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25 April 2015, Volume 27 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Breeding and quality performance of rapeseed （Brassica napus  L.） cultivar Zheyou 50 with high seed and oil yield ZHANG Dong\|qing， ZHANG Yao\|feng， YU Hua\|sheng， LIN Bao\|gang， HUA Shui\|jin， DING Hou\|dong 2015, 27(4):  521.  Abstract ( 670 )   PDF (620KB) ( 1335 )   In order to fill the developing gap in the supply and demand for high quality oilseed crops for human food and animal feed， it is necessary to develop varieties with high and stable seed and oil yield， as well as low content of glucosinalate and erucic acid. The objective of this paper was to introduce the breeding process of a new rapeseed cultivar， Zheyou 50， and its yield， quality， and disease and abiotic stress resistance. Furthermore， the strategy for breeding of Zheyou 50 was also discussed， which will serve as useful tool for establishing suitable breeding program for rapeseed improvement. Zheyou 50， with high seed and oil yield was successfully bred using 9715 and Jian 6 as female and male parents， after 8 generations selection based on agronomic， quality， and yield traits. It exhibited the highest seed oil content and maximum yield at 5078% and 3038 kg·667 m-2 in the regional and production test， respectively， and it is one of the most suitable and high oil content rapeseed varieties in the middle and down reaches of Yangtz River. Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and agronomic character investigation of resistant germplasms to the popular strains of Soybean mosaic virus （SMV） in Zhejiang Province YANG Qing\|hua1，DONG De\|kun1，YU Xiao\|min1，ZHI Hai\|jian2，ZHU Dan\|hua1，* 2015, 27(4):  527.  Abstract ( 385 )   PDF (486KB) ( 1281 )   SC9 and SC15 are the most popular Soybean mosaic virus （SMV） strains in Zhejiang Province. In order to screen for resistant materials to these two popular SMV strains， 55 cultivated soybean and 39 wild soybean germplasms were inoculated with these two strains in two independent experiments. The results showed that 12 and 15 cultivated soybeans were highly resistant to strain SC9 and SC15， respectively， accounting for 218% and 273% of the tested cultivated soybeans， respectively. Ten of them were highly resistant to both SC9 and SC15. These resistant materials mainly came from Zhejiang， Liaoning and Jiangsu Provinces. Only 1 wild soybean germplasm showed moderate resistance to SC15， and all the others were susceptive to SC9 and SC15 in different degrees. Agronomic traits investigation of these resistant materials showed that the node number， pod number and seed number of Kaixinlyubaoshi were significantly higher than other germplasms. Kanghan 1 exhibited larger pod length， pod width， 100\|seed weight and protein content. The germplasm 23037\|1 and Zhenong 8 showed higher protein content and soluble sugar content， respectively. These resistant germplasms with better agronomic traits could be further used in soybean breeding， production， and SMV related researches. Related Articles | Metrics

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Drug resistance of Eimeria species isolated from five chicken farms in Shaoxing City CAI Lan1，ZHU Shun\|hai2，ZHAO Qi\|ping2，HAN Hong\|yu2，HUANG Bing2，DONG Hui2，YU Zhao\|feng1，BAO Wei\|qi3，JIANG Wei\|chu4 2015, 27(4):  532.  Abstract ( 403 )   PDF (556KB) ( 1226 )   Eimeria species were collected from five chicken farms in Shaoxing City， Zhejiang Province， and two anticoccidial drugs， i.e. Maduramicin and Diclazuril， were selected to test their drug resistance. The treatments were set as follows: Group 1 was infected with Eimeria oocysts and was medicated by Maduramicin; group 2 was infected with Eimeria oocysts and was medicated by Diclazuril; group 3 was infected with Eimeria oocysts yet was unmedicated; group 4 was uninfected and unmedicated. Drug resistance was assessed by ACI， POAA， RLS and ROP. The results revealed that all of the Eimeria species isolated were completely resistant to both Maduramicin and Diclazuril. It was suggested that the situation of drug resistance in chicken farms in Shaoxing City was serious. In order to avoid more economic loss， effective methods should be considered to control coccidiosis in this area. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and application of double real\|time fluorescent quantitative RT\|PCR assay for detection of PRRSV and CSFV YUAN Xiu\|fang1，LU Bin2，XU Li\|hua1，LI Jun\|xing1，WANG Yi\|cheng1，* 2015, 27(4):  537.  