Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

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2026, 38(3): 0-0.

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Phosphorus uptake and utilization characteristics of conventional japonica rice on major paddy soils in northern Zhejiang of China

WU Yong, XU Zaimeng, LU Chenni, ZHU Yuxiang, ZHU Riqing, SUN Da, SHI Yanping, CHEN Gui

2026, 38(3): 417-427. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250301

Abstract ( 103 )

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This study investigated the interactive effects of paddy soil types and rice varieties on rice yield and phosphorus (P) uptake/utilization characteristics, as well as the key factors influencing these parameters, using four main paddy soil types in northern Zhejiang (blue-purple paddy soil, yellow-mottled paddy soil, powdery paddy soil, and bluish silty-clay paddy soil) and five major conventional japonica rice varieties (Zhejing99, Xiushui14, Xiushui121, Jia67, and Zhehexiang No. 2) as research materials. The results showed that: (1) Significant (p<0.05) differences were observed in yield, aboveground dry matter accumulation at maturity (DA-M), aboveground P accumulation at tillering stage (PA-T), aboveground P accumulation at heading stage (PA-H), aboveground P accumulation at maturity (PA-M), P uptake efficiency (PupE), P physiological use efficiency for biomass (PE-bio), P physiological use efficiency for grains (PE-grain), P translocation amount from leaves (PtrA-L), P translocation amount from stem (PtrA-S), P translocation efficiency from leaves (PtrE-L), and P translocation efficiency from stem (PtrE-S) among rice varieties across different paddy soil types. (2) Rice yield and PupE were significantly affected by both variety and paddy soil type. PE-bio and PE-grain were only significantly influenced by variety. PtrA-L, PtrA-S, and PtrE-S were significantly affected by variety, paddy soil type, and their interaction. PtrE-L was significantly influenced by paddy soil type and its interaction with variety. (3) PupE was positively correlated with yield, DA-M and PA-M at p<0.01 level. PE-bio was positively correlated with PtrE-S at p<0.05 level. PE-grain was positively correlated with PtrE-S at p<0.01 level. In conclusion, selecting rice varieties based on local soil conditions is essential to improve rice yield and P uptake/utilization efficiency.

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Genetic analysis of yield and phenotypic traits in new foxtail millet hybrid lines

MA Huifang, WANG Juanfei, XUE Hongli, REN Guoxiang, SHI Guanyan

2026, 38(3): 428-439. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250438

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To investigate the correlation between phenotypic traits and yield in foxtail millet hybrid lines, a genetic analysis was conducted on yield and major phenotypic traits of 23 new foxtail millet hybrid lines derived from parental lines of different genotypes. Based on yield traits, the tested lines were divided into two major groups, which exhibited significant differences in weight per panicle, grain weight per panicle, 1 000 grain weight, and yield. Coefficient of variation analysis indicated a range from 5.79%to 25.38%, with tiller number showing the largest variation and plant height the smallest. The average plant height was 141.75 cm, indicating that all hybrid lines fell within the ideal plant height range. Correlation analysis revealed that weight per panicle strongly influenced grain weight per panicle, and 1 000 grain weight greatly affected yield. Plant height had a relatively strong influence on tiller number, weight per panicle, and grain weight per panicle. Principal component analysis extracted four main components with a cumulative contribution rate of 86.09%, all with eigenvalues greater than 1, indicating that these components represented most of the information from the quantitative traits in foxtail millet hybrid lines and could serve as comprehensive indicators for trait evaluation. The first principal component primarily controlled yield-related traits, with tiller numbers and grain output rate scoring relatively high and showing a significant positive correlation with yield. For different genotypes of millet, targeted selection can be made when matching two-line hybrid combinations based on breeding objectives.

