平衡施肥对设施基质栽培番茄生长、品质、矿质元素含量与产量的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.08.09

浙江农业学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (8): 1648-1660.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.08.09

平衡施肥对设施基质栽培番茄生长、品质、矿质元素含量与产量的影响

李旺雄¹(), 张洋¹, 唐中祺¹^,^*(), 郁继华¹^,²

1.甘肃农业大学园艺学院,甘肃兰州 730070
2.甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室,甘肃兰州 730070

收稿日期:2021-11-06 出版日期:2022-08-25 发布日期:2022-08-26
通讯作者: 唐中祺
作者简介:*唐中祺,E-mail: tangzq@gsau.edu.cn
李旺雄(1996—),男,甘肃定西人,硕士,研究方向为蔬菜栽培与生理生态研究。E-mail: 1280469622@qq.com
基金资助:
国家大宗蔬菜产业技术体系(CARS-23-C-07);国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0201205);中央引导地方科技发展专项(ZCYD-2020-5);甘肃农业大学科研启动基金(GAU-KYQD-2019-19)

Effects of balanced fertilization on growth, quality, mineral elements contents and yield of tomato cultivated in substrate in greenhouse

LI Wangxiong¹(), ZHANG Yang¹, TANG Zhongqi¹^,^*(), YU Jihua¹^,²

1. College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
2. Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Arid Land Crop Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China

Received:2021-11-06 Online:2022-08-25 Published:2022-08-26
Contact: TANG Zhongqi

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为明确平衡施肥对设施基质栽培番茄的影响,以番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.)184品种为试材,按照氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)平衡施肥原理设计4个处理,分别为不施肥(CK0)、常规施肥(CK,每667 m²施N肥23.7 kg、P₂O₅ 38.4 kg、K₂O 72.9 kg)、平衡施肥1(T1,每667 m²施N肥38.38 kg、P₂O₅ 16.45 kg、K₂O 53.18 kg)、平衡施肥2(T2,施肥量较T1减少10%,每667 m²施N肥33.58 kg、P₂O₅ 14.4 kg、K₂O 46.5 kg),研究平衡施肥对番茄生长、品质、产量与矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,平衡施肥可不同程度促进番茄生长,改善品质,提高矿质元素含量和产量,平衡施肥1(T1)效果最优。与常规施肥(CK)相比,T1处理番茄的株高、叶片数、最大净光合速率和根系活力分别提高9.97%、5.19%、25.13%和95.79%;果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、铁、镁、钙元素含量与产量分别提高19.82%、16.09%、15.24%、11.30%、69.06%和15.25%。相关性和主成分分析结果表明,番茄品质和产量等指标之间存在一定的相关性与依存关系。根据综合得分模型发现,T1处理的得分最高,CK0最低,说明平衡施肥对设施基质栽培番茄生长、品质、矿质元素含量和产量影响较大,其中,单果鲜重和维生素C(V_C)、磷、钾、铁、锰、锌含量是影响番茄生长和品质的主要因素。因此,平衡施肥1(T1)处理可通过增强番茄叶片光合能力,提高产量和改善果实品质,成为肥料资源合理配置的施肥模式。

关键词: 番茄, 平衡施肥, 基质栽培, 生长, 产量, 肥料贡献率

Abstract:

In order to clarify the effects of balanced fertilization on tomato cultivated in substrate in the greenhouse, the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivar 184 was used as test material. Four treatments were designed according to the principle of balanced fertilization of N, P and K, namely no fertilization (CK0), conventional fertilization (CK, 23.7 kg N, 38.4 kg P₂O₅ and 72.9 kg K₂O per 667 m²), balanced fertilization 1 (T1, 38.38 kg N, 16.45 kg P₂O₅ and 53.18 kg K₂O per 667 m²), balanced fertilization 2 (T2, 10% less fertilizer than T1, 33.58 kg N, 514.4 kg P₂O, 46.5 kg K₂O per 667 m²), effects of balanced fertilization on tomato growth, quality, yield and mineral element content were studied. The results showed that balanced fertilization could promote tomato growth, improve quality, mineral element content and yield in different degrees, balanced fertilization 1 (T1) had the best effect. Compared with CK, plant height, leaf number, maximum net photosynthetic rate and root activity of tomato in T1 treatment increased by 9.97%, 5.19%, 25.13% and 95.79% respectively; soluble solid, soluble sugar, iron, magnesium, calcium and yield in T1 treatment increased by 19.82%, 16.09%, 15.24%, 11.30%, 69.06% and 15.25%, respectively. The results of correlation and principal component analysis showed that there was a certain correlation and dependence between the quality and yield of tomato indexes. According to the final comprehensive score model, it was found that the score of T1 treatment was the highest and CK0 was the lowest, indicating that balanced fertilization had a great impact on the growth, quality, mineral elements contents and yield of tomato cultivated in substrate. Among them, the fresh weight of single fruit and contents of V_C, mineral elements, phosphorus, potassium, iron, manganese and zinc were the main factors affecting the growth and quality of tomato. Therefore, the balanced fertilization 1 treatment (T1) could be a fertilizer application pattern for rational allocation of fertilizer resources by enhancing the photosynthetic capacity of tomato leaves, increasing yield and improving fruit quality.

