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25 May 2015, Volume 27 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Effects of density on the ear characteristics and yield component factors of different maize hybrids LI Xiang\|long，ZHANG Xiao\|dong，ZHANG Zhong\|bao，ZHANG Li\|quan，WU Zhong\|yi* 2015, 27(5):  713.  Abstract ( 594 )   PDF (1788KB) ( 1258 )   Four hybrids were used to study the effects of three densities on their ear characteristics and yield component factors. The results showed that ear length, grain number per ear, 100\|grain weight were gradually reduced with the increase of the density. Seed\|producing percentage was changed in different hybrids, hybrid of 1 and 4 were increased, but the bybrid of 2 was opposite, CK and hybrid of 3 did not change significantly the length of bare ear, the rate barren stalk were trend of increased, there was little effect on ear diameter, ear rows，grain depth and quality. Variance analysis showed that the differences of hybrids, density and the interaction between hybrids and density all reached significant even extremely significant levels. The yields of four hybrids were influenced by density, increasing the density was beneficial to three hybrids yield except the hybrid of NO.2. The yield of the three hybrids were higher than that of the control with the density over 75 000·hm-2, this indicated that density was a key factor to the yield of maize. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of sowing date and temperature on growth and yield of late rice Yueyou 9113 YAO Jun\|meng1，2， LI Ying\|chun2， ZHANG Jin\|en2， SHU Ting3， LU Kui\|dong4 2015, 27(5):  718.  Abstract ( 358 )   PDF (621KB) ( 1433 )   To analyze the most suitable and severe temperature indicators， we studied the influence of temperature on the development and yield components of hybrid rice Yueyou 9113 at different sowing dates with different temperature. The results showed that under the appropriate meteorological conditions， as the sowing date delayed 5 d， the effective accumulated temperature and the average daily effective temperature reduced by 60℃ and 0.65℃ in the whole growth period， respectively. The yield was proportional to the effective accumulated temperature from heading to maturity stage， when the effective accumulated temperature increased 50℃， the yield increased 767.5 kg·hm-2. The dates of maximum available tillering of Yueyou 9113 were basically at booting stage， and the most suitable effective accumulated temperature for tillering process was 1 292.4℃ during turning green stage to booting stage. Temperature of flowering stage was the main meteorological factors affecting rice yield components， 1 000\|grain weight and grains per panicle had a significant correlation with the average temperature of 5 days after heading. The results showed that 26.9℃ （average temperature of 5 days after heading） was the optimal temperature for Yueyou 9113， while the minimum and maximum temperature were 15.5℃ and 38.1℃， respectively. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Ar+ implantation on drought resistance of soybean seedlings HUANG Hong\|yun 2015, 27(5):  724.  Abstract ( 384 )   PDF (477KB) ( 1167 )   Primary root length， lateral root number， root/shoot ratio and chlorophyll concent were important drought resistance indexes of plant seedlings. In order to investigate the effect of Ar+ implantation on drought resistance of soybean seedlings， different doses of Ar+, 0, 500, 1 000, 1 500, 2 000, 2 500, 3 000, 3 500, 4 000×26×103 ions·cm-2, were injected into the seeds of soybean under the ions bean erengy of 25 keV. The results indicated that 1 500×20×1013 ions·cm-2 of Ar+ beam implanting could promote primary root elongation， increase lateral root number and root/shoot ratio， and improve chlorophyll content, proline content and peroxidase （POD） activity of soybean seedlings. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression and regulation of Tyr, Tyrp1 and C\|kit gene in feather bulbs of spot\|billed ducks CHEN Li1, SHEN Jun\|da1, LI Guo\|qin1, FAN Yi\|fei2, MA Jian\|sheng2, LU Li\|zhi1，* 2015, 27(5):  729.  