effectively alleviated the negative impact of aging on farmers' chemical pesticide reduction behavior. Therefore, it was recommended to educate and train elderly farmers to reduce the negative impact of aging, and pay attention to guiding and nurturing young farmers to engage in agriculture. Meanwhile, it was necessary to improve the supervision system of agricultural product market and strengthen farmers' food safety concept.

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    Performance evaluation and correlational analysis of cultivated land ecological compensation policy based on entropy-weight TOPSIS method: taking Kaihua County, Zhejiang Province, China as an example
    ZHANG Yanbin, LIANG Ying, GENG Bin, GU Mingzhe, XU Baogen
    2022, 34(12):  2800-2808.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.23
    Abstract ( 368 )   HTML ( 243 )   PDF (906KB) ( 449 )  

    It is of great significance to study the comprehensive performance of ecological compensation policy for cultivated land ecological protection. This paper took Kaihua County, Zhejiang Province as the research area and constructed the performance evaluation index system of ecological compensation policy at the county level. Then entropy-weighted (TOPSIS) method was used to evaluate the comprehensive performance of ecological compensation policies from 2007 to 2020 and grey correlational analysis was used to calculate the correlative degree between indicators and evaluation of comprehensive levels. It was found that the comprehensive performance of ecological compensation policy was uptrend from 2007 to 2020. Although there was a brief decline in 2009 and 2013, it soon continued to rise, and maintained steady growth after 2015. farmers' enthusiasm for ecological componsation of cultivated land and annual per capita income of rural residents had the greatest impact on performance evaluation. Empirical evidence showed that ecological compensation policies played a better effect, and it was necessary to continue to implement. The evaluation and correlation analysis of the comprehensive performance of ecological compensation policy in this study was of great significance to improve and innovate the cultivated land ecological compensation policy.

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    Analysis of the impact of use of internet information technology on agricultural productivity: a case study of rice farmers in Jiangxi Province, China
    GAO Xueping, ZHANG Yuhan, ZHANG Mengling, LIAO Wenmei
    2022, 34(12):  2809-2822.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.12.24
    Abstract ( 379 )   HTML ( 484 )   PDF (1366KB) ( 563 )  

    Based on the data of 549 rice growers in Jiangxi Province, this paper used ordinary least squares (OLS) and propensity score matching (PSM) methods to analyze the impact of the use of internet information technology on agricultural productivity of rice at the micro level. The results showed that the use of internet information technology could significantly improve the land productivity and total factor productivity of rice, but the effect of increasing productivity was greater than that of increasing efficiency. After comparing the benchmark regression results and the propensity score matching method, we still got a consistent conclusion. The heterogeneity results showed that considering the differences in farmers' education levels, the use of internet information technology only significantly promoted the land productivity of farmers with lower education levels and only significantly improved the total factor productivity of farmers with higher education levels. Considering the difference in agricultural operation scale, the use of internet information technology only significantly improved the land productivity and total factor productivity of larger households. Under the condition of moderately expanding the scale of land operation, the effect of internet information technology on increasing production was greater than that of improving efficiency. Therefore, it was necessary to continuously promote the construction of rural internet and supporting infrastructure, improve farmers' cultural literacy, encourage large-scale operations, and increase the ability and demand to obtain agricultural information and technology from the internet.

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