Key words: tomato, balanced fertilization, substrates culture, growth, yield, fertilizer contribution rate

中图分类号:

S641.2

李旺雄, 张洋, 唐中祺, 郁继华. 平衡施肥对设施基质栽培番茄生长、品质、矿质元素含量与产量的影响[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2022, 34(8): 1648-1660.

LI Wangxiong, ZHANG Yang, TANG Zhongqi, YU Jihua. Effects of balanced fertilization on growth, quality, mineral elements contents and yield of tomato cultivated in substrate in greenhouse[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2022, 34(8): 1648-1660.

图/表 13

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处理 Treatments	株高 Stem length/cm	茎粗 Stem diameters/mm	叶片数 Leaf number	根系活力 Root activity/(mg·g^-1·h^-1)
CK0	96.26±2.10 c	11.64 ±0.70 a	14.40 ±0.68 b	0.95±0.12 b
CK	115.14±1.42 b	11.90 ±0.47 a	15.40±0.40 ab	0.95±0.15 b
T1	126.62±1.35 a	12.84 ±0.83 a	16.20±0.20 a	1.86±0.11 a
T2	121.28±1.99 ab	12.24 ±0.84 a	15.80 ±0.37 ab	1.11±0.04 b

处理 Treatments	株高 Stem length/cm	茎粗 Stem diameters/mm	叶片数 Leaf number	根系活力 Root activity/(mg·g^-1·h^-1)
CK0	96.26±2.10 c	11.64 ±0.70 a	14.40 ±0.68 b	0.95±0.12 b
CK	115.14±1.42 b	11.90 ±0.47 a	15.40±0.40 ab	0.95±0.15 b
T1	126.62±1.35 a	12.84 ±0.83 a	16.20±0.20 a	1.86±0.11 a
T2	121.28±1.99 ab	12.24 ±0.84 a	15.80 ±0.37 ab	1.11±0.04 b

处理 Treatments	叶绿素a Chl a	叶绿素b Chl b	类胡萝卜素 Carotenoids	叶绿素a+b Chl a+b
CK0	1.23±0.03 b	0.24±0.01 b	0.53±0.01 b	1.47±0.03 b
CK	1.28±0.05 b	0.19±0.01 c	0.54±0.01 b	1.47±0.05 b
T1	2.15±0.05 a	0.39±0.01 a	0.91±0.01 a	2.54±0.02 a
T2	2.09±0.03 a	0.36±0.01 a	0.86±0.01 a	2.45±0.06 a

处理 Treatments	叶绿素a Chl a	叶绿素b Chl b	类胡萝卜素 Carotenoids	叶绿素a+b Chl a+b
CK0	1.23±0.03 b	0.24±0.01 b	0.53±0.01 b	1.47±0.03 b
CK	1.28±0.05 b	0.19±0.01 c	0.54±0.01 b	1.47±0.05 b
T1	2.15±0.05 a	0.39±0.01 a	0.91±0.01 a	2.54±0.02 a
T2	2.09±0.03 a	0.36±0.01 a	0.86±0.01 a	2.45±0.06 a

处理 Treatments	胞间CO₂浓度 C_i/(μmol·mol^-1)	蒸腾速率 T_r/(mmol·m^-2·s^-1)	气孔导度 G_s/(mmol·m^-2·s^-1)	净光合速率 P_n/(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)
CK0	505.4±17.2 a	6.48±0.57 c	508.8±98.9 b	16.32±2.09 c
CK	435.8 ±10.1 b	8.88±0.24 b	642.8±34.6 b	19.90±0.49 bc
T1	403.8±9.0 bc	10.12±0.24 a	1 020.8±152.2 a	24.90±0.91 a
T2	393.8±8.6 c	10.84±0.25 a	864.4±82.0 ab	22.38±0.81 ab

平衡施肥对设施基质栽培番茄生长、品质、矿质元素含量与产量的影响

Effects of balanced fertilization on growth, quality, mineral elements contents and yield of tomato cultivated in substrate in greenhouse

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处理 Treatments	施肥用量Fertilizer dosage
处理 Treatments	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
CK0	0	0	0
CK	23.70	38.40	72.90
T1	38.38	16.45	53.18
T2	33.58	14.40	46.50

处理 Treatment	果实硬度 Hardness/(kg·cm^-2)	单果鲜重 Single fruit fresh weight/g	单果干重 Single fruit dry weight/g	果形指数 Shape index
CK0	1.72±0.09 c	77.34±0.74 b	6.07±0.24 c	0.67±0.02 a
CK	2.17±0.15 b	104.29±1.90 ab	11.99±0.83 a	0.67±0.01 a
T1	2.94±0.07 a	112.87±1.71 a	12.17±0.86 a	0.69±0.01 a
T2	2.86±0.06 a	103.81±1.78 ab	9.22±0.17 b	0.65±0.01 a

