黄腐酸钾对甜瓜根区土壤微生态、根系形态及果实品质的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240809

浙江农业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (10): 2066-2076.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240809

黄腐酸钾对甜瓜根区土壤微生态、根系形态及果实品质的影响

熊韬¹(), 闫淼¹, 吴婷¹, 马超², 杨俊涛¹, 胡国智¹^,^*()

1.新疆农业科学院哈密瓜研究中心,新疆乌鲁木齐 830091
2.中化农业(新疆)生物科技有限公司玛纳斯公司,新疆玛纳斯 832200

收稿日期:2024-09-18 出版日期:2025-10-25 发布日期:2025-11-13
作者简介:熊韬(1984—),男,新疆库车人,硕士,高级农艺师,研究方向为西甜瓜栽培生理。E-mail: bearxt@163.com
通讯作者: *胡国智,E-mail: hgz0901@126.com
基金资助:
新疆维吾尔自治区现代农业产业技术体系(XJARS-06);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-25)

Effects of potassium fulvic acid on soil microecology, root morphology in root zone of melon and fruit quality

XIONG Tao¹(), YAN Miao¹, WU Ting¹, MA Chao², YANG Juntao¹, HU Guozhi¹^,^*()

1. Hami Melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
2. Sinochem Agriculture (Xinjiang) Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Manas Company, Manas 832200, Xinjiang, China

Received:2024-09-18 Online:2025-10-25 Published:2025-11-13

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 研究不同黄腐酸钾施用量对甜瓜根区土壤理化性质、土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性变化、根系形态指标及果实品质的影响,明确黄腐酸钾的最佳施用量,为在甜瓜生产中科学合理使用黄腐酸钾肥料提供理论依据。选用甜瓜品种黄梦脆为试材,在常规施肥的基础上,设置5个黄腐酸钾施用水平(0、37.5、75.0、112.5、150.0 kg·hm^-2,分别用CK、KT1、KT2、KT3、KT4表示),于幼苗期、伸蔓期、开花期、果实膨大期、成熟期追施。结果表明,与CK相比,施用黄腐酸钾显著提高了土壤中有机质及氮、磷、钾等主要养分的含量,提高了阳离子交换量,同时降低了土壤pH值,进一步改善了土壤理化性质和保水保肥能力;施用黄腐酸钾持续提高了微生物群落功能,土壤中可培养微生物总量、细菌、真菌数量均表现为KT3>KT4>KT2>KT1>CK,且KT3处理下土壤根区酶活性提升效果最佳;根系形态分析表明,黄腐酸钾促进了甜瓜根系生长发育,KT3处理效果最好,根系长度、根系体积、根系直径、根系表面积和根尖数分别较CK提高了36.27%、85.92%、39.59%、80.54%、83.80%;追施黄腐酸钾可以提高甜瓜的果实亮度、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量和维生素C含量,有效改善果实品质和商品性。由于在黄腐酸钾用量达到150.0 kg·hm^-2时,各项指标均表现出下降的趋势。综合考虑,在本试验同等土壤状况和栽培条件下,黄腐酸钾最佳施用量为112.5 kg·hm^-2。

关键词: 黄腐酸钾, 甜瓜, 土壤微生态, 根系发育, 果实品质

Abstract:

The effects of different application rates of potassium fulvate acid on the physicochemical properties of soil, soil microorganisms, soil enzyme activity, root morphological characteristics, and fruit quality in the root zone of melon were investigated, to determine the optimal application rate of potassium fulvate acid and provide a theoretical basis for the scientific and rational use of potassium fulvate acid fertilizer in melon production. Using the melon variety Huangmengcui as the test material, five levels of potassium fulvate acid application (0, 37.5, 75.0, 112.5, 150.0 kg·hm^-2, denoted as CK, KT1, KT2, KT3, KT4 respectively) were set on the basis of conventional fertilization, and topdressing was carried out during the seedling stage, vine extension stage, flowering stage, fruit expansion stage, and maturity stage. The results showed that compared with CK, the application of potassium fulvic acid significantly increased the content of organic matter and major nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil, enhanced the cation exchange capacity, and reduced the soil pH value, further improving the physicochemical properties and water and fertilizer retention capacity of the soil; the application of potassium fulvic acid continuously improved the functional capacity of microbial communities, with the total number of culturable microorganisms, bacteria, and fungi in the soil showing the pattern KT3>KT4>KT2>KT1>CK, and the KT3 treatment showed the best enhancement effect on soil enzyme activity in the root zone; the root morphology results indicated that potassium fulvic acid promoted the growth and development of melon roots, with the KT3 treatment showing the best effect, increasing root length, root volume, root diameter, root surface area, and root tip number by 36.27%, 85.92%, 39.59%, 80.54%, 83.80% respectively compared with CK; topdressing with potassium fulvate acid could improve the fruit surface brightness value, soluble solids content, soluble sugar content, and vitamin C content of melon, effectively enhancing fruit quality and market ability. However, when the application rate of potassium fulvic acid reached 150.0 kg·hm^-2, all indicators showed a decreasing trend. Therefore, based on comprehensive analysis, the most suitable application rate of potassium fulvic acid under the same soil conditions and cultivation practices in this experiment is 112.5 kg·hm^-2.