Abstract ( 361 )   PDF (798KB) ( 1454 )   The feathers of wild spot\|billed ducks are brown, but a few individuals with yellow\|white or white plumage were found when they are domesticated. Tyrosinase (Tyr), Tyrosinase\|related protein\|1 (Tyrp1) and The tyrosine kinase receptor (C\|kit) are genes associated with melanogenesis. In this study, the relative expressions of these genes were analyzed in the three types of feather bulbs using Real\|time PCR, and microRNAs were predicted for these genes. The results showed that Tyr and Tyrp1 were strongly expressed in brown feather bulbs, weakly expressed in yellow\|white feather bulbs, and not expressed in white feather bulbs. C\|kit showed same expression level in brown feather bulbs and yellow\|white bulbs, but not expressed in white feather bulbs. In addition, 9, 25 and 18 microRNAs were predicted to regulate the expression of Tyr, Tyrp1 and C\|kit, respectively. These results suggested that the down regulation of Tyr, Tyrp1 and C\|kit might induce yellow\|white or white plumage of spot\|billed ducks. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and bioinformatics analysis of Peking Duck Retinoic Acid Inducible Gene I WANG Tong\|shu1,2, LI Chuan\|feng2, CHEN Zong\|yan2, MENG Chun\|chun2, WU Run1,*, LIU Guang\|qin1,2,* 2015, 27(5):  734.  Abstract ( 522 )   PDF (1238KB) ( 1239 )   Duck erinotic acid inducible gene I (RIG\|I) encoding sequence was cloned from spleen of Peking duck, its nucleotide sequence analysis and phylogenetic tree were performed by DNA Star. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed a sequence of 2 802 bp in length, RIG\|I encoded a predicted polypeptide of 933 amino acids. RIG\|I had some typical characteristics of RLR family, for example, there were two caspase activation sites and a recruit domain structure within the N\|terminal of RIG\|I; In the C\|terminal of RIG\|I, the regions of RNA helicase, ATP binding site, RNA binding site and repression domain were also present. The secondary stucture of RIG\|I showed mainly random coils and alpha helix. Results of phylogenetic tree showed that the sequence of duck RIG\|I was highly conserved among the same population, which shared 99% homology with the published duck RIG\|I sequences. But the homology between duck and other species was lower, for example, the identities between duck and goose, homo, mouse, Ctenopharyngodon idella and susscrofa were 959%, 623%, 615%, 612% and 544%, respectively. In conclusion, duck RIG\|I gene was successful cloned in this study, which would be helpful for the future study of the innate immune of duck and developing new type vaccines. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of double antibody sandwich ELISA for determining the concentration of porcine α\|interferon (PoIFN\|α) JIANG Jia\|ying1, WANG Yi\|cheng2，*, YANG Xiao\|pu1, YUAN Xiu\|fang2, LI Jun\|xing2, XU Li\|hua2 2015, 27(5):  740.  Abstract ( 358 )   PDF (681KB) ( 1253 )   In order to accurately measure the concentration of porcine α\|interferon (PoIFN\|α) in swine serum and PoIFN\|α product. Double antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS\|ELISA) method was developed by using purified rabbit anti PoIFN\|α IgG as capture antibody, and purified mouse anti PoIFN\|α IgG as detection antibody. The result indicated that the best package concentration of rabbit anti porcine PoIFN\|α IgG was 125 μg·mL-1, and mouse anti PoIFN\|α IgG was 625 μg·mL-1. The detection range of the DAS\|ELISA was between 0078 1-250 μg·mL-1 by standard curve established using the known concentration of standard protein of PoIFN\|α. Compared with the lowry method and freeze\|drying weighing method, there was no significant difference between the three methods. And this established DAS\|ELISA method was simple and could detect concentration of PoIFN\|α in serum. Related Articles | Metrics

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Growth curve fitting of Bashang long\|tail chicken during growth and development LIU Xiao\|hui1, 2, LI Xiang\|long1,*, LI Jie1, LU Chun\|xiang1 2015, 27(5):  746.  Abstract ( 379 )   PDF (435KB) ( 1273 )   To study the law of growth and development of Bashang long\|tail chicken, the nonlinear curves of Logistic model, Gompertz model, and Von Bertalanffy model were used to fit the growth dynamic. The results showed that the residual sum of squares of Gompertz and Von Bertalanffy models were smaller and their fitness degrees (R2) were above 0997. The Gompertz model had the best effect on fitting with the growth curve. The Gompertz model equation of body weight was Y=2015524e-4218exp(-0146t) for male and Y=1396131e-3849exp(-0155t) for female, respectively. The maximum applicable adult body weight of cock was 2 015524 g which was larger than that of the hen (1 396131 g), while the inflection point age of the former (9859 weeks) was later than that of the latter (8696 weeks), and critical body weight of the former (741470 g) was larger than that of the latter (513608 g) too. Related Articles | Metrics