Abstract ( 603 )   PDF (1345KB) ( 1227 )   To identify classical swine fever virus（CSFV） and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus（PRRSV） rapidly， a double real\|time fluorescent RT\|PCR assay of CSFV and PRRSV was designed， along with primers and TaqMan probes based on CSFV and PRRSV genome sequences. It was shown that the proposed assay proved to be specific， as no amplification was found of PCV2，PRV，PPV，PEDV，JEV，BVDV. The assay was sensitive to as low as 20 copies of template RNA of PRRSV and CSFV， and the sensitivity was 10 times higher than that of the conventional RT\|PCR. The coefficient variation （CV%） of intra/inter\|assay for the same RNA sample was less than 4%. Fifty samples were examined by the proposed fluorescent quantitative RT\|PCR and the conventional RT\|PCR， respectively， and there were 30 and 13 samples found to be infected with PRRSV and CSFV， respectively， by the proposed assay， but only 24 and 10 samples were found to be infected with PRRSV and CSFV， respectively， by the conventional RT\|PCR. These results showed that the developed double real\|time fluorescent quantitative RT\|PCR assay was rapid， specific， sensitive and simple for the detection of PRRSV and CSFV， which could be used as a rapid detection method for the epidemiologic survey of PRRSV and CSFV. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of heavy metals on metallothionein and glutathione peroxidase in earthworms LI Chao\|min，HU Ji\|lin，ZHAO Li，TANG Ya\|fei，WEI Bao\|yang，WANG Zhi* 2015, 27(4):  544.  Abstract ( 451 )   PDF (499KB) ( 1214 )   Experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of Cu2+， Ag+， Cr6+ in soil on earthworms. Earthworms were cultivated in different soil samples containing 0， 5， 50， 100 mg·kg-1 Cu2+， Ag+， Cr6+， respectively. After 7 d， metallothionein （MT） content and GSH\|Px enzyme activity were determined. It was shown that MT content in earthworm was higher under 5 or 50 mg·kg-1 Cr6+ treatment compared to the control， while it was lower under 100 mg·kg-1 Cr6+ treatment compared to the control. Under 50 or 100 mg·kg-1 Cu2+ treatment， MT content in earthworms was significantly lower than that of control. Under 5， 50 and 100 mg·kg-1 Cr6+ or Ag+ treatment， the enzyme activity of GSH\|Px was significantly higher than control. For Cu2+， the enzyme activity of GSH\|Px was significantly higher than the control under 5 or 50 mg·kg-1 treatment. Among these heavy metals， Cr6+ exhibited greater influence on MT content and GSH\|Px activity in earthworms than that of Cu2+ and Ag+. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cold resistance evaluation of five pomegranate varieties ZHANG Yan\|xia1， LUO Hua2， HOU Le\|feng2， LIU Xia2， HAO Zhao\|xiang2， ZHAO Li\|na2， ZHANG Li\|hua3 2015, 27(4):  549.  Abstract ( 909 )   PDF (708KB) ( 1292 )   In order to evaluate the cold\|resistance of pomegranate varieties， annual dormant branches of five pomegranate cultivars， Tunisiruanzi（A）， Ningjinsanbaisuan（B）， Yichengsanbaitian（C）， Xinjianghetiantian（D） and Yichengdahongpitian（E） were used as materials. Low temperature stress was simulated and the semilethal temperatures （LT50） and physiologic indexes were studied. The results showed that the order of cold\|resistance was C>B>E>D>A; The trends of SOD activity all presented firstly raised then decreased; The peak of variety A and C emerged at -12℃ and -16℃， respectively， and the others at -14℃; The change of Pro contents generally presented a rising trend， and it firstly increased rapidly between -8℃ and -14℃， then began to flatten; The trends of MDA content were similar to Pro content， and the order was similar to LT50; After cold\|resistance comprehensive evaluation， its concluded that the cold\|resistance level of variety A， B， C， D and E was Ⅴ， Ⅱ， Ⅰ， Ⅲ and Ⅲ， respectively. The results from the method of subordinate function evaluation was the same as LT50， which showed that LT50 value can be used as a feasible method to briefly evaluate cold\|resistance of pomegranate varieties. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation methodology and comparison of waterlogging tolerance in pepper varieties ZHENG Jia\|qiu， GUO Jun*， MEI Yi，WU Yong\|cheng， ZU Yan\|xia， WANG Wei\|wei 2015, 27(4):  555.  Abstract ( 672 )   PDF (697KB) ( 1253 )   In order to discover the waterlogging tolerant varieties of pepper， the evaluation methodology of waterlogging tolerance of pepper was studied by the method of simulation in soil culture. According to the morphological changes under the waterlogging treatment， the level of waterlogging damage was classified into five grades. Five morphological criteria of leaf obscission， leaf color， leaf morphology， stem color and stem morphology were quantified via scoring. The waterlogging tolerance was identified by the comprehensive scores of the five criteria， then evaluation methodology was established. The waterlogging tolerance was identified in 34 pepper cultivars， the results showed that most of pepper cultivars were more susceptible to waterlogging which belonged to less tolerant class. Ten materials showing medium waterlogging tolerance and two materials showing highly waterlogging tolerance were screened out. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of ornamental value and adaptability for Hemerocallis hybridus in Ningbo ZHAO Tian\|rong， XU Zhi\|hao， SHI Yong\|tai， HUANG Jian， ZHANG Yan 2015, 27(4):  560.  