化肥减氮配施氨基酸肥料对春玉米生产的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.04.01

浙江农业学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (4): 661-670.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.04.01

化肥减氮配施氨基酸肥料对春玉米生产的影响

胡开博¹^,²(), 杨清夏¹, 李扬¹, 吴开贤³, 赵平¹^,²^,^*(), 龙光强¹^,²

1.云南农业大学资源与环境学院,云南昆明 650201
2.农业农村部云南耕地保育科学观测实验站,云南昆明 650201
3.云南农业大学农学与生物技术学院,云南昆明 650201

收稿日期:2021-04-22 出版日期:2022-04-25 发布日期:2022-04-28
通讯作者: 赵平
作者简介:*赵平,E-mail: 2586439210@qq.com
胡开博(1998—),男,云南文山人,硕士研究生,主要从事作物施肥研究。E-mail: 1308007444@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(41967004);云南省重点研发计划(2018BB015);云南省中青年后备人才项目(2017HB027)

Effect of application of amino acid fertilizer on spring maize cultivation under nitrogen reduction

HU Kaibo¹^,²(), YANG Qingxia¹, LI Yang¹, WU Kaixian³, ZHAO Ping¹^,²^,^*(), LONG Guangqiang¹^,²

1. College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
2. Yunnan Scientific Observation Station for Cultivated Land Conservation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Kunming 650201, China
3. College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China

Received:2021-04-22 Online:2022-04-25 Published:2022-04-28
Contact: ZHAO Ping

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究氨基酸肥料在化肥减氮条件下对春玉米生产的影响,开展田间小区试验。试验共设6个处理:N0,不施氮;U100,常规施氮量,N 250 kg·hm^-2;U80,较U100减氮20%;U60,较U100减氮40%;A80,在U80的基础上配施氨基酸肥料;A60,在U60的基础上配施氨基酸肥料。分析不同处理下玉米产量、抽雄期玉米主要生理指标、成熟期植株氮吸收分配等的变化。结果表明,与U100相比,减氮20%条件下(U80和A80处理)玉米产量未显著下降,但氮肥利用率显著(P<0.05)提高35.8%~38.8%,收获指数显著(P<0.05)提高41.8%~57.2%;减氮40%条件下,U60处理的玉米产量显著(P<0.05)下降20.6%,A60处理的玉米产量并未显著下降,且其氮肥利用率显著(P<0.05)提高30.0%,但这2个处理对收获指数均无显著影响。在相同的氮水平下,A80处理的胞间CO₂浓度、叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、光合氮利用效率,及谷草转氨酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶活性较U80处理显著(P<0.05)提高,A60处理的蒸腾速率,及谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合成酶活性较U60处理显著(P<0.05)提高。总的来看,在常规施氮量的基础上减氮20%并不会导致玉米减产。相同减氮水平下,搭配使用氨基酸肥料可进一步提高玉米的氮肥利用率。

关键词: 氨基酸, 春玉米, 光合特性, 氮肥利用率, 氮同化酶, 产量

Abstract:

In order to explore the effect of application of amino acid fertilizer on spring maize cultivation under nitrogen reduction, a field plot experiment was conducted with 6 treatments: N0, no nitrogen applied; U100, conventional N rate, 250 kg·hm^-2; U80, N reduction by 20% compared with U100; U60, N reduction by 40% compared with U100; A80, application of amino acid fertilization based on U80; A60, application of amino acid fertilization based on U60. The yield, and main physiological characteristics at tasseling period, nitrogen uptake and utilization of maize at maturity period under different treatments were determined. It was shown that compared with U100, N reduction rate of 20% (U80 and A80 treatments) did not significantly decrease maize yield, yet significantly (P<0.05) increased nitrogen use efficiency by 35.8%-38.8% and harvest index by 41.8%-57.2%. When N reduction rate was 40%, maize yield was significantly (P<0.05) decreased by 20.6% under U60 treatment as compared with U100, yet maize yield was not significantly changed under A60 treatment. Besides, the nitrogen use efficiency was significantly (P<0.05) increased by 30.0% under A60 treatment as compared with U100. However, A60 and U60 treatments had no significant effect on harvest index of maize as compared with U100. Under the same N reduction rate, the intracellular CO₂ concentration, chlorophyll content (SPAD value), photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, and activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase under A80 treatment were significantly (P<0.05) elevated as compared with U80 treatment, and the transpiration rate and activities of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase were significantly (P<0.05) elevated under A60 treatment as compared with U60 treatment. Thus, it was concluded that N reduction rate of 20% would not decrease maize yield based on the conventional N rate under the experiment conditions. Under the same N rate, application of amino acid fertilizers would further increase nitrogen use efficiency.