处理 Treatments	磷P	钾K	铜Cu	铁Fe	锰Mn	锌Zn	钙Ca	镁Mg
CK0	108.88± 1.29 c	18 148± 541 c	2.67± 0.06 a	24.31± 1.37 b	1.11± 0.05 b	18.79± 1.47 b	114.45± 2.03 d	1 293.60± 69.64 b
CK	127.34± 1.36 b	31 552± 692 a	2.14± 0.07 a	28.60± 0.74 b	2.58± 0.18 a	22.37± 1.15 ab	145.41± 8.24 c	1 689.30± 27.91 b
T1	144.41± 2.29 a	31 020± 286 ab	2.4± 0.07 a	32.96± 0.84 a	2.74± 0.17 a	27.52± 3.94 a	245.83± 19.22 a	1 880.20± 36.32 a
T2	119.21± 0.24 b	29 608± 296 b	2.19± 0.31 a	32.50± 3.34 a	2.43± 0.26 a	21.91± 1.59 ab	165.67± 20.16 b	1 804.00± 64.99 ab

处理 Treatments	产量 Yield/(kg·667m^-2)	肥料贡献率 Fertilizer contribution rate/%	产值 Output value/(yuan·667m^-2)
CK0	2 666.96±382.74 b	—	—
CK	4 627.96±173.25 b	42.37±0.2015 b	13 883.88±615.14 b
T1	5 333.92±102.14 a	50.00±0.3637 a	16 001.76±783.42 a
T2	5 137.82±440.37 a	48.09±0.2913 a	15 413.46±849.36 b

指标 Index	FWSF	TSS	SP	硝酸盐 Nitrate	SS	TA	产量 Yield	V_C	磷P	钾K	铜Cu	铁Fe	锰Mn	锌Zn	钙Ca
TSS	0.888
SP	0.21	0.449
硝酸盐	-0.963^*	-0.954^*	-0.453
Nitrate
SS	0.904	0.989^*	0.315	-0.937
TA	0.999^**	0.902	0.197	-0.963^*	0.921
产量Yield	0.955^*	-0.977^*	-0.286	0.965^*	-0.990^**	-0.967^*
V_C	0.915	0.841	-0.089	-0.830	0.906	0.931	-0.929
磷P	0.946	0.920	0.515	-0.993^**	0.890	0.94	-0.927	0.767
钾K	0.925	0.708	-0.176	-0.792	0.775	0.927	-0.842	0.946	0.753
铜Cu	-0.899	-0.714	0.232	0.762	-0.792	-0.907	0.845	-0.970^*	-0.71	-0.992^**
铁Fe	0.884	0.899	0.014	-0.842	0.953^*	0.907	-0.952^*	0.982^*	0.772	0.871	-0.907
锰Mn	0.952^*	0.712	0.110	-0.870	0.731	0.938	-0.819	0.814	0.877	0.924	-0.87	0.732
锌Zn	0.900	0.980^*	0.563	-0.982^*	0.948	0.904	-0.952^*	0.773	0.971^*	0.681	-0.662	0.819	0.761
钙Ca	0.854	0.993^**	0.549	-0.948	0.966^*	0.866	-0.950	0.774	0.924	0.636	-0.636	0.844	0.675	0.988^*
镁Mg	0.918	0.775	-0.164	-0.803	0.847	0.929	-0.889	0.989^*	0.748	0.982^*	-0.995^**	0.943	0.862	0.719	0.702

主成分 Principal component	特征值 Eigenvalues	贡献率 Contribution rate/%	累计贡献率 Cumulative contribution rate/%
第一主成分	12.97	81.05	81.05
First principal component
第二主成分	2.57	16.06	97.10
Second principal component
第三主成分	0.46	2.90	100
Third principal component

指标 Indexes	第一主成分 First principal components	第二主成分 Second principal components	第三主成分 Third principal components
单果鲜重FWSF	0.816	0.244	0.524
可溶性固形物SS	0.697	0.594	0.338
可溶性蛋白SP	0.416	0.901	0.037
硝酸盐Nitrate	0.230	0.932	-0.090
V_C	0.864	0.257	0.366
可溶性糖SS	0.788	0.415	0.097
可滴定酸TA	-0.833	-0.322	-0.152
产量Yield	0.579	0.094	0.759
磷P	0.826	0.351	0.401
钾K	0.945	0.317	0.061
铜Cu	-0.945	-0.284	-0.080
铁Fe	0.951	0.307	-0.026
锰Mn	0.801	0.470	0.316
锌Zn	0.912	0.334	0.227
钙Ca	0.708	0.648	0.202
镁Mg	0.005	-0.061	0.997

处理 Treatments	Z₁	Z₂	Z₃	综合得分 Composite score	排序 Ranking
CK0	-2.86	-6.89	-13.19	-3.81	4
CK1	-0.02	1.62	0.20	0.25	3
T1	2.96	3.48	10.86	3.28	1
T2	-0.08	1.79	2.14	0.29	2

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