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Effects of combined foliar application of potassium fertilizer and rhamnolipid on oil content, quality and yield of tobacco leaves

MA Jingmin, YAN Dingwei, LIU Xinyuan, CHANG Jianbo, HAN Zhenhua, WEI Fengjie, JI Xiaoming

2026, 38(3): 440-449. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20241098

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To investigate the effects of foliar spraying of potassium fertilizers mixed with rhamnolipid on tobacco leaf oil content, yield, and quality, with spraying clear water as the control (CK), six treatments were set up: T1, foliar spraying of 0.06 mol·L^-1 K₂HPO₄; T2, foliar spraying of 0.06 mol·L^-1 potassium fulvate; T3, foliar spraying of 120 mg·L^-1 rhamnolipid; T4, foliar spraying of 0.06 mol·L^-1 K₂HPO₄+120 mg·L^-1 rhamnolipid; T5, foliar spraying of 0.06 mol·L^-1 potassium fulvate+120 mg·L^-1 rhamnolipid. The effects of each treatment on carbon and nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities, oil quality, neutral aroma components, yield, and quality of tobacco leaves were determined. The results showed that foliar spraying of potassium fertilizers promoted glandular hair development and increased tobacco leaf oil content, and the effect of mixed spraying with rhamnolipid was superior to spraying alone. Among them, mixed spraying of potassium fulvate and rhamnolipid yielded the best results. After spraying, tobacco leaf glandular heads were plump and well-developed, with enhanced secretion capacity. The content of glandular hair secretion and petroleum ether extract in cured tobacco leaves increased. Meanwhile, foliar spraying of potassium fertilizers coordinated carbon and nitrogen metabolism in tobacco leaves, with the mixed spraying of potassium fulvate and rhamnolipid showing the best effect. Its sucrose synthase activity increased by 21.85% compared with CK, while nitrate reductase activity decreased by 23.52% compared with CK. Additionally, this treatment coordinated the conventional chemical components of cured tobacco leaves and increased the content of neutral aroma components, with the total amount of neutral aroma components increasing by 43.27% compared with CK; the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar, and potassium in cured tobacco leaves increased by 3.96, 3.86, and 0.34 percentage points, respectively, compared with CK, while the contents of nicotine and total nitrogen decreased by 0.35 and 0.26 percentage points, respectively. Mixed foliar spraying of potassium fertilizers and rhamnolipid was more effective than spraying alone, with the combination of potassium fulvate and rhamnolipid yielding the best results. This study provides a basis for using mixed foliar spraying of potassium fertilizers and rhamnolipid to enhance tobacco leaf oil content, yield, and quality.

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Effects of chemical fertilizer reduction and organic fertilizer application on the growth, nutrient uptake and utilization of flue-cured tobacco cultivar Guiyan5 in Zunyi tobacco area of China

JIN Hui, HUO Qinjian, SHI Yuewei, LONG Mingjin, YANG Minghua, YANG Minmin, GAN Songmei, LIAN Yun, LIU Jinliang, REN Xueliang

2026, 38(3): 450-459. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250354

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To explore the effects of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer application on the growth, nutrient uptake and utilization of flue-cured tobacco, a field experiment was conducted using a two-factor randomized complete block design with a new flue-cured tobacco cultivar, Guiyan5, as the test material. Three chemical fertilizer application levels were set: A1 (conventional fertilization), A2 (reduction rate of 20%), and A3 (reduction rate of 40%), along with two organic fertilizer application levels: B1 (750 kg·hm^-2) and B2 (2 250 kg·hm^-2). Changes in growth, dry matter accumulation and partition, as well as nutrient uptake, accumulation and partition of flue-cured tobacco under different treatments were analyzed. The results showed that chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer application had no significant effects on the agronomic traits of Guiyan5 at the topping stage, including natural plant height, natural leaf number, topped plant height, retained leaf number, stem circumference, internode length, maximum leaf length, and maximum leaf width. Among all treatments, the dry matter accumulation of root, stem, and the whole plant, the nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation in root, and the phosphorus and potassium accumulation in stem under the A2B2 treatment at the topping stage were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those under the A3B1 treatment. At the same organic fertilizer application level, the agronomic efficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers in the A3 treatment were significantly higher than those in the A1 treatment. Overall, the recommended fertilization scheme for Guiyan5 in production is a 20% reduction in chemical fertilizers based on conventional fertilization combined with 2 250 kg·hm^-2 of organic fertilizer. This scheme can reduce chemical fertilizer input while improving the nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency of tobacco plants.