Key words: amino acid, spring maize, photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen assimilation enzymes, yield

中图分类号:

S147.34

胡开博, 杨清夏, 李扬, 吴开贤, 赵平, 龙光强. 化肥减氮配施氨基酸肥料对春玉米生产的影响[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2022, 34(4): 661-670.

HU Kaibo, YANG Qingxia, LI Yang, WU Kaixian, ZHAO Ping, LONG Guangqiang. Effect of application of amino acid fertilizer on spring maize cultivation under nitrogen reduction[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2022, 34(4): 661-670.

图/表 7

表1 不同处理对春玉米产量、地上部生物量、收获指数和产量构成的影响

Table 1 Effects of different treatments on yield,aboveground biomass,harvest index and yield component

处理 Treatment	穗长 Ear length/ cm	秃尖长 Bare tip length/cm	穗行数 Kernel row number	行粒数 Kernel number per row	百粒重 100-grain weight/g	产量 Yield/(kg· hm^-2)	地上部生物量 Aboveground biomass/ (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index/%
U100	20.6±4.2 a	2.1±0.5 a	19±3 b	36±1 a	26.4±1.5 b	8 656±126.9 ab	29 164.8±2 951.0 bc	40.7±1.5 b
U80	18.9±1.5 ab	1.3±0.3 bc	22±1 a	39±1 a	26.3±0.7 b	9 503±1 001.3 a	35 574.1±1 335.7 a	64.0±3.6 a
A80	17.8±2.9 ab	0.8±0.3 c	23±2 a	37±2 a	29.0±2.3 a	9 163±1 313.3 a	32 052.0±1 125.5 ab	57.7±2.5 a
U60	14.5±3.6 b	1.8±0.4 ab	19±1 b	38±3 a	25.5±0.5 b	6 868±706.8 c	26 081.6±2 732.5 c	38.3±2.5 b
A60	16.3±0.4 ab	1.7±0.3 ab	20±1 ab	36±3 a	25.7±1.1 b	7 411±983.3 bc	28 048.0±1 625.2 c	34.0±8.2 b

图1 不同生育期各处理的土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量同一时期柱上无相同字母的表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

Fig.1 Soil ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content under different treatments at different growth periods Bars marked without the same letters indicated significant difference at P<0.05 at the same growth period.

表2 不同处理对收获期春玉米氮素分配和利用率的影响

Table 2 Effects of different treatments on nitrogen distribution and use efficiency of spring maize at harvest stage

处理 Treatment	籽粒Grain		秸秆Straw		根系root		氮吸收总量 Total N uptake/(kg· hm^-2)	NUE/%
处理 Treatment	吸氮量 N uptake/ (kg·hm^-2)	比例 Proportion/%	吸氮量 N uptake/ (kg·hm^-2)	比例 Proportion/%	吸氮量 N uptake/ (kg·hm^-2)	比例 Proportion/%	氮吸收总量 Total N uptake/(kg· hm^-2)	NUE/%
U100	90.3± 12.4 ab	73.8± 9.6 ab	20.4± 7.3 b	16.7± 6.0 ab	11.7± 2.7 ab	9.5± 1.5 ab	122.4± 9.1 bc	42.13± 5.70 b
U80	102.7± 16.9 ab	75.3± 8.7 ab	18.4± 5.9 b	13.5± 4.0 b	15.3± 6.7 a	11.2± 4.6 a	136.4± 18.2 ab	57.20± 2.35 a
A80	97.2± 18.0 ab	68.3± 6.6 b	29.7± 8.3 a	20.9± 6.3 a	15.4± 5.0 a	10.8± 5.1 a	142.3± 11.0 a	58.47± 3.55 a
U60	79.1± 6.8 b	78.0± 4.4 a	13.8± 2.9 c	13.6± 1.9 b	8.7± 3.1 ab	8.6± 2.9 ab	101.5± 8.8 c	50.72± 4.72 ab
A60	111.8± 3.5 a	79.2± 3.7 a	23.5± 4.2 ab	16.7± 1.9 ab	5.8± 3.3 b	4.1± 2.1 b	141.1± 9.5 a	54.74± 7.05 a

