灌溉方式对西辽河平原玉米产量和水氮利用效率的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.09.02

浙江农业学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (9): 1826-1836.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.09.02

灌溉方式对西辽河平原玉米产量和水氮利用效率的影响

孟繁昊(), 杨恒山, 张瑞富, 张玉芹, 李维敏, 张雨珊, 张明伟

内蒙古民族大学农学院,内蒙古自治区饲用作物工程技术研究中心,内蒙古通辽 028043

收稿日期:2021-08-26 出版日期:2022-09-25 发布日期:2022-09-30
作者简介:孟繁昊(1989—),女,内蒙古通辽人,博士,讲师,主要从事玉米高产高效栽培与资源高效利用研究。E-mail: nmgmengfanhao@163.com
基金资助:
内蒙古自治区自然科学基金(2021BS03005);内蒙古自治区高等学校科学研究项目(NJZY21444);内蒙古民族大学博士科研启动基金(BS556)

Effects of irrigation methods on yield and water and nitrogen utilization efficiency of spring maize in Xiliaohe Plain, China

MENG Fanhao(), YANG Hengshan, ZHANG Ruifu, ZHANG Yuqin, LI Weimin, ZHANG Yushan, ZHANG Mingwei

Engineering Research Center of Forage Crops of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028043, Inner Mongolia, China

Received:2021-08-26 Online:2022-09-25 Published:2022-09-30

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为科学选择适于西辽河平原春玉米生产的灌溉方式,于2018—2020年在通辽市、赤峰市、兴安盟,采用3种灌溉方式——浅埋滴灌、膜下滴灌和传统畦灌开展试验,探究其对春玉米产量和水、氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,在玉米吐丝后,通辽市和赤峰市浅埋滴灌的干物质积累量显著(P<0.05)高于传统畦灌。浅埋滴灌下,玉米茎鞘干物质转运率和转运贡献率较膜下滴灌、传统畦灌分别高9.31%、15.25%和13.45%、29.07%,叶片干物质转运率和转运贡献率分别提高15.17%、32.38%和6.93%、47.82%。在3种灌溉方式下,春玉米吐丝前、吐丝后的干物质积累量均与产量呈显著(P<0.05)正相关。总的来看,浅埋滴灌下春玉米的产量较膜下滴灌和传统畦灌平均增产3.43%和7.43%,膜下滴灌较传统畦灌平均增产3.87%。在灌溉水利用效率上,浅埋滴灌和膜下滴灌均显著(P<0.05)高于传统畦灌;在氮肥偏生产力上,除2018年兴安盟试验点外,浅埋滴灌均显著(P<0.05)高于传统畦灌。综合产量、水氮高效利用等因素,浅埋滴灌的灌溉方式为西辽河平原和拟生态区适宜的灌溉方式。

关键词: 西辽河平原, 灌溉方式, 春玉米, 干物质, 水氮利用效率

Abstract:

In order to scientifically choose the suitable irrigation method for spring maize in Xiliaohe Plain, experiments were carried out in Tongliao City, Chifeng City and Xing’an League from 2018 to 2020. Three irrigation methods, namely, shallow buried drip irrigation (SBDI), mulched drip irrigation (MDI) and traditional border irrigation (TBI) were introduced, and the effects of these irrigation methods on yield and water and nitrogen utilization efficiency of spring maize were explored. It was shown that the dry matter accumulation of spring maize under SBDI in Tongliao City and Chifeng City after silking was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that under TBI. The dry matter translocation rate and its contribution rate of stem of spring maize under SBDI were 9.31%, 15.25% and 13.45%, 29.07% higher than those under MDI and TBI, respectively, and the dry matter translocation rate and its contribution rate of leaf were increased by 15.17%, 32.38% and 6.93%, 47.82%, respectively. Under all the three irrigation methods, the dry matter accumulation of spring maize either before silking or after silking was significantly (P<0.05) positively correlated with the yield. Overall, the yield of spring maize under SBDI was 3.43% and 7.43% higher than that under MDI and TBI, and the yield under MDI was 3.87% higher than that under TBI. The irrigation water use efficiency under SBDI and MDI was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that under TBI, and the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer under SBDI was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that under TBI except the experiment in Xing’an League in 2018. Given the yield, efficient utilization of water and nitrogen, SBDI was the suitable irrigation method in the Xiliaohe Plain and the quasi-ecological area.

Key words: Xiliaohe Plain, irrigation method, spring maize, dry matter, water and nitrogen utilization efficiency

中图分类号:

S275
S513

孟繁昊, 杨恒山, 张瑞富, 张玉芹, 李维敏, 张雨珊, 张明伟. 灌溉方式对西辽河平原玉米产量和水氮利用效率的影响[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2022, 34(9): 1826-1836.