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Estimation of genetic parameters for lactation persistency in dairy cows in the Yangtze River Delta region and analysis of its genetic correlations with production and fertility traits

LI Tianxiu, LU Xubin, YANG Zhangping, XIAO Weiming, ZHOU Fuzhen, DONG Xinxing, YIN Tong, YAN Dawei

2026, 38(3): 460-470. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250230

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This study aimed to investigate the genetic parameters of 305-day cumulative milk yield and lactation persistency in primiparous cows in the Yangtze River Delta region, as well as the genetic correlations between lactation persistency and 305-day milk yield, and first insemination conception rate in heifers and cows. Two nonparametric and three parametric models were used to fit lactation curves, predict 305-day milk yield, and calculate lactation persistency. Variance components were estimated for daily milk yield, 305-day milk yield, lactation persistency, and reproduction traits in first lactation cows using a single-trait animal model. Genetic correlations between lactation persistency traits and 305-day milk yield and reproduction traits were estimated using a bivariate animal model. The rolling mean method displayed the best goodness of fit for lactation curves. Heritability estimates for daily milk yield, recorded between 5 and 305 days of lactation, ranged from 0.156 to 0.465. Heritabilities for 305-day milk yield and lactation persistency traits ranged from 0.405 to 0.437 and 0.113 to 0.238, respectively. For first insemination conception rate, heritability was 0.067 ± 0.041 in heifers and 0.023 ± 0.032 in cows. Genetic correlations between lactation persistency traits and 305-day milk yield, first insemination conception rate in heifers, and first insemination conception rate in cows were 0.318-0.808, -0.241-0.408, and 0.118-0.721, respectively. Both 305-day milk yield and first-service conception rate in mature cows showed positive genetic correlations with lactation persistency. The results demonstrated the potential for genetic improvement of reproduction traits in dairy cow, offering strategies for breeding cows with high productivity and fertility.

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Effect of proanthocyanidin on the stability of Dendrobium officinale anthocyanins and its copigmentation mechanism

YANG Chenchen, TAO Wenyang, XING Jianrong, ZHOU Wanyi, WANG Mengzhu, LI Ming, YANG Ying, ZHAO Yuping

2026, 38(3): 471-480. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250272

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In order to enhance the stability of Dendrobium officinale anthocyanins (DOA), UV-VIS spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and molecular docking techniques were employed to investigate the effects of various copigments on DOA stability and their underlying mechanisms. The results showed that under the same temperature conditions, catechin (C), grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPEs), and bayberry leaf proanthocyanidins (BLPEs) significantly decreased the degradation rate constant of DOA by inducing the peak shifts of hydroxyl groups and aromatic rings in DOA, thereby improving its thermal and oxidative stability. These copigments interact with DOA via hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking interactions, forming stable complexes. Notably, due to the low binding energy between the polyhydroxyl structure and DOA, BLPEs can fully encapsulate the C-ring of anthocyanins, preventing nucleophilic attacks by water molecules and thus enhancing DOA stability more effectively. This study elucidated the specific effects and mechanisms of proanthocyanidins in stabilizing DOA through copigmentation, providing a theoretical foundation for the regulation of natural pigment stability in food processing and technical support for the development of high-stability anthocyanin preparations.

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Study on the anti-tumor activity of Sanghuangporus spp. fruiting body cultivated with mulberry substrate bag

LYU Zhenghua, ZHONG Shi, ZHAO Hui, DONG Xintian, FENG Jiayi, SUN Yuqing, HUO Jinxi, LI Yougui, CHEN Tianfei

2026, 38(3): 481-490. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20241027