Abstract ( 452 )   PDF (1242KB) ( 1253 )   Ornamental value and adaptability of 18 varieties of Hemerocallis hybridus were evaluated in Ningbo by gray\|correlation analysis. Evaluation indexes of ornamental value were based on the growth conditions， overall posture， flower type， inflorescence aesthetics， leafage aesthetics and flower ornamental period， etc. Evaluation indexes of adaptability were based on drought resistance， cold resistance， heat resistance， waterlogging tolerance， disease and pest resistance， etc. The results showed that from the point of ornamental value， the correlation degrees of x4， x3， x8， x2， x5 and x1 to ideal species were more than 071 and from the point of adaptability， the correlation degrees of x5， x8， x2 and x3 to ideal species were more than 083. The species of x2， x3， x5， x8， x6 and x13 could be used for landscape because they have good ornamental value and adaptability and are accord with the traditional attitudes and landscape design requirements. The study of the evaluation method has a certain guiding significance for screening and heterosis utilization of Hemerocallis hybridus. Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening of reference genes for real-time quantitative PCR in kiwifruit ZHANG Hui\|qin， XIE Ming*， XIAO Jin\|ping， ZHOU Li\|qiu， SONG Gen\|hua 2015, 27(4):  567.  Abstract ( 519 )   PDF (2086KB) ( 1282 )   The present study aimed at selecting the stable reference genes to ensure the reliability and accuracy of gene expression analysis in kiwifruit for qRT-PCR. The expressions of four frequently-used reference genes （ACTB，TUB，18S rRNA，GAPDH） were analyzed in different tissues and fruits at different developmental stages， respectively. According to the analysis by GeNorm， the stabilities of the four candidate reference genes were different， TUB and ACTB were both stably expressed in six different tissues， which were recommended for genes expression normalization in different kiwifruit tissues. 18S rRNA was the most stable gene in different developmental stages of White kiwifruit, 18S rRNA and TUB were most suitable for normalization of mRNA expression levels in White kiwifruit. Related Articles | Metrics

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RAPD analysis of genetic relationship of 9 varieties of Arundo donax L. YE Jian\|jun1， LIN Jie\|rong1，2，*， JIAO Wen\|jing1 2015, 27(4):  574.  Abstract ( 369 )   PDF (716KB) ( 1227 )   In this study， genetic diversity and relationships of 9 different Arundo donax L. germplasms were analyzed using random amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） markers in order to provide essential information for hybridization. RAPD analysis demonstrated that 13 random primers produced 126 loci among which 113 were polymorphic loci， the percentage of polymorphic loci was 897%， and each primer produced 7-14 bands. Genetic distance changed from 0 to 1039 1， with the average value of 0399 6， and the genetic similarity was among the range of 0309 5 to 1000 0， with the average value of 0734 3. According to clustering analysis diagram drawn using UPGMA， the 9 materials were classified into three groups by 07: lyuzhouNo.5 and lyuzhouNo.6 was separated from other materials. The cluster results showed that genetic distance was not related to geographic distance， which cant reflect a certain geographic distribution. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different slow\|release fertilizers on growth， yield and quality of eggplants XUE Juan，XIE Jian\|ming*，XIAO Xue\|mei， WANG Bo， HUO Shun\|li， YANG Bing\|li， YU Ji\|hua 2015, 27(4):  579.  Abstract ( 672 )   PDF (836KB) ( 1333 )   The effects of different slow\|release fertilizers with different release durations and ordinary fertilizer treatments on eggplants growth， yield and quality were studied by pot experiment. The results showed that: in condition of the same N，P，K application rates， the plant height， stem diameter showed no obvious difference in slow\|release fertilizer and ordinary fertilizer treatments， total chlorophyll content increased most in the slow\|release fertilizer treatment with 3-4 months release duration. The root vigor of eggplant both in slow\|release fertilizer treatments with 3-4 and 8-9 months release durations were enhanced significantly. Compared with other treatments， the content of Vc， soluble sugar and free amino acids were increased in the slow\|release fertilizer treatment with 3-4 months release duration. Additionally， the nitrate content of eggplant was significantly reduced in the slow\|release fertilizer treatment with release durations of 8-9 months， and the lowest content was 1963 mg·kg-1. The eggplants yield per plant and single fruit weight were the highest in slow\|release fertilizer treatment with release durations of 3-4 months. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of numerical taxonomy in the morphological classification of xylophilus group ZHENG Wei，ZHAO Lei，QIU Zhi\|jun，GU Jian\|feng 2015, 27(4):  585.  Abstract ( 445 )   PDF (355KB) ( 1240 )   Based on method of numerical taxonomy， the clustering analysis of 14 species of xylophilus group was performed. The results showed that Bursaphelenchus mucronatus， B.macromucronatus, B.fraudulentus, B.conicaudatus, B.doui and B.gillanii showed high consistency; B.singaporensis, B.koreanus and B.populi showed high similarity; B.paraluxuriosae, B.formae, B.baujardi and B.luxuriosae were closed to each other on the dendrogram; While B.xylophilus were independent relatively on the dendrogram after hierarchical cluster analysis. Related Articles | Metrics