MENG Fanhao, YANG Hengshan, ZHANG Ruifu, ZHANG Yuqin, LI Weimin, ZHANG Yushan, ZHANG Mingwei. Effects of irrigation methods on yield and water and nitrogen utilization efficiency of spring maize in Xiliaohe Plain, China[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2022, 34(9): 1826-1836.

图/表 7

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年份 Year	降雨量Rainfall/mm			积温Accumulated temperature/℃
年份 Year	通辽市 Tongliao City	赤峰市 Chifeng City	兴安盟 Xing’an League	通辽市 Tongliao City	赤峰市 Chifeng City	兴安盟 Xing’an League
2018	384.9	337.6	414.2	3 200	3 100	2 850
2019	395.6	324.1	410.5	3 230	3 200	2 790
2020	409.8	383.6	424.2	3 320	3 300	2 860

年份 Year	降雨量Rainfall/mm			积温Accumulated temperature/℃
年份 Year	通辽市 Tongliao City	赤峰市 Chifeng City	兴安盟 Xing’an League	通辽市 Tongliao City	赤峰市 Chifeng City	兴安盟 Xing’an League
2018	384.9	337.6	414.2	3 200	3 100	2 850
2019	395.6	324.1	410.5	3 230	3 200	2 790
2020	409.8	383.6	424.2	3 320	3 300	2 860

地点 Area	全氮 Total nitrogen/ (g·kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matter/ (g·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available phosphorus/ (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium/ (mg·kg^-1)	速效氮 Available nitrogen/ (mg·kg^-1)
通辽市Tongliao City	0.77	12.85	18.57	111.85	51.87
赤峰市Chifeng City	0.61	12.48	15.20	98.70	57.81
兴安盟Xing’an League	1.25	33.10	7.48	47.30	53.50

地点 Area	全氮 Total nitrogen/ (g·kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matter/ (g·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available phosphorus/ (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium/ (mg·kg^-1)	速效氮 Available nitrogen/ (mg·kg^-1)
通辽市Tongliao City	0.77	12.85	18.57	111.85	51.87
赤峰市Chifeng City	0.61	12.48	15.20	98.70	57.81
兴安盟Xing’an League	1.25	33.10	7.48	47.30	53.50

地区 Area	年份 Year	处理 Treatment	转运量 Translocation amount/(kg·hm^-2)		转运率 Translocation rate/%		转运贡献率 Contribution rate of translocation/%
地区 Area	年份 Year	处理 Treatment	茎鞘Stem	叶片Blade	茎鞘Stem	叶片Blade	茎鞘Stem	叶片Blade
通辽市	2018	SBDI	1 298.25 a	819.14 a	20.62	24.22	15.23	9.61
Tongliao City		MDI	918.03 b	702.00 a	16.25	24.59	10.19	7.79
		TBI	1 164.02 ab	523.50 b	19.00	21.90	11.63	5.23
	2019	SBDI	1 488.04 a	771.75 a	21.58	22.03	13.30	6.90
		MDI	1 101.12 b	761.25 a	17.58	18.75	9.32	6.45
		TBI	1 036.50 b	738.00 b	17.29	20.03	8.50	6.05
	2020	SBDI	1 758.75 a	918.00 a	24.85	37.16	16.50	8.61
		MDI	1 559.25 b	807.75 ab	23.39	28.04	12.89	6.68
		TBI	1 661.25 ab	687.01 b	22.74	27.39	13.03	5.39
赤峰市	2018	SBDI	1 493.25 a	990.75 ab	20.32	36.28	15.15	10.05
Chifeng City		MDI	1 120.50 b	1 134.75 a	16.49	37.03	13.87	14.04
		TBI	1 269.04 b	658.51 b	17.13	22.14	12.93	6.71
	2019	SBDI	1 207.52 a	1 622.25 a	17.34	44.74	11.01	14.79
		MDI	1 194.03 a	1 151.25 b	17.52	32.37	13.92	13.42
		TBI	975.75 b	951.01 b	14.53	25.88	8.16	7.96
	2020	SBDI	1 501.51 a	1 581.75 a	20.38	44.37	13.40	14.12
		MDI	1 297.50 b	1 155.75 b	17.82	32.68	14.65	13.05
		TBI	1 151.25 b	796.53 c	15.58	25.25	10.47	7.24
兴安盟	2018	SBDI	1 160.10 a	754.20 a	19.67	23.89	10.61	6.90
Xing’an League		MDI	1 019.71 a	681.31 b	18.30	22.01	9.62	6.43
		TBI	1 014.30 a	694.80 b	18.06	21.39	9.33	6.39
	2019	SBDI	1 054.81 a	968.41 a	18.93	28.67	8.60	7.90
		MDI	1 089.94 a	960.34 a	20.58	27.18	7.85	6.91
		TBI	813.60 b	966.63 a	16.05	27.69	6.05	7.19
	2020	SBDI	1 066.53 a	872.15 a	17.19	26.32	9.16	7.49
		MDI	1 032.31 a	854.12 a	17.55	27.14	7.26	6.00
		TBI	912.65 a	771.37 a	16.57	25.64	7.42	6.27