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Sanghuangporus spp. have good anti-tumor effects, but the inhibitory effects and functional components of artificially cultivated Sanghuangporus spp. on different tumor cells are still unclear. In this study, the inhibitory effects of water extracts, crude polysaccharide and crude polyphenol of Sanghuangporus spp. on lung cancer cell H1299, liver cancer cell HepG2, gastric cancer cell HGC-27, colon cancer cell HCT116, cervical cancer cell HeLa, prostate cancer cell PC3-1, melanoma cell B16F10, and pancreatic cancer cell Panc1 were evaluated using Sanghuangporus spp. fruit body cultivated in mulberry substrate bags. The result showed that there existed significant differences in the inhibitory effects of water extracts, crude polysaccharides, and crude polyphenols on the proliferation of different tumor cells. The water extracts (800 mg·L^-1) had good inhibitory effects on tumor cells B16F10 (96.57%), HepG2 (96.41%) and HGC-27 (93.93%). Crude polysaccharides (800 mg·L^-1) had high inhibitory activity on tumor cells H1299 (80.95%), HepG2 (80.45%), HGC-27 (85.20%) and B16F10 (81.28%). Crude polyphenols (800 mg·L^-1) had strong inhibitory effects on tumor cells HepG2 (95.11%), HGC-27 (93.41%) and B16F10 (94.94%). The above results indicated that the anti-tumor activity of different components of artificially cultivated Sanghuangporus spp. fruit bodies had cell selectivity, and crude polysaccharides and polyphenols had synergistic activity in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that water extracts could induce S phase arrest in HGC-27 cells, but had no significant effects on cell cycle distribution. Further analysis revealed that water extract (300, 400 mg·L^-1) significantly promoted late stage apoptosis in HGC-27 cells. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that treatment with water extract significantly reduced the expression of anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-2 and Bcl XL in HGC-27 cells, while significantly up-regulating the expression of pro-apoptotic genes Bak, Bid, tBid, and Bax, thereby activating the expression of downstream genes CYCS, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3, thereby promoting cell apoptosis. The results of this study clarified the anti-tumor effect of artificially cultivated Sanghuangporus spp. fruit body, providing scientific basis for promoting the development of Sanghuangporus spp. artificial cultivation industry.

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Research on the ecological suitable planting areas and dominant ecological factors of medicinal plant Ardisia crenata

JIANG Jinxiang, REN Zhiqin, HUANG Anling, XU Chaojuan, YANG Rong, WEI Shenghua, WANG Zhiwei

2026, 38(3): 491-505. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250211

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Based on 600 distribution sites of Ardisia crenata in China and the selected 118 ecological factors, the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model was used to explore the ecological suitable habitats of A. crenata in China. Dominant ecological factors influencing its suitable habitats were also analyzed, to provide theoretical and scientific basis for the ecological planting and sustainable utilization of the A. crenata resources. The results indicated that the ecological suitable habitats of A. crenata are mainly located in eastern, central, southern, and southwestern China. Among these, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Fujian exhibited comparatively larger area, primarily being highly and moderately suitable habitats. Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei, Anhui, Sichuan, and Chongqing demonstrated intermediate area, largely being moderately and lowly suitable habitats. In contrast, Xizang, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Henan, and Hainan showed smaller area, predominantly being lowly suitable habitats. Within suitable habitats, the region from northeastern Guangxi to southwestern Hunan were particularly large and concentrated. Precipitation in the warmest quarter (Bio_18), precipitation in the driest month (Bio_14), solar radiation in June and March (Srad_06, Srad_03), soil classification based on WRB (World Reference Base) 2006 (TAXNWRB), proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest (Class_02), proportion of evergreen/deciduous coniferous forest (Class_01) and annual temperature range (Bio_07) were the dominant ecological factors influencing the habitats of A. crenata. The cumulative contribution rate of precipitation factors (45.43%)>solar radiation factors (20.49%)>vegetation factors (14.65%)>soil factors (12.97%)>temperature factors (5.66%)>topography factors (0.80%). Based on the above findings, it is suggested that the key ecological planting of A. crenata should be carried out from northeastern Guangxi (such as Longsheng County, Ziyuan County, Sanjiang County, Lingchuan County, Rongshui County, Jinxiu County, Lingui District of Guilin City) to southwestern Hunan (such as Chengbu County, Xinning County and Jiangyong County). Precipitation should be given priority in the planting process of A. crenata, followed by solar radiation, vegetation, soil, temperature and topography factors. The suitable range of dominant ecological factors Bio_18, Bio_14, Srad_06, Srad_03, TAXNWRB, Class_02, Class_01 should be controlled at 510.50-720.24 mm, 30.72-50.59 mm, 15 700.85-17 145.80 kJ·m^-2·d^-1, 7 423.40-12 102.41 kJ·m^-2·d^-1, -10-12, 2.36%-41.84%, 4.81%-36.09%, 23.94-30.14 ℃, respectively.