表3 不同处理对叶片部分生理指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of different treatments on physiological indexes of maize leaf

处理 Treatment	P_n/(μmol· m^-2·s^-1)	C_i/(μmol· mol^-1)	T_r/(μmol· m^-2·s^-1)	G_s/(μmol· m^-2·s^-1)	SPAD	PNUE/(μmol· g^-1·s^-1)
U100	20.5±1.2 a	152.4±4.7 d	3.3±0.2 a	0.23±0.06 b	39.2±1.5 b	59.0±4.6 b
U80	20.0±0.4 a	133.5±5.5 e	3.2±0.1 a	0.27±0.03 ab	38.9±1.3 b	63.0±3.9 b
A80	17.3±0.5 b	205.6±1.4 c	3.1±0.2 a	0.32±0.03 a	41.8±1.0 a	69.3±6.8 a
U60	15.8±0.9 b	295.2±10.3 a	2.0±0.2 c	0.11±0.03 c	30.2±1.4 c	45.4±1.1 c
A60	17.3±0.6 b	230.5±1.6 b	2.3±0.1 b	0.16±0.04 c	32.2±1.6 c	54.8±11.5 bc

表4 不同处理对氮同化酶活性的影响

Table 4 Effects of different treatments on nitrogen assimilation enzymes activities

处理Treatment	GDH/(nmol·min^-1·g^-1)	GOT/(nmol·min^-1·g^-1)	GS/(U·g^-1)	GOGAT/(nmol·min^-1·g^-1)
U100	76.75±5.17 a	76.69±2.32 b	21.60±0.35 a	117.90±11.66 a
U80	35.16±2.68 c	74.06±5.11 b	21.03±1.40 a	105.51±7.44 ab
A80	57.29±1.24 b	86.86±3.99 a	14.29±1.05 b	110.49±13.90 ab
U60	39.62±8.16 c	62.54±1.93 c	15.58±2.18 b	57.34±5.24 c
A60	42.91±2.55 c	64.84±1.60 c	20.98±3.89 a	91.73±12.04 b

表5 各指标的相关性

Table 5 Correlation within different indexes

指标 Index	氮吸收总量 Total N uptake	P_n	${NH}_{4}^{+}$ -N	${NO}_{3}^{-}$ -N	地上部全氮 Total N in shoot	SPAD	PNUE	GOT	GOGAT
产量Yield	0.532^*	0.537^*	0.123	0.721^**	-0.321	0.781^**	0.581^*	0.572^*	0.532^*
NUE	0.205	-0.243	0.717^**	0.334	-0.739^**	-0.204	0.126	0.153	-0.056

表5 各指标的相关性

Table 5 Correlation within different indexes

指标 Index	氮吸收总量 Total N uptake	P_n	${NH}_{4}^{+}$ -N	${NO}_{3}^{-}$ -N	地上部全氮 Total N in shoot	SPAD	PNUE	GOT	GOGAT
产量Yield	0.532^*	0.537^*	0.123	0.721^**	-0.321	0.781^**	0.581^*	0.572^*	0.532^*
NUE	0.205	-0.243	0.717^**	0.334	-0.739^**	-0.204	0.126	0.153	-0.056

图2 春玉米产量与氮素利用率的冗余分析 TNU,氮吸收总量;Pn,净光合速率;SPAD,叶绿素含量(SPAD值);PNUE,光合氮利用效率;GOGAT,谷氨酸合成酶;GOT,谷草转氨酶;Yield,玉米产量;NUE,氮肥利用率;TNS,地上部全氮含量(抽雄期); NH 4 +-N,土壤铵态氮含量(抽雄期); NO 3 --N,土壤硝态氮含量(抽雄期)。

Fig.2 Redundancy analysis of spring maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency TNU, Total nitrogen uptake; Pn, Net photosynthetic rate; SPAD, Chlorophyll content(SPAD value); PNUE, Photosynthetic nitrogen utilization efficiency; GOGAT,Glutamate synthetase; GOT, Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; Yield, Yield of maize; NUE, Nitrogen use efficiency; TNS, Total nitrogen content in aboveground part (at tasseling period); NH 4 +-N, Soil ammonium nitrogen content (at tasseling period); NO 3 --N,Soil nitrate nitrogen content (at tasseling period).

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化肥减氮配施氨基酸肥料对春玉米生产的影响

Effect of application of amino acid fertilizer on spring maize cultivation under nitrogen reduction

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