灌溉方式对西辽河平原玉米产量和水氮利用效率的影响

Effects of irrigation methods on yield and water and nitrogen utilization efficiency of spring maize in Xiliaohe Plain, China

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地点 Area	年份 Year	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicles/(10⁴ hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	千粒重 1 000-grain weight/g	产量 Yield/(t·hm^-2)
通辽市	2018	SBDI	7.21 a	452.32 a	361.73 a	12.08 a
Tongliao City		MDI	7.15 a	448.28 a	350.28 b	11.93 ab
		TBI	7.08 a	469.83 a	344.84 b	11.58 b
	2019	SBDI	7.29 a	478.85 a	382.58 a	13.35 a
		MDI	7.19 a	479.27 a	376.15 b	13.19 a
		TBI	6.99 a	470.97 a	379.77 b	12.86 b
	2020	SBDI	7.25 a	457.49 a	364.19 a	12.54 a
		MDI	7.21 a	448.28 a	352.17 b	11.56 b
		TBI	7.02 a	445.40 a	348.77 b	10.94 c
赤峰市	2018	SBDI	7.23 a	469.28 a	368.28 a	12.37 a
Chifeng City		MDI	7.26 a	453.81 ab	361.93 ab	11.75 b
		TBI	7.12 a	448.09 b	350.84 b	11.53 b
	2019	SBDI	7.28 a	485.10 a	371.74 a	13.17 a
		MDI	7.31 a	479.40 ab	364.95 a	12.85 ab
		TBI	7.05 a	478.02 b	353.84 b	12.22 b
	2020	SBDI	7.25 a	477.82 a	389.27 a	13.53 a
		MDI	7.29 a	469.78 ab	378.58 ab	13.09 ab
		TBI	7.01 a	458.48 b	371.81 b	12.26 b
兴安盟	2018	SBDI	7.19 a	432.44 a	331.66 a	10.28 a
Xing’an League		MDI	7.12 a	425.38 ab	328.68 ab	10.03 a
		TBI	7.08 a	412.34 b	326.84 b	9.58 b
	2019	SBDI	7.17 a	429.17 a	331.39 a	10.34 a
		MDI	7.09 a	428.28 ab	328.52 ab	9.99 ab
		TBI	7.03 a	414.27 b	325.77 b	9.83 b
	2020	SBDI	7.21 a	447.88 a	344.19 a	11.15 a
		MDI	7.15 a	430.27 ab	352.65 a	10.81 ab
		TBI	6.95 a	429.30 b	328.77 b	10.50 b

地点 Area	年份 Year	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicles/(10⁴ hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	千粒重 1 000-grain weight/g	产量 Yield/(t·hm^-2)
通辽市	2018	SBDI	7.21 a	452.32 a	361.73 a	12.08 a
Tongliao City		MDI	7.15 a	448.28 a	350.28 b	11.93 ab
		TBI	7.08 a	469.83 a	344.84 b	11.58 b
	2019	SBDI	7.29 a	478.85 a	382.58 a	13.35 a
		MDI	7.19 a	479.27 a	376.15 b	13.19 a
		TBI	6.99 a	470.97 a	379.77 b	12.86 b
	2020	SBDI	7.25 a	457.49 a	364.19 a	12.54 a
		MDI	7.21 a	448.28 a	352.17 b	11.56 b
		TBI	7.02 a	445.40 a	348.77 b	10.94 c
赤峰市	2018	SBDI	7.23 a	469.28 a	368.28 a	12.37 a
Chifeng City		MDI	7.26 a	453.81 ab	361.93 ab	11.75 b
		TBI	7.12 a	448.09 b	350.84 b	11.53 b
	2019	SBDI	7.28 a	485.10 a	371.74 a	13.17 a
		MDI	7.31 a	479.40 ab	364.95 a	12.85 ab
		TBI	7.05 a	478.02 b	353.84 b	12.22 b
	2020	SBDI	7.25 a	477.82 a	389.27 a	13.53 a
		MDI	7.29 a	469.78 ab	378.58 ab	13.09 ab
		TBI	7.01 a	458.48 b	371.81 b	12.26 b
兴安盟	2018	SBDI	7.19 a	432.44 a	331.66 a	10.28 a
Xing’an League		MDI	7.12 a	425.38 ab	328.68 ab	10.03 a
		TBI	7.08 a	412.34 b	326.84 b	9.58 b
	2019	SBDI	7.17 a	429.17 a	331.39 a	10.34 a
		MDI	7.09 a	428.28 ab	328.52 ab	9.99 ab
		TBI	7.03 a	414.27 b	325.77 b	9.83 b
	2020	SBDI	7.21 a	447.88 a	344.19 a	11.15 a
		MDI	7.15 a	430.27 ab	352.65 a	10.81 ab
		TBI	6.95 a	429.30 b	328.77 b	10.50 b