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Isolation, identification and pathogenicity determination of seed-borne fungi in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.

CHEN Runli, LIU Pengfei, TANG Siyin, LOU Binggan

2026, 38(3): 506-519. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250207

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Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., a valuable traditional Chinese herb primarily cultivated in northwest China, faces challenges including low seed germination, poor seedling emergence, and susceptibility to disease during the seedling stage, which hinder its industrial development. To assess the influence of seed-associated fungi on the germination and seedling establishment of licorice, fungal communities from G. uralensis Fisch. seeds collected across 19 sites in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, and Gansu were isolated, characterized using morphological and molecular methods, the dominant fungi identified were Rhizopus arrhizus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Alternaria tenuissima, Neopestalotiopsis clavispora, and Fusarium equiseti. Petri dish assays indicated that R. arrhizus, A. niger, and A. flavus significantly reduced seedling establishment at an inoculum level of 5 spores per seed, whereas N. clavispora and A. tenuissima required 300 spores per seed to produce a similar effect. The seedling emergence rate of licorice remained unaffected even when the spore load of F. equiseti reached 600 per seed. Pot-based pathogenicity tests further demonstrated that only R. arrhizus and A. flavus significantly affected the emergence and establishment rates of licorice seedlings. At a spore load of 50 spores per seed of R. arrhizus, both the emergence rate and seedling establishment rate of licorice decreased. When the spore load of A. flavus reached 300 spores per seed, significant impacts were observed on the emergence rate, seedling establishment rate, plant height, root length and biomass of licorice. This study provided essential technical support for the prevention and control of seedling diseases in licorice cultivation.

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Antifungal effects and mechanism of sodium dehydroacetate and natamycin against Magnaporthe oryzae

XIA Jiuzhi, ZHANG Zhen, CHAI Rongyao, WANG Yanli, LI Ling, WANG Jiaoyu

2026, 38(3): 520-531. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250200

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To explore the potential application value and antifungal effects of food preservatives sodium dehydroacetate (SD) and natamycin (Nata) in plant disease control, this study investigated their impact on the growth and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae, the pathogen of rice blast. The antifungal mechanisms of SD and Nata were elucidated by examining their effects on spore germination rate, appressorium formation, ultrastructural changes in hyphae, cell membrane permeability, vacuole and mitochondrial integrity in M. oryzae. The results demonstrated that SD and Nata significantly inhibited the growth of M. oryzae, with median effective concentration(EC₅₀) values of 47.40 mg·L^-1 for SD and 4.49 mg·L^-1 for Nata. Spraying with four times the EC₅₀ concentration of SD and Nata effectively reduced the incidence of rice blast, decreasing the disease severity by 31.65 and 24.18 percentage points, respectively. SD and Nata significantly suppressed spore germination and appressorium formation with increasing concentrations. After treatment with SD and Nata, the cellular structure of M. oryzae was disrupted, leading to deformation and wrinkling of the hyphae; the cell membrane permeability was altered, leading to the leakage of intracellular macromolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins. After staining with propidium iodide(PI) and Evans blue(EB), the fluorescence intensity of the hyphae significantly increased. Additionally, the vacuoles in the hyphae could not form normally after SD and Nata treatment, and the mitochondrial activity in the cells was significantly reduced after SD treatment. These findings indicate that SD and Nata exert their antifungal effects primarily by disrupting fungal cellular structures, interfering with material metabolism, and impairing energy metabolism in the fungal cells.

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Behavioral regulation of the interaction between aggregation pheromone and plant volatiles on Megalurothrips usitatus