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The spatial distribution pattern and sampling technique of Bemisia tabaci in leafy mustard fields ZHENG Yong\|li1， WANG En\|guo2， CAI Jian\|jun2，LI Guo\|jun1，YAO Xiao\|ming1 2015, 27(4):  589.  Abstract ( 452 )   PDF (465KB) ( 1227 )   An investigation was carried out in fields with different Bemisia tabaci population density to study the spatial distribution and population behavior of B.tabaci（Gennadius） on the leafy mustard， Brassica juncea var.foliosa Bailey. Spatial distribution pattern of B.tabaci was determined by methods of aggregation index， Iwao linear regression model and Taylor power law model. The results showed that the spatial distribution of adult B.tabaci fitted an aggregate distribution， characterized by a raised aggregation degree as population increased. The M*-m linear model of Iwao （M*=1.1181 m+0.5764） and V～m power law model of Taylor （V=1.1539 m1.429） were established. By Blackith aggregation population mean analysis， when m<4.315 1， the aggregation pattern of B.tabaci is caused by certain environment factors such as climate， cultivation conditions， plant fertility status; when m≥4.315 1， the aggregation behavior of B.tabaci is caused by the comprehensive influence of the pest and environmental conditions. Additionally， the theoretical sampling number model N=1962/D2（1.5764/m+01181） and the sequential sampling model Tn=1.5764/（D02-0.1181/n） were proposed for B.tabaci in leafy mustard fields. Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening of the optimal mixing proportion of propargite and chlorfenapyr for the joint acaricidal activity XIE Dao\|yan，YANG Zhen\|guo*， DA Ai\|si， NI Jing 2015, 27(4):  593.  Abstract ( 414 )   PDF (535KB) ( 1230 )   To obtain a new high\|efficiency acaricide mixture， the joint acaricidal action of propargite and chlorfenapyr against Tetranychus cinnabarinus （Boisduval） and their optimal ratio were investigated by means of co\|toxicity factors and Suns co\|toxicity coefficients （CTC）. At 24 h post\|treatment， the LC50 of propargite and chlorfenapyr against T.cinnabarinus female adults were 43538 and 880 mg·L-1， respectively， and the synergistic mass ratios of propargite and chlorfenapyr ranged from 980∶20 to 954∶46. The best synergistic effect was discovered in the ratio of 965∶35 and 960∶40 （propargite∶chlorfenapyr） with the CTCs of 24026 and 24158， respectively， and LC50 of 11468 and 10837 mg·L-1， respectively， and the toxicities were 380 and 402 times of propargite， respectively. These findings would provide scientific basis for the mixing of propargite and chlorfenapyr against spider mites and for the development of new compounded acaricide. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of two bacteriostatic agents on open tissue culture of Potamogeton malaianus CHEN Xiao\|jun1， ZHANG Yin\|jiang1，2，*，ZHANG Yu\|ting1， LI Bo\|yan1， SONG Ying\|ying1， WANG Fang1， ZHAI Si\|fan1， HUA Wen\|feng1 2015, 27(4):  598.  Abstract ( 428 )   PDF (1377KB) ( 1284 )   Rapid large\|scale propagation of submerged vegetation seedlings has been one of the difficulties in submerged vegetation restoration， ecological restoration and the aquatic environment. According to the low cost and efficient open tissue culture technology application， bacteriostatic agent selection was the key technology. Mancozeb and Kathon with different concentrations were added to MS medium to study their antibacterial action in open tissue culture of Potamogeton malaianus. The results showed that Mancozeb and Kathon showed ideal bacteriostatic effects on Potamogeton malaianus with the concentrations of 0.07-0.10·L-1 and 0.1%， respectively， which have good application value. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of heavy metal and nutrient contents in livestock manure in Zhejiang Province QIN Li\|xia1，2， MA Jun\|wei2， SUN Wan\|chun2， WANG Fei3， LU Hong4， YU Qiao\|gang2，LIN Hui2，FU Jian\|rong2，* 2015, 27(4):  604.  