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Conservation efficiency of Sichuan white goose in a conservation farm analyzed by microsatellite markers XU Xiao\|qin1，2， CHEN Li1， LI Jin\|jun1， DU Xue1， TIAN Yong1， LU Li\|zhi1，2，* 2015, 27(5):  751.  Abstract ( 393 )   PDF (614KB) ( 1223 )   Microsatellite marker was used to analyze the differences of genetic diversity among three generations of Sichuan white gooses， which were protected in small group conservation. Meantime， Hardy\|Weinberg equilibrium test， genetic distance and similarity analysis among the three generations were conducted as well. The results indicated: the average polymorphism information content on selected seven microsatellite sites in the three generations were 04741， 04866， 04718; Means of expected heterozygosity were 05387， 05511， 05295， respectively. There were no significant differences in advantage alleles， polymorphic information content（PIC） and expected heterozygosity （He） among three generations. The minimum of genetic similarity in three generations was 09704， maximum of genetic distance was 00301. This indicated that there were a good reservation and no differentiations in genetic constitution in small group. But by the Hardy\|Weinberg equilibrium test， it showed that the genetic structure of the group was in an unbalanced state gradually. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on presence of virus in Penaeus vannamei shrimp larvae in Zhejiang Province in 2013 ZHU Ning\|yu， KONG Lei， ZHENG Tian\|lun 2015, 27(5):  756.  Abstract ( 368 )   PDF (761KB) ( 1280 )   Outbreak of virus diseases is one of the critical reason for breeding failure of shrimp. In order to clarify the presence of virus disease in shrimp larvae of Penaeus vannamei in Zhejiang Province， the detection of main virus （white spot syndrome virus， WSSV， Taura syndrome virus， TSV， and infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus， IHHNV） in shrimp larvae was investigated. Totally， 113 samples were collected and detected by PCR and RT\|PCR method, among which 58 samples were from Fujian Province， 26 samples were from Guangdong Province， 26 samples were from Hainan Province and 3 samples were from other provinces. The results showed that the total virus positive rate was 6018%， among which the virus positive rates of IHHNV， WSSV TSV， and IHHNV &WSSV were 5221%， 1593%， 088%， 885%， respectively. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different nitrogen forms and ratios on photosynthetic characteristics of Brassica pekinensis YANG Bing\|li， ZHANG Guo\|bin， ZHOU Ruo\|han， HU Yong\|fei， LI Lu\|shan， YU Ji\|hua* 2015, 27(5):  761.  Abstract ( 463 )   PDF (944KB) ( 1219 )   The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of different nitrogen forms and ratios on photosynthetic characteristics of Brassica pekinensis， and the correlation between photosynthetic characteristics and nitrate ammonium ratios were analyzed. The results showed that chlorophyll a， chlorophyll b， chlorophyll a+b and carotenoid content of Brassica pekinensis were higher than the control （CK1） in different treatments and growth stages， and there were large significance among different treatments especially in the rosette stage and cabbage stage. The chlorophyll contents in the treatment with nitrate ammonium ratios of 7∶3 and 5∶5 were higher than others， which were beneficial for the accumulation of chlorophyll. Moreover， the treatment with nitrate ammonium ratios of 7∶ 3 and 5∶5 and CK2（ local fertilization treatment） were conducive to the absorption， transmission and conversion of light energy. It could be concluded by quadratic polynomial curve regression that there were dependency relationships between ammonium nitrate ratios and the actual photochemical efficiency （ФPSⅡ）or net photosynthetic rate （Pn）. When the ammonium nitrate ratios were 7∶3 and 5∶5， it were more beneficial for light energy conversion and CO2 fixation in Brassica pekinensis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the stem orthostatic performance of Paeonia lactiflora under facility cultivation ZHAO Lin1，LIU Ai\|qing2，ZHANG Jia1，HAN Jing1，Liu Yan1，* 2015, 27(5):  769.  