LI Xiaowei, LU Xinxin, PENG Xiaohua, LYU Yaobin

2026, 38(3): 532-540. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240731

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Megalurothrips usitatus is an important pest on leguminous crops, and has been reported to cause tremendous losses to leguminous crops industry in China. Aggregation pheromone and plant volatiles based behavioral manipulation techniques are promising eco-friendly control tactics for M. usitatus. The aim of this study was to screen plant volatiles with attractive activities to M. usitatus, investigate the interaction between aggregation pheromone and plant volatiles, and develop synergist blends. The results showed that 0.1 μL·mL^-1 linalool, 1.0 μL·mL^-1 methyl isonicotinate and 1.0 μL·mL^-1 eugenol were attractive to M. usitatus female adults. When the three volatile compounds at the specified doses were mixed with the aggregation pheromone components of M. usitatus at the optimal luring dose [5.00 ng·μL^-1 (E, E)-farnesyl acetate] respectively, eugenol and linalool showed antagonistic effects against (E,E)-farnesylacetate. By contrast, methyl isonicotinate showed no antagonistic effect on (E,E)-farnesylacetate, indicating that the combination of 5.00 ng·μL^-1 (E, E)-farnesyl acetate and 1.0 μL·mL^-1 methyl isonicotinate can be used as an optimized ratio for the bait of M. usitatus. This study screened out three plant volatiles which can significantly attract M. usitatus, clarified the interaction between plant volatiles and aggregation pheromone, which provided the basis for the behavior regulation technology of M. usitatus based on information technology and provided references for the development of efficient M. usitatus attractants.

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Effects of different photoperiods on reproductive behavior of Spodoptera litura

XUE Qian, WU Menglu, SUN Qingming, SU Honghua

2026, 38(3): 541-550. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250240

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To investigate the effects of photoperiod changes on the reproductive behavior of Spodoptera litura, this study used infrared cameras to continuously observe nine scotophases, examining the impacts of three different photoperiod treatments: 12 h light∶12 h dark (12 L∶12 D), 16 h light∶8 h dark (16 L∶8 D) and 20 h light∶4 h dark (20 L∶4 D), on courtship, mating behavior, and fecundity of S. litura adults. The results showed that under the 12 L∶12 D treatment, S. litura was most active during the 2nd to 6th scotophases. With prolonged observation time, parameters such as courtship frequency, courtship duration, mating frequency, mating duration, mating rate, and daily egg production of S. litura continuously decreased. Under the 20 L∶4 D treatment, the courtship frequency, courtship duration, mating frequency, mating rate, and total egg production of S. litura were only 41.83%, 32.84%, 31.82%, 45.83%, and 26.85%, respectively, of those under the 12 L∶12 D treatment. The photoperiod treatment of 20 L∶4 D can affect the reproductive behavior of S. litura, thereby significantly reducing its egg production.

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Effect of antibiotic stress on antibiotic resistance genes in soils with different fertilization histories

ZHU Sengen, CHENG Jianhua, ZHU Xingna, LI Jianxin, TANG Xiangyu

2026, 38(3): 551-558. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250024

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The effects of antibiotic selective pressure on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in agricultural soils with long term application of different manures remain poorly understood. The high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction technology was adopted in the present study to analyze the effect of antibiotic dose on the number, relative abundance and composition of ARGs in farmland soils subjected to long-term application of chemical fertilizers, chicken manure, and pig manure. The results showed that a total of 109 ARGs and 24 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were detected across all soil samples. Genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides and multiple drugs were the two most dominant types of ARGs. Long-term manure application enhanced both the number and relative abundance of soil ARGs and altered their distribution patterns, with pig manure demonstrating a more pronounced effect. Likely, antibiotic addition also stimulated the spread of ARGs in soil, while its extent increased with antibiotic concentration and varied depending on the soil fertilization history. The response of ARGs detection frequency to antibiotic stress was more pronounced in soils with a history of chemical fertilizer application, while the relative concentration and distribution patterns of ARGs in manure-amended soils showed greater sensitivity to antibiotics. Additionally, the relative abundance of soil MGEs showed a significantly (p<0.01) positive correlation with that of ARGs irrespective of soil types. These results provided a scientific basis for the evaluation of health risk of agricultural application of livestock manure.