Abstract ( 399 )   PDF (712KB) ( 1436 )   The consumption amount of organic fertilizers increased annually in Zhejiang Province. In order to prevent heavy metal pollution in agricultural fields caused by organic fertilizers application， the pollution status of heavy metals in organic fertilizers sampled in spring and summer of 2013 were investigated. The results showed that heavy metals pollution was common in commercial organic fertilizers. Contents of heavy metal in livestock manure were related with their sources and sampling seasons. In the samples collected in spring， the qualified rates of heavy metals were 34.88%， 85.00%， 78.57% and 53.85% in pig manure， cattle manure， chicken manure and mixed manure， respectively. In the samples collected in summer， the qualified rates were 67.57%， 100%， 93.33% and 83.33%， respectively. Over standard of heavy metals in pig manure was the most serious. Among 7 heavy metals， the exceeding standard rate of As in organic fertilizers was the highest. The exceeding standard rate of As in spring and summer were 58.14% and 24.32%， respectively. The heavy meatal contents of organic fertilizers in spring was significantly higher than those in summer， and the qualified rate in spring samples were lower than that in summer. Besides， it should be noted that the concentration of nutrients and organic matters in organic fertilizers produced from different raw materials showed significant differences. Indeed， the pig manure fertilizers exhibited the highest nutrients content， while the cattle manure fertilizers exhibited the highest content of organic matter. Most organic fertilizers collected in spring and summer were alkaline. In conclusion， excessive use of organic fertilizers for long\|term may bring in heavy metal contamination risks. Thus， it is necessary to carry out long\|term monitoring of heavy metals in organic fertilizers as well as reasonable application strategies. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of agricultural practices and land use transformation on soil carbon management index WU Chong\|shu1， XIE Guo\|xiong2， ZHANG Ming\|kui3,* 2015, 27(4):  611.  Abstract ( 428 )   PDF (582KB) ( 1235 )   Soil carbon management index is a comprehensive index to characterize the accumulation and quality of soil organic carbon. It can effectively reflect the influence of human activities on soil quality. This research characterized the effects of some agricultural practices （fertilization， tillage， land leveling， soil improvement） and land use transformation on carbon management index of soils， based on the comparison of paired soil samples. The results showed that application of organic manure， implementation of straw returning and planting green manure could significantly increase carbon management index of soils. Application of chemical fertilizer exhibited certain improving effect on carbon management index in low\|organic carbon soils， but its effect on high\|organic carbon soils was not obvious. Deep ploughing， land leveling， and liming could decrease carbon management index of soils. Soil carbon management index decreased significantly after transforming the land use from rice field into vegetable land， and the decline extent was greater in greenhouse vegetable land than open vegetables land. Soil carbon management index was also changed after transforming the land use from rice field into economic forest， which decreased significantly at the early stage after planting economic forest， and then increased gradually with the increasing planting time. Transforming forestland into upland could decrease soil carbon management index. Carbon management index for coastal soil increased gradually with increasing years of the improvement and reclamation of soils. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on diurnal photosynthetic characteristics of four forage grasses in karst rock desertification areas CHI Yong\|kuan1， XIONG Kang\|ning1， WANG Yuan\|su1， PEI Xiao\|hong2， ZHONG Xin\|mei1， ZHANG Jin\|hua1，2，* 2015, 27(4):  618.  Abstract ( 444 )   PDF (742KB) ( 1421 )   The diurnal photosynthetic characteristics of Trifolium repens， Festuca elata， Cichorium intybus and Zea mays in karst rock desertification areas were determined by British Lcpro+photosynthetic instrument on sunny days. Daily mean value of net photosynthetic rate of Trifolium repens， Festuca elata， Cichorium intybus and Zea mays was 10.01， 6.23， 6.16 and 7.64 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1， respectively， the average daily transpiration rate was 5.11， 5.44， 4.35 and 3.36 mmol H2O·m-2·s-1 daily， respectively， and the water\|use efficiency was 1.94， 0.98， 1.40 and 2.09 μmol CO2·mmol-1 H2O. The characteristics of Trifolium repens were high in both photosynthetic and transpiration rate， whose Pn value was the highest in these four forage grasses. Festuca elata exhibited low photosynthetic rate and high transpiration rate， of which the water\|use efficiency was the lowest. Net photosynthetic rate of Cichorium intybus was the lowest. Zea mays exhibited the lowest transpiration rate and the highest water\|use efficiency， along with a relatively high Pn value. In order to make full use of scarce light energy and soil moisture content in karst rock desertification areas， it was suggested that Zea mays should be intercropped with Cichorium intybus， Trifolium repens and Festuca elata， and soil nitrogen and ground surface coverage could be increased while the water loss and soil erosion would be reduced consequently. Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation， identification and degradation characteristics of a novel phosphate\|dissolving fungus strain Galactomyces geotrichum P14 WU Ying\|ben， HE Yue\|lin， CHEN Wei， WANG Zhen， XU Li\|juan， YIN Hong\|mei 2015, 27(4):  625.  Abstract ( 632 )   PDF (844KB) ( 1290 )   A phosphate\|dissolving fungus strain P14 was isolated from soil samples of Liuyang County （Hunan Province， China）. The isolate was identified as Galactomyces geotrichum P14 based on its 18S rDNA sequence， morphological physiological and biochemical characteristics. Its activity was measured in solid media as well as liquid media using different phosphate sources including tricalcium phosphate， zinc phosphate， hydroxyapatite and so on. It could strongly dissolve 1 2521 mg tricalcium phosphate in per liter liquid media. It showed high phosphate\|dissolving ability for rock phosphates from Liuyang County， Jinning County and Shimen County with the capacity of 105.52， 83.04 and 78.82 mg soluble phosphate， respectively， per liter medium， whereas the phosphate\|dissolving ability of rock phosphates from Yuanling County and Yaan County was weak. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of bulking agent ratio on the dynamic changes of temperature and oxygen during sewage sludge composting MA Chuang， LI Ming\|feng， ZHAO Ji\|hong*， ZHANG Hong\|zhong， WEI Ming\|bao， YE Chang\|ming 2015, 27(4):  631.  Abstract ( 500 )   PDF (554KB) ( 1246 )   Bulking agent is important in the process of sewage sludge composting. A reasonable proportion of bulking agent added in the pile could improve the structure， and reduce costs of composting process. Sawdust was used as compost bulking agent in the present study to explore the influence of different sawdust addition ratios on the temperature and oxygen change during the process of sludge composting. The results showed that the amount of sawdust had a significant impact on temperature， oxygen and dehydration. Compared to the treatment with ratios of 3∶1 （m/m） and 5∶1 （m/m）， the treatment with ratios of 3.5∶1 （m/m） and 4∶1 （m/m） in sludge and sawdust showed higher heating rate， higher temperature， and longer thermophilic phase. The oxygen content at the end of blast and the minimum oxygen content before blast increased along with the compost process， and the oxygen consumption rate decreased. The oxygen consumption rate was higher when the ratios were 35∶1 （m/m） and 4∶1 （m/m）， and microbial activity was greater. The moisture content in compost material decreased with composting， and water removal was larger when the ratio was 3.5∶1 （m/m） or 4∶1 （m/m） than that of 3∶1 （m/m） and 5∶1 （m/m）. Taking the cost into account， the 4∶1 （m/m） ratio of sludge to sawdust was suggested for the sludge composting. Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and identification of high\|efficiency cadmium\|removing fungus ZHOU Fang\|ru， YANG You\|cai*， LAN Shi\|le 2015, 27(4):  636.  Abstract ( 390 )   PDF (1001KB) ( 1290 )   In order to obtain strains able to efficiently removing cadmium， cadmium\|contaminated soil samples were collected via random sampling method. The first screening test of cadmium\|resistant strains was carried out through pour plate method， and then the selected stains were inoculated in PDA solid medium containing different concentrations of cadmium for further screening. The removal capacities of cadmium\|resistant strain were determined through fermentation tests. It was shown that nine fungi were isolated within the first screening， and were named as PC\|1 to PC\|9 accordingly. In the heavy metal concentration gradients and fermentation tests， strain PC\|8 exhibited the highest Cd\|removing efficiency， as it grew well in the PDA solid medium containing 32 mmol·L-1 Cd2+. Genetic stability tests proved that the cadmium\|resistance trait of PC\|8 was controlled by genetic character. Based on morphological observation and ITS sequence homology comparison， the strain PC\|8 was primarily identified as Curvularia lunata. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of ultra high pressure on the functional properties of salt soluble proteins of chicken breast CAI Wei\|chuan， ZHANG Kun\|sheng*， REN Yun\|xia 2015, 27(4):  642.  Abstract ( 407 )   PDF (662KB) ( 1237 )   In the present paper， chicken breast was selected as raw material. Salt soluble proteins （SSP） were extracted from chicken breast and were treated via ultra high pressure. It was shown that with increasing stress levels， the pH value of salt soluble proteins rose， while its water holding capacity and oil holding capacity decreased in varying degrees. Low pressure aided the dissolution of salt soluble proteins. When the pressure exceeded 400 MPa， a sharp decline in protein solubility was observed. High pressure treatment was beneficial to increase the formability， yet would affect the bubble stability of SSP. The emulsifying activity and stability of SSP was the largest under 400 MPa pressure， and the higher pressure would affect the functional properties of proteins. Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization on ultrasonic and enzymatic extraction of polysaccharides from Pleurotus eryngii XU Ke， KE Le\|qin*， XIAO Jian\|zhong， ZHANG Dong\|xu 2015, 27(4):  647.  Abstract ( 488 )   PDF (630KB) ( 1298 )   Polysaccharide was extracted from Pleurotus eryngii wastes processed by ultrasonic or cellulase， with ethanol as extraction agent. Response surface experiments and orthogonal design were used to optimize the extraction process. Ultrasonic extraction and enzymatic extraction， both with the optimal parameters， were effectively combined to get the highest Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharide yield. The results showed that， the optimal ultrasonic extraction conditions were: water material ratio 30∶1， pH 6.0， ultrasonic power 100 W， extraction time 20 min， the yield of polysaccharide was 22.17%. The optimal conditions of enzymatic extraction were: water material ratio 25∶1， the amount of enzyme 0.80%， enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 60℃， enzymatic hydrolysis time 120 min， pH 5.5， the yield of polysaccharide was 26.48%. The combinations of the two methods gave the highest yield of 30.46%， which was 1.92 times higher than that by the traditional water extraction method. Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of HMG\|CoA reductase inhibitor activity of bioactive peptides by HPLC WANG Wei1，4， LI Guan\|ping3， ZHANG Yu1，4，*， YANG Yu\|ying2， ZHANG Yi\|fan1， WU Ying\|long2 2015, 27(4):  652.  Abstract ( 404 )   PDF (503KB) ( 1282 )   A HPLC method was established for the determination of HMG\|CoA reductase inhibitor activity in vitro by measuring the concentration of NADPH in the determination system. The chromatographic conditions were as follows: Symmetry C18 column （5 μm， 4.6 mm×250 mm）; mobile phase: V（K2HPO4\|KH2PO4）:V（methanol）=85∶15; pH 7.2; flow rate: 1 mL·min-1; detection wavelength: 337 nm; sample quantity: 20 μL; column temperature: 25℃. In this condition， the NADPH linear range was 0.6-600 μmol·L-1. The standard addition recovery rate was 94.48%-101.81%， and the relative standard deviation （n=5） was less than 4.49%. The lowest detection limit was 0.01 μmol·L-1. The inhibitor activity of silkworm chrysalis protein peptide HMG\|CoA reductase was measured by the above method， and the inhibition rate was 28.70% at the concentration of 0.5 mg·mL-1. Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of degradation of pectin in tobacco stem by pectinase produced from Aspergillus niger and thermal analysis of pyrolysis products XU Chun\|ping1， SUN Si\|wen1， HAO Hui2， WANG Mo\|ran2， MA Yu\|ping2，* 2015, 27(4):  657.  Abstract ( 492 )   PDF (808KB) ( 1324 )   In order to reduce pectin in tobacco stem， four factors including the amount of pectinase from Aspergillus niger SW06， liquid\|material ratio， temperature and time were optimized for the degradation process of tobacco stem by single factor and orthogonal experiment methods. The pyrolysis products of degraded tobacco stem was investigated by on\|line pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （PY/GC\|MS） prior to and after enzymolysis. The results showed that the maximum degradation rate of 34.82% was achieved with an enzyme activity of 29 000 U·mL-1， and a 1∶3 ratio of liquid to solid at 50℃ for 2 h. After enzymolysis， the composition and content of pyrolysis of tobacco stem changed obviously. Compared with the control， the alcohol flavor components increased from （5.25±0.03）% to（6.06±0.02）%. While， the acetic acid content decreased from （9.07±0.15）% to （8.31±0.12）%， The pungent and irritating taste also reduced， and N\|heterocycles， carbonyl compounds decreased by 0.11% and 1.20%， respectively. In general， the harmful compounds in smoke were reduced and smoke quality was improved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of folic acid producing strains and optimization of fermentation conditions for expanded brown rice juice ZOU Ying1， GE Hang\|li2， LIU Hua\|gui2， MENG Xiang\|he2，* 2015, 27(4):  665.  Abstract ( 482 )   PDF (676KB) ( 1249 )   Six lactic acid bacteria strains were identified by morphological observation， physiological and biochemical test， 16S rDNA sequence and phylogenetic tree analysis. Ra\|10 was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum and selected as the strain for fermentation of brown rice juice， the fermentation conditions were also optimized. The results showed that when the concentration of brown rice was 10%， the concentration of isomaltooligosaccharide was 4%， initial pH was 6.5， the inoculation amount of strain Ra\|10 was 3%， and the fermention condition was at 37℃ for 28 h， the lactic acid bacteria number of 3.68×107 mL-1 and the folic acid yield of 0.98 μg·mL-1 were achieved. So the development of lactic acid fermented grain drink rich in folic acid was feasible. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the leaf dimension of different high yield rice cultivars in Zhejiang Province LI Dong1， WANG Jun\|min2， XU Zhi\|fu1， CAO Li\|yong3，*， SHI Xiao\|yan1， YE Hong\|bao1 2015, 27(4):  671.  