Abstract ( 366 )   PDF (1370KB) ( 1244 )   For the stems upright sexual performance of different varieties of Paeonia lactiflora under facility cultivation， Dafugui and Taohuafeixue were used to study the differences in morphological characters， anatomical structure， mechanical properties and composition. The results showed that the two varieties were obviously different in stem morphological characters. The better orthostatic performance variety Dafugui was shorter， its stem was thicker and basal internode of total internode length ratio was lower; anatomical analysis showed that its number of vascular bundle， thickness of epidermis cells and cortex cells were higher than Taohuafeixue; stem mechanics analysis showed that two varieties also had obvious difference， the compressive strength，bending strength and puncture strength of Dafugui was better than that of Taohuafeixue; stem composition determination showed that the lignin and cellulose content of Dafugui were higher than that of Taohuafeixue. Correlation analysis revealed that stem lignin and cellulose content， bending strength on upper stem section 5 cm， pith of stem area ratio， basal internode of total internode length ratio were highly correlated with stem orthostatic performance. Therefore， in the screening and breeding of Paeonia lactiflora cut flower varieties under facility cultivation， we should pay more attention to these characteristics. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on in vitro culture of stem segment of grapefruit TAO Yan\|lan1，LAN Zeng\|quan1，*，WU Tian2，* 2015, 27(5):  776.  Abstract ( 391 )   PDF (1365KB) ( 1197 )   To construct a rapid in vitro propagation system for grapefruit， the stems with axillary buds of aseptic seedlings from five grapefruit varieties were used as explants to study the multiple shoots induction， proliferation and rooting of grapefruit. The results were as follows: The highest germination rate was observed in the medium with 025 and 050 mg·L-1 6\|BA， which reached 10000%. The medium with 010-040 mg·L-1 IBA was optimum medium for inducing and growth of axillary bud. The best medium for germination of Flame was MS+050 mg·L-1 6\|BA+020 mg·L-1 IBA， resulting in 8889% of germination rate， this medium was also suitable for proliferation of the regeneration buds from Flame， Genetic Dwarf， Ray Ruby and Rio Red， and the best proliferation medium for Star Ruby was MS+025 mg·L-1 6\|BA+020 mg·L-1 IBA. The best rooting medium for Flame， Ray Ruby， Rio Red and Star Ruby was 1/2 MS+100 mg·L-1 IBA. The highest survival rate of regenerative plant was observed in Rio Red， which reached 8182%， while the lowest was observed in Ray Ruby， only 3939%. Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and optimization on protoplast preparation conditions of Pleurotus eryngii DONG Wang\|yang， WANG Zheng\|long， YANG Yun\|qiao， XIA Li\|li， WANG Lu， ZHANG Dong\|xu， KE Le\|qin， XIAO Jian\|zhong* 2015, 27(5):  782.  Abstract ( 444 )   PDF (987KB) ( 1218 )   Pleurotus eryngii is a promising edible fungus. In this study， a Pleurotus eryngii strain was screened for rapid growth. The best protoplast preparation conditions were obtained via optimization. The optimum conditions for the preparation of protoplasts are: snailase of 3% and cellulase of 1% pH 55， enzymatic hydrolysis temperature of 37℃， cell age of 3 days， and mannitol of 6 mol·L-1 as osmotic stabilizer. The results presented here lay an important foundation of UV mutation and fusion protoplast of Pleurotus eryngii strains， which has importantly practical values for the breeding of Pleurotus eryngii strains. Related Articles | Metrics

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SNP marker development of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus resistance gene Ty\|5 CAPS in tomato YAO Zhu\|ping， YE Qing\|jing， WANG Rong\|qing， ZHOU Guo\|zhi， RUAN Mei\|ying， LI Zhi\|miao， WAN Hong\|jian， YANG Yue\|jian* 2015, 27(5):  787.  Abstract ( 571 )   PDF (666KB) ( 1438 )   In order to provide the guidance for the application of single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） marker in tomato breeding for improving the resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus， we studied the feasibility of SNP marker based on Ty\|5 cleaved amplified polymorphism sequences marker （CAPS）. Firstly， we cloned and sequenced genes in tomato by SlNAC1 primers， and designed several pairs of primers based on the sequences cloned from the susceptible line 9179 and the resistant line 07\|025. Then polymerase chain reactions were done using these pairs of primers， and the SNP specific primer which could amplify specific band in the resistant line was screened. Moreover， the SNP marker was tested on susceptible and resistant material， respectively. The results showed that this SNP marker could be used in tomato breeding for improving the resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation on drought resistance of chilli pepper with different fruit shapes ZOU Chun\|lei1， WANG Li\|ping1，*， XIN Bin1， SUN Bao\|shan1， WU Zhen\|hong1， LIU Chang\|yuan2， GUAN Tian\|shu2 2015, 27(5):  792.  