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Ecological stoichiometric characteristics of soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the western region of Hangzhou City, China

TANG Ning’an, HU Mengxi, FAN Min, FANG Jianfeng, FU Li, JIANG Yujie, JIANG Mingbei

2026, 38(3): 559-567. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250184

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This study focused on soils in the hilly-mountainous regions and river valley plains of western Hangzhou, China. A total of 95 soil samples representing diverse soil types and land use patterns were collected, and the contents of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were determined, along with their stoichiometric ratios. We explored the effects of natural factors (e.g., altitude, soil moisture) and anthropogenic factors (e.g., land use pattern) on soil ecological stoichiometry. The results indicated that the soil organic carbon to total nitrogen (C/N), organic carbon to total phosphorus (C/P), and total nitrogen to total phosphorus (N/P) ratios in forest land of the hilly-mountainous regions increased with increasing altitude, whereas these ratios in paddy soils of river valley plains increased with increasing soil moisture. Following the conversion of natural soils to agricultural lands (e.g., upland fields including vegetable fields, and perennial crop lands such as tea gardens and orchards), soil organic carbon content decreased whereas total phosphorus content increased, resulting in a consistent decline in soil C/N, C/P, and N/P ratios. Compared with upland soils, paddy soils had higher organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, with a greater increment in organic carbon content, resulting in a higher C/N ratio in paddy soils. In contrast to the substantial spatial variability of C/P and N/P ratios, the soil C/N ratio remained relatively stable with a narrow range of variation, due to the strong coupling between soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents. Based on the relative magnitudes of the C/N, C/P, and N/P ratios, nitrogen was identified as the primary limiting nutrient for ecosystems in the study area.

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Effects of calcium-catechin complex core-shell microparticles on quality of surimi gel

WU Xiaoli, CHEN Yin, HU Jun, CHEN Wenxuan, WEN Zhengshun, ZHANG Jin

2026, 38(3): 568-580. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250256

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In this study, we investigated the effects of calcium-catechin complex (Ca@catechin) core-shell microparticles on the quality of surimi gel, by systematically examining their impacts on the water holding capacity, gel strength, rheological properties, secondary structure, chemical interactions and microstructure of surimi gel. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of Ca@catechin core-shell microparticles induced the formation of a more compact network structure inside the surimi gel; the gel strength was significantly (p<0.05) increased by 82.2%, and the elasticity and cohesiveness were remarkably enhanced. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed that Ca@catechin core-shell microparticles altered the secondary structure of surimi gel, with a decreased content of α helix and an increased content of β sheet. Such structural changes promoted the formation of hydrogen bonds in surimi gel, strengthened the cross-linking degree of disulfide bonds, and significantly reduced the total sulfhydryl content. Dynamic rheological measurements showed that the addition of Ca@catechin core-shell microparticles significantly enhanced the storage modulus (G') of surimi gel, and significantly decreased their solubility and surface hydrophobicity. In conclusion, the preparation of surimi gel with Ca@catechin core-shell microparticles can improve the functional properties and quality of surimi gel. The findings of this study lay a theoretical foundation for protein gel modification and provide scientific guidance for upgrading the quality of surimi gel products.

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Residual degradation and dietary risk assessment of tolfenpyrad and flonicamid in tea leaves

DING Peiheng, YU Fei, CHENG Ke, WANG Chenxue, ZHENG Xiao, MU Wenjing, WANG Xiuguo

2026, 38(3): 581-587. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250071

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In order to investigate the degradation dynamics and final residues of tolfenpyrad and flonicamid in tea, and to clarify the possible dietary risks caused by using tolfenpyrad and flonicamid in pest control, the samples were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), with an external standard method. The results showed that the analysis method had good linearity. The average recovery rates of flonicamid in fresh tea and dry tea were 88%-96% and 90%-93%, respectively, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.9%-6.0% and 2.3%-2.9%, respectively. The average recovery rate of tolfenpyrad in fresh tea and dry tea was 81%-88% and 85%-92%, respectively, and the RSD was 2.2%-4.2% and 2.1%-5.3%, respectively. Dietary risk assessment showed that the national estimated daily intake (NEDI) of tolfenpyrad and flonicamid were 0.147 61 and 2.395 72 mg, respectively, accounting for 39.1% and 53.5% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI), and there was no unacceptable risk for the general population. Therefore, under the standard application conditions, tolfenpyrad and flonicamid belong to low residue pesticides in tea, and the risk of dietary intake is low. This study provided data support for the scientific and rational use of tolfenpyrad and flonicamid in tea.