Key words: potassium fulvic acid, melon, soil microecology, root development, fruit quality

中图分类号:

S652

熊韬, 闫淼, 吴婷, 马超, 杨俊涛, 胡国智. 黄腐酸钾对甜瓜根区土壤微生态、根系形态及果实品质的影响[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2025, 37(10): 2066-2076.

XIONG Tao, YAN Miao, WU Ting, MA Chao, YANG Juntao, HU Guozhi. Effects of potassium fulvic acid on soil microecology, root morphology in root zone of melon and fruit quality[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2025, 37(10): 2066-2076.

图/表 7

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处理 Treatment	不同时期追施黄腐酸钾的用量Topdressing potassium fulvic acid quantity at different stages
处理 Treatment	幼苗期 Seedling stage	伸蔓期 Vine extension stage	开花期 Flowering stage	果实膨大期 Fruit expansion stage	成熟期 Maturity stage
CK	0	0	0	0	0
KT1	3.750	5.625	9.375	9.375	9.375
KT2	7.500	11.250	18.750	18.750	18.750
KT3	11.250	16.875	28.125	28.125	28.125
KT4	15.000	22.500	37.500	37.500	37.500

处理 Treatment	不同时期追施黄腐酸钾的用量Topdressing potassium fulvic acid quantity at different stages
处理 Treatment	幼苗期 Seedling stage	伸蔓期 Vine extension stage	开花期 Flowering stage	果实膨大期 Fruit expansion stage	成熟期 Maturity stage
CK	0	0	0	0	0
KT1	3.750	5.625	9.375	9.375	9.375
KT2	7.500	11.250	18.750	18.750	18.750
KT3	11.250	16.875	28.125	28.125	28.125
KT4	15.000	22.500	37.500	37.500	37.500

处理 Treatment	有机质含量 Organic matter content/%	碱解氮含量 Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content/ (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷含量 Available phosphorus content/ (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾含量 Available potassium content/ (mg·kg^-1)	阳离子交换量 Cation exchange capacity/ (cmol·kg^-1)	pH值 pH value
CK	19.93±0.40 d	98.72±1.32 d	38.28±0.91 d	298.71±5.72 d	8.57±0.05 d	7.74±0.04 a
KT1	22.90±0.72 c	102.15±1.11 c	42.96±1.25 c	376.05±15.47 c	9.41±0.06 c	7.72±0.02 a
KT2	24.93±0.19 b	111.91±1.42 b	44.41±0.50 c	402.62±18.91 bc	9.55±0.07 bc	7.68±0.03 a
KT3	27.56±1.33 a	121.45±1.26 a	51.41±0.61 a	468.29±26.92 a	10.09±0.43 a	7.48±0.06 b
KT4	26.15±1.05 ab	113.34±1.44 b	46.60±0.64 b	442.02±63.86 ab	9.83±0.11 ab	7.55±0.07 b

处理 Treatment	有机质含量 Organic matter content/%	碱解氮含量 Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content/ (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷含量 Available phosphorus content/ (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾含量 Available potassium content/ (mg·kg^-1)	阳离子交换量 Cation exchange capacity/ (cmol·kg^-1)	pH值 pH value
CK	19.93±0.40 d	98.72±1.32 d	38.28±0.91 d	298.71±5.72 d	8.57±0.05 d	7.74±0.04 a
KT1	22.90±0.72 c	102.15±1.11 c	42.96±1.25 c	376.05±15.47 c	9.41±0.06 c	7.72±0.02 a
KT2	24.93±0.19 b	111.91±1.42 b	44.41±0.50 c	402.62±18.91 bc	9.55±0.07 bc	7.68±0.03 a
KT3	27.56±1.33 a	121.45±1.26 a	51.41±0.61 a	468.29±26.92 a	10.09±0.43 a	7.48±0.06 b
KT4	26.15±1.05 ab	113.34±1.44 b	46.60±0.64 b	442.02±63.86 ab	9.83±0.11 ab	7.55±0.07 b