Abstract ( 459 )   PDF (544KB) ( 1247 )   The drought resistance of chilli pepper with different fruit shapes at seedling stage was identified and evaluated using the simulating drought stress method in greenhouse. The morphological and physiological indexes were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the relative growth rate， relative water content and chlorophyll content were decreased with the prolonging of drought stress. Meanwhile， relative electrical conductivity rate， content of MDA and free proline accumulation were increased. Using cluster analysis，12 strains of chilli pepper were divided into three grades of drought resistance， i.e.， drought tolerant strains， moderate drought tolerant strains， and drought sensitive strains. The morphological characteristics of the drought tolerant strains was short and compact plant type with linear fruit. And the morphological characteristics of the drought sensitive strains was high and loose plant type with short\|claw fruit. Related Articles | Metrics

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Separation and identification of a phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and its promoting effect on watermelon root WANG Zhi\|gang1， HU Yun\|long1， XU Wei\|hui1， HU Ying1， LIU Shuai1， ZHANG Ying2， WANG Chun\|long1 2015, 27(5):  798.  Abstract ( 395 )   PDF (932KB) ( 1239 )   Rhizosphere phosphate solubilizing bacteria can improve utilization of phosphorus in soil and promote plant growth. In this study， the bacteria， which could solubilize phosphate efficiently， were identified by selective medium and their effects on the root growth of watermelon seedling were investigated in a pot experiment. The results showed that 7 strains with the capability of phosphate\|dissolving were identified， HYL01 strain was the strongest than other strains in the capacity of phosphate solubilization， and was classified as Pantoea ananatis. It could dissolve Ca3（PO4）3 with a rate of 14026 mg·L-1， and the correlation coefficient was -0743 between the solubilizing capacity of phosphate and pH value. Compared with the control， the total root length， root surface area， root volume and specific root length of watermelon seedlings were increased by 4438%， 758%， 6365% and 1632% by HYL01 strain. The proportion of fibrous roots， which had a diameter in the range of 0-05 mm， was increased significantly in watermelon seedlings. Therefore， HYL01 strain had the capacity to dissolve inorganic phosphorus efficiently and could promote root growth of watermelon seedlings. It is an excellent candidate for compound microbial fertilizer. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation on water conservation of different forests types in urban water sources in the plateau basin: Dongfeng Reservoir as a case CHEN Yan\|wu1， SHI Zheng\|tao1，*， ZHOU Ji\|ren2， ZENG Jian\|jun3， MAO Huiling1 2015, 27(5):  804.  Abstract ( 368 )   PDF (847KB) ( 1206 )   In the present paper， the quantitative evaluation on water conservation in Dongfeng Reservoir catchment was conducted via the entropy\|based relative superiority quantitative model， with both field investigation and indoor analysis. Five main forest types in this area were selected as study objects， namely， chestnut forest， glauca forest， artificial Christmas forest， mixed forest of Pinus yunnanensis and glauca forest， and Chinese fir plantation. It was shown that the terrain water conservation capacity decreased in the order of chestnut forest >artificial Christmas forest>mixed forest>Chinese fir plantation>glauca forest. The water conservation capacity of canopy， litter and soil layer decreased in the order of glauca forest>mixed forest>Chinese fir plantation>artificial Christmas forest>chestnut forest， glauca forest>artificial Christmas forest>chestnut forest>mixed forest>Chinese fir plantation， and artificial Christmas forest>mixed forest>glauca forest>chestnut forest>Chinese fir plantation. Taking together， the water conservation capacity in different forests types was artificial Christmas forest>glauca forest>mixed forest>chestnut forest>Chinese fir plantation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Assessment of landscape visual quality for rural residential environment: Zhejiang Province as a case ZHAO Hai\|yan， YAN Li\|jiao*， YANG Wei\|kang， FANG Tian 2015, 27(5):  813.  Abstract ( 376 )   PDF (2055KB) ( 1243 )   Rural residential environment is important for rural development. Rural landscape visual quality assessment is the scientific basis for rural planning. In the present study， the visual quality of rural residential landscape in Zhejiang Province was evaluated through both public perception\|based and expert/design approaches. With photographs evaluation methods， 24 representative photos from over 2 000 photos were selected and used in the survey to rank rural residential landscape. Meanwhile， the relationship between visual preference and 5 latitudes and 15 landscape elements was explored via correlation and regression analysis. It was shown that the rural residential landscape assessment had a significant correlation with “order”， “cleanliness”， “ecology”， “specialty” and “diversity”. Statistical analysis also showed that “building color” and “positive man\|made elements” had a significant positive impact. According to these findings， suggestions were proposed from aspects of overall view protection， ecological protection and local specialties development. Related Articles | Metrics