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An improved instance segmentation algorithm for apple picking robots based on SOLOv2

ZHANG Guo, ZHOU Qinghui, HE Shengxi

2026, 38(3): 588-599. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250029

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To address the issues prevalent in existing apple instance segmentation algorithms, including variable object scales, susceptibility to background noise which degrades segmentation accuracy, and excessively slow inference speed, an improved SOLOv2-based apple instance segmentation algorithm, termed AE-SOLOv2, is proposed in this paper. First, the StarBlock structure is adopted to optimize the feature extraction network, thereby improving inference efficiency. Subsequently, an enhanced bidirectional feature pyramid network (E-BiFPN) is designed, where additional cross-layer connections facilitate adequate fusion of high-level semantic information and low-level geometric detail information, mitigating the accuracy degradation caused by inconsistent scales of segmentation targets. Furthermore, an attentive feature fusion module is introduced to integrate multi-level and multi-branch feature information. Combined with an adaptive grouping strategy and collaborative processing of global and local features, this module significantly enhances the anti-interference capability of the algorithm against background noise. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved algorithm effectively enhances the instance segmentation precision for apples. On the validation dataset, the mean average precision at an intersection-over-union threshold of 0.5 (mAP₅₀) reaches 91.2%, and the inference time per image is 12.3 ms, which satisfies the real-time requirements for apple instance segmentation. In addition, picking experiments verify that AE-SOLOv2 exhibits superior overall performance even in apple-picking robot scenarios with constrained computational resources, providing a novel solution for the development of agricultural intelligence.

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Effect of digital economy development on farmers’ income: based on panel data analysis from 2013 to 2023

YANG Peiwen

2026, 38(3): 600-608. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250472

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Based on panel data from 29 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China from 2013 to 2023, this study constructed a double fixed-effects model to empirically examine the effect of the digital economy on farmers’ income. The results showed that digital economy development promoted farmers’ income increase, but there was significant regional heterogeneity. The effects were significantly positive in the western and central regions, while in the eastern region, due to the rapid development of the digital economy but the failure to timely improve farmers’ skills to adapt to the new economic environment, the effect of increasing income has not been reflected. The effect of different dimensions of the digital economy varies significantly, among which the effect of digital economic infrastructure was not significant. The effects of digital economic applications and the digital economic environment were both significant, and the promotion effect of the digital economic environment was the strongest. Among the four control variables, the urbanization level had the greatest effect on the growth of farmers’ income, the development level of regional economic and rural human capital had also significantly promoted the growth of farmers’ income. It is suggested to deepen the implementation of digital rural construction, increase talent training efforts, improve supporting policies, and promote the deep integration of digital economy and rural economy.

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Research progress on genetic map construction in fruit trees and QTL identification of major fruit quality traits

DU Chenfei, LI Wenjue, WEI Chunyan, CAI Danying, WANG Yuezhi, SHI Zebin, DAI Meisong, GAO Yongbin

2026, 38(3): 609-620. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250224

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In breeding practice, traditional hybridization efficiency is constrained in major fruit crops such as apple, citrus, and pear due to their highly heterozygous genetic background, lengthy breeding cycles, and polygenic regulation of quantitative traits. In recent years, the construction of high-density genetic maps based on molecular markers and finemapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) have become key approaches for unraveling the genetic mechanisms underlying key agronomic traits in fruit trees. Numerous genetic linkage maps have been developed worldwide, enabling the successfully mapping QTL associated with key quality traits including fruit size, shape, firmness, color, sugar-acid content, and aroma. Integrated multi-omics analyses have further revealed their molecular regulatory pathways. This review summarizes current progress in genetic mapping for fruit trees and QTL mapping achievements for major quality traits. Key findings indicate that optimized molecular marker techniques (SSR, SNP) have significantly enhanced genetic map resolution, while the “One-Ways-Pseudo-Testcross” and “Two-Ways-Pseudo-Testcross” theories have provided critical methodological frameworks for QTL analysis. Although QTLs related to major fruit quality traits have been identified in several fruit trees, their stability and cross-environment adaptability require further validation. Additionally, the synergistic genetic mechanisms of multiple traits and QTL-environment interactions remain poorly understood, limiting the precision of marker-assisted breeding. Future research should integrate high-throughput sequencing, multi-omics approaches, and machine learning to develop ultra-dense genetic maps, identify candidate genes, and establish theoretical foundations for efficient molecular design breeding in fruit trees.

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