处理 Treatment	微生物总数 Microorganisms number/ (10 ⁷ CFU·g^-1 )	细菌数 Bacterial number/ (10 ⁷ CFU·g^-1 )	真菌数 Fungus number/ (10⁴ CFU·g^-1 )	放线菌数 Actinomycetes number/ (10⁶ CFU·g^-1 )	细菌数/真菌数 Ratio of bacterial number to fungus number/10³
CK	2.23±0.10 c	1.87±0.05 d	2.33±0.07 d	3.98±0.10 c	0.80±0.01 c
KT1	2.57±0.09 b	2.08±0.11 c	2.50±0.08 c	4.08±0.07 c	0.83±0.02 c
KT2	4.01±0.12 a	3.41±0.07 b	3.10±0.16 b	4.99±0.16 b	1.10±0.06 a
KT3	4.10±0.08 a	3.88±0.05 a	3.49±0.08 a	5.65±0.12 a	1.11±0.02 a
KT4	4.03±0.14 a	3.52±0.03 b	3.38±0.06 a	5.66±0.06 a	1.04±0.03 b

黄腐酸钾对甜瓜根区土壤微生态、根系形态及果实品质的影响

Effects of potassium fulvic acid on soil microecology, root morphology in root zone of melon and fruit quality

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处理 Treatment	根系长度 Root length/cm	根系体积 Root volume/cm³	根系直径 Root diameter/ mm	根系表面积 Root surface area/cm²	根尖数 Root tip number
CK	386.90±14.01 d	20.10±1.05 c	1.97±0.29 d	541.33±13.28 d	273.23±22.89 d
KT1	410.34±11.89 c	24.96±2.82 bc	2.15±0.09 cd	669.67±35.53 c	341.48±24.65 c
KT2	455.58±12.07 b	30.82±4.75 ab	2.39±0.12 bc	723.33±55.59 c	424.61±10.80 b
KT3	527.21±7.92 a	37.37±5.23 a	2.75±0.01 a	977.33±45.74 a	502.21±22.16 a
KT4	511.47±4.69 a	32.42±5.60 ab	2.64±0.06 ab	856.67±65.32 b	457.73±28.13 b

处理 Treatment	L^值 L^value	C^值 C^value	可溶性固形物含量 Soluble solids content/%	可溶性糖含量 Soluble sugar content/%	维生素C含量 Vitamin C content/ (mg·kg^-1)	可滴定酸含量 Titratable acidity content/%	糖酸比 Sugar-acid ratio	固酸比 Solid-to- acid ratio
CK	67.97± 1.45 c	40.77± 0.78 b	14.20± 0.30 c	70.32± 1.90 c	14.7± 1.2 c	2.32± 0.03 a	30.31± 0.61 d	6.12± 0.19 d
KT1	70.95± 1.99 bc	48.47± 6.10 ab	15.23± 0.45 b	73.50± 1.64 bc	17.5± 1.7 c	2.29± 0.02 a	32.10± 1.00 cd	6.65± 0.14 c
KT2	72.73± 2.30 ab	50.23± 1.92 ab	15.90± 0.40 b	76.53± 1.15 b	26.1± 3.4 b	2.26± 0.04 a	33.82± 0.38 c	7.03± 0.28 bc
KT3	75.32± 1.50 a	52.45± 6.03 a	16.87± 0.31 a	81.35± 1.91 a	36.3± 3.8 a	2.05± 0.07 c	39.79± 2.00 a	8.25± 0.36 a
KT4	72.27± 2.80 ab	49.01± 6.77 ab	15.80± 0.56 b	81.14± 2.54 a	36.6± 2.7 a	2.19± 0.03 b	37.12± 1.41 b	7.23± 0.34 b

指标 Index	有机质含量 Organic matter content	碱解氮含量 Alkali- hydrolyzable nitrogen content	有效磷含量 Available phosphorus content	速效钾含量 Available potassium content	阳离子交换量 Cation exchange capacity	pH值 pH value	真菌数量 Fungus number	细菌数量 Bacterial number
碱解氮含量 Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content	0.97^**
有效磷含量 Available phosphorus content	0.97^**	0.96^*
速效钾含量 Available potassium content	0.10^**	0.94^*	0.97^**
阳离子交换量 Cation exchange capacity	0.98^**	0.91^*	0.96^**	0.99^**
pH值pH value	-0.90^*	-0.92^*	-0.93^*	-0.90^*	-0.85
真菌数量 Fungus number	0.97^**	0.97^**	0.91^*	0.94^*	0.90^*	-0.92^*
细菌数量 Bacterial number	0.95^*	0.97^**	0.89^*	0.91^*	0.88	-0.87	0.98^**
放线菌数量 Actinomycetes number	0.93^*	0.94^*	0.88	0.91^*	0.86	-0.93^*	0.99^**	0.97^**

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