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Classification comparison and improvement techniques of cold waterlogged paddy in Southern District， China LYU Hao\|hao1，2， LIU Yu\|xue1，2， YANG Sheng\|mao1，2，*， ZOU Ping1， LIU Guang\|rong3， XU Chang\|xu3 2015, 27(5):  822.  Abstract ( 324 )   PDF (850KB) ( 1204 )   In this paper， the characteristics， distribution and formation mechanism of cold waterlogged paddy were summarized in southern district， China. In order to promote the standardization of the improvement of cold waterlogged paddy field， new concept of cold waterlogged field， classification framework and its improvement technology based on plow pan distribution， geographical environment and soil type were put forward. The future research direction about cold waterlogged paddy field improvement and management under new classification framework was proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bacterial diversity of bio\|electrode denitrification process under a low voltage CAO Ru\|qiong1， YING Di\|wen2， WANG Ya\|lin1， JIA Jin\|ping1，* 2015, 27(5):  830.  Abstract ( 405 )   PDF (1549KB) ( 1174 )   A multi\|cathode bio\|electrode film reactor was used for nitrate removal from wastewater. The nitrate removal rate reached 1658 mg NO-3\|N·L-1·h-1 at the applied voltage of 0250 V. 16S rDNA was used to investigate the bacterial communities on the cathodes. The results indicated that the dominant bacteria were Proteobacteria， Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. After applying a voltage of 0250 V， the bacteria communities were selected and enriched， especially Proteobacteria. Genus of Phyllobacterium and Caenispirillum from Proteobacteria may have great contribution to the enhancement of nitrate removal rate in the bio\|electron denitrification process under a low voltage. Related Articles | Metrics

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An improved model for prediction of soil water retention properties and its validation AN Le\|sheng1， LIU Chun2, LIAO Kai\|hua3 2015, 27(5):  837.  Abstract ( 570 )   PDF (398KB) ( 1226 )   Soil water retention curve is an essential input parameter of soil water and solute transport model. According to the conventional van Genuchten model and Campbell model， an improved model of soil water retention curve was presented based on adaptive weight. The case study showed that the improved model was more adaptable， and could yield better simulation results. In particular， the improved model as a continuously differentiable function can satisfy the premise of the numerical solution of the Richards equation. So， the improved model was of great application potential. Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of citrinin in red yeast rice by LC\|MS/MS JI Xiao\|feng, ZHOU Yu, XU Jun\|feng, WANG Xiao\|fu, QI Pei\|pei, LI Rui, CHEN Xiao\|yun* 2015, 27(5):  841.  Abstract ( 603 )   PDF (1003KB) ( 1328 )   An analytical method was developed to determine citrinin in red yeast rice by liquid chromatography\|tandem mass spectrometry (LC\|MS/MS). This method was simple, sensitive, specific, and could quantitatively detect citrinin with a small amount of extraction solvent. The samples were extracted with methanol, then the extracts were separated on a chromatographic column using methanol (containing 01% formic acid and 20 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate)∶water (90∶10, V/V) as mobile phase by gradient elution, and were finally analyzed by LC\|MS/MS in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode via positive electrospray ionization. The method showed good linearities in the range of 01-100 μg·kg-1 for citrinin. The recovery rates of the different spiking concentrations were in the range of 809%-1073%, with the relative standard deviation (RSD) of 20%. The detection limits (LOD) of sample was 50 μg·kg-1. The proposed method was also used to determine citrinin in 12 commercial red fermented rice products from different areas. It was shown that citrinin pollution were detected in 10 samples with the level of 014-4424 mg·kg-1. Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis for infant nutritious rice cereal production CHEN Xin\|feng1， LI Gui\|pu1， QIAN Feng1， HUANG Qiang1， LU Kai2， LI Ya\|jun1， HE Guang\|hua1， HUANG Tao2，* 2015, 27(5):  848.  Abstract ( 467 )   PDF (604KB) ( 1237 )   In order to increase the digestibility of infant nutritious rice cereal， α\|amylase （ViscoSEB BFR） was applied in the production procedure. The conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis were optimized by orthogonal experiment based on single factor trials. The optimized conditions were as follows: the solid content of rice slurry was 50%， 02% of α\|amylase\|to\|rice ratio， 22℃ of hydrolysis temperature， and 75 min of hydrolysis time， and the dextrose equivalent （DE value） of rice starch was 627%. The in vitro starch digestibility of infant rice flour produced under the optimized condition reached 3596%， which was higher compared to the non\|enzymatic productions by 907 percent. Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of benzo［a］pyrene in Tegillarca granosa by solid phase extraction\|high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detector HU Yuan1，2， ZHOU Chao\|sheng1，2，*， JIANG Qian\|qian1，2， LU Rong\|mao1，2， WU Yue1，2， ZHENG Yi\|nuo1，2， CAI Jing\|bo1，2， DAI Yong3 2015, 27(5):  854.  Abstract ( 312 )   PDF (555KB) ( 1225 )   A method of solid phase extraction\|high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detector （HPLC\|FLD） was developed for the determination of benzo［a］pyrene（B［a］P） in Tegillarca granosa. The analytical procedure included extraction using n\|hexane by ultra\|sonic oscillation， purification using a B［a］P special SPE column and detection by a fluorescent detector. The method exhibited a good linearity over the range of 001-1 μg·mL-1 for benzopyrene with r=0999 2. The average recovery rate was 8147%～8471% and the relative standard deviation was 48%～88% （n=6）. Under optimized conditions， the detection limit of this method was 03 μg·kg-1， and the detection limits of the detector was 10 ng·mL-1. In conclusion， the proposed method exhibited advantages of easy to operate， fast to perform， and high sensitivity and accuracy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design on automatic control system of CO2 concentration in greenhouse based on STM32 JI Jian\|wei， ZHAO Hai\|long， LI Zheng\|ming*， ZHANG Da\|peng， ZOU Qiu\|ying 2015, 27(5):  860.  Abstract ( 362 )   PDF (864KB) ( 1248 )   Aimed at the different demand for CO2 concentration of plants during the growth， a set of automatic CO2 control system was designed to offer the sustainable favorite growth conditions for crops cultivated in greenhouse. Based on the characteristics of greenhouses， the designed system adopted STM32 of Cortex\|M3 kernel as the core， and applied GPRS wireless communication technology to realize the automatic monitoring and controlling of CO2 concentration in greenhouses. The test results showed that the system was reliable and easy to use. Besides， this system possessed good scalability， and thus had good application prospects. Related Articles | Metrics

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The development and prospect of agricultural robots in China LIN Huan， XU Lin\|yun* 2015, 27(5):  865.  Abstract ( 822 )   PDF (882KB) ( 2279 )   Agricultural robot technology could reflect the agricultural mechanization level， which is an important symbol of a nations agricultural modernization level. Developed countries， such as Japan， the United States， started the agricultural robots research earlier and have gained substantial achievements. Fruit and vegetable picking robots， transplanting robots， grafting robots have marched into application. The development of agricultural robots in China was initiated relatively later. The accuracy， working efficiency and intelligence of designed agricultural robots in China were behind those of the developed countries. Up to now， Chinese grafting robots could realize the automatic grafting of the seedlings basically. Picking and weeding robots could initiate the intelligent operation. Lettuce and potted tray seedlings transplanting robots could complete the assigned transplanting task as requested. Fruit sorting robots have achieved certain progress in grading method， grading system， sorting device and the production line. Farmland working robots were still at the transition stage to automation. In general， Chinese agricultural robots still have the problems of high cost， low utilization rate， imperfect intelligent system. In the future， the development of agricultural robots in China should be more efficient， more intelligent and more accurate. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive agricultural production capacity evaluation on Nanting river basin YANG Fan1， SHI Zheng\|tao1， ZENG Jian\|jun2， XIAO Meng\|jing1， SU Wang\|de1，LIU Gang1 2015, 27(5):  872.  Abstract ( 387 )   PDF (859KB) ( 1283 )   The Nanting river basin is the main grain base of Lingcang， Yunnan， in which the overall agricultural production capacity plays an important role in local economy development. This study built a comprehensive judgment index model for agricultural production capacity in Nanting river basin with analytic hierarchy process （AHP） based on 15 different factors from 3 different aspects: agricultural input， output and agriculture production environment. The agricultural production capacity of Nanting river basin has been evaluated through the use of this model based on Yunnan Provincial level and national level. The results showed that the agricultural production capacity of Nanting river basin is medium in Yunnan Province， but falls behind the national level. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative study on the effects of uncertainties on the consumption demand of urban and rural residents in China FAN Jun\|nan, LIU Ling\|zhi*, LYU Ming 2015, 27(5):  878.  Abstract ( 342 )   PDF (845KB) ( 1189 )   In the present paper the uncertainties faced by Chinese residents and the influence path of these uncertainties on the consumption demand of urban and rural residents in China were analyzed, and based on the macro data from 1978 to 2012 in Statistical Yearbook of China, these uncertainties were divided into income uncertainty and expenditure uncertainty by “adjusted deviation rate”. Then, the extended model of consumption function on uncertainty was set up. Empirical study was conducted to study the influences of these two kinds of uncertainties on urban and rural residents consumption in China, and especially on the differences of the influences between the two kinds of uncertainties. The results showed that income uncertainty had stronger impact on rural residents consumption than urban residents, and expenditure uncertainty had greater impact than income uncertainty both on urban and rural residents consumption compared to income uncertainty. Related Articles | Metrics

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Empirical analysis of the differences in consumption between urban and rural residents in Henan Province WANG Cheng\|zong 2015, 27(5):  886.  Abstract ( 357 )   PDF (1193KB) ( 1276 )   Based on the empirical data from 2000 to 2012， this study investigated the changes of the consumption level and structure of urban and rural residents in Henna Province using the method combining theoretical analysis and empirical analysis. The results showed that the differences in consumption between urban and rural residents were significant， and the consumption level and structure of rural residents obviously laged behind the urban residents in Henan Province. Accordingly， some related suggestions were put forward to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas， and to make up the gap consumption between urban and rural residents， such as improving the income of the farmers， improving rural social security system and consumption environment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Current situation for development of two\|line hybrid rice in China and research progress of rice photoperiod\|and thermo\|sensitive genic male sterility gene HUANG Hui\|fang1， E Zhi\|guo2， QI Yong\|bin3， GUAN Yao\|zu1，* 2015, 27(5):  893.  Abstract ( 430 )   PDF (938KB) ( 1416 )   Since the photoperiod\| and thermo\|sensitive genic male sterility line Nongken 58S was found， two\|line hybrid rice has been enormously applied in the hybrid rice breeding， popularization and application. Meanwhile， the research of the molecular mechanism of rice photoperiod\| and thermo\|sensitive genic male sterility gene has also been achieved important progress using the molecular biological technology. In this paper， we briefly introduced the current situation of two\|line hybrid rice in China in recent years and the research progress of the photoperiod\|sensitive male sterility gene， thermo\|sensitive male sterility gene and the reverse photoperiod\| and thermo\|sensitive genic male sterility gene in recent years， respectively. Moreover， the development of two\|line hybrid rice and the research of molecular mechanism of photoperiod\| and thermo\|sensitive genic male sterility gene were also prospected. Related Articles | Metrics