Abstract ( 401 )   PDF (1848KB) ( 1253 )   Twelve conventional japonica rice cultivars, which were newly bred in Zhejiang province, were planted， observed and measured. The structures of these rice cultivars were similar， such as plant height， blade angles， etc. While the control cultivar， an indica hybrid rice cultivar, had significant differences with japonica rice cultivars. The quadratic function was used to simulate and analyze the normilized blade shape. The shape was different between two genetic groups， and the size of the blades was different among rice cultivars， but the blade shape was similar when normalized. By quadratic model， it was found that in all the cultivars the largest width was close to leaf bottom in the upper leaf， and was close to leaf tip in the lower leaf. The leaf shape coefficients of all these cultivars were similar and could be set as 073， but there were still significant differences among different cultivars and different blade positions in the same cultivar. The p value was 1.95e-11 in positions and 4.89e-3 in cultivars. Related Articles | Metrics

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The vein extraction algorithm based on total variation denoising and eight\|direction sobel operator TIAN Tian，LIU Qiang， YIN Shi\|wei，WANG Li\|di* 2015, 27(4):  678.  Abstract ( 398 )   PDF (1542KB) ( 1282 )   The inaccuracy of the existing sobel edge detection operator in extraction of plant veins was analyzed. For lack of treatment effect on veins in the trunk and some small veins， a new improved algorithm was proposed. Combining with the total variation （TV） denoising model， this algorithm method dealt with the denoising of leaves. Then， based on the multi direction characteristics of vein trend， in two or four directions of existing template， the other direction template was considered， a new one containing eight direction template operator was constructed. And this template operator was used for veins extraction of plant leaves. Experimental results showed that compared with the traditional algorithm， the proposed algorithm can not only remove the noise effectively， but also keep the detail information of vein trunk， which can fully extract the trunk and small veins. Related Articles | Metrics

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Improved design of circulating dryer based on Fluent MOU Guo\|liang1，ZHANG Xue\|jun1，2，*，SHI Zeng\|lu1，2 2015, 27(4):  684.  Abstract ( 640 )   PDF (2193KB) ( 1272 )   The uniform distribution of heat medium in drying chamber affects the drying effect of materials. A simplified model of circulating dryer was established， and was used to simulate the flow field in a drying chamber based on Fluent. It consisted of the standard k\|ε approach to model the flow turbulence， and used porous medium model instead of material. The velocity distributions in chamber flow field were obtained and used to analyze the improved designs based on the original structure. The results showed that four vortex zones were formed in original structure because of hitting toward the wall， which led to uneven velocity of material. The ladder\|shaped arrangement of baffle at the entrance could reduce eddy current of flow field， and the uniformity of whole flow field were improved. Uneven coefficient of air velocity through the material decreased from 19.13%， 6.94% and 801% to 7.9%， 3.15% and 5.68%， respectively. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of labor migration on farmers household income: based on the survey date from four counties （cities） in Hubei Province YAO Yi\|tong1，a，WANG Ya\|peng1，a，b，SHEN Qing\|ling2 2015, 27(4):  690.  Abstract ( 380 )   PDF (786KB) ( 1272 )   Based on the survey data of peasant households in four counties （cities） of Hubei Province in 2013， the iterative three\|stage least squares （3SLS） method was applied to estimate the impact of labor migration on rural household operating income. The results showed that the outflow of rural labor force had negative effect on agricultural production income of rural residents and positive effect on their non\|agricultural production income. Remittances from migrant workers put a greater increase to the non\|agricultural production income， yet a sharp drop to the agricultural production income. The labor migration had a significant positive effect on rural household income， but this effect was mainly due to the increase in non\|agricultural production income. Compared to local workers， non\|local workers offered less financial support to their family but more promotion to the increase of non\|agricultural production income. Thus， it would be important to continue the transferred employment of rural surplus labor force to further increase farmers income and improve their living standard. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the coordinated development of Beijing\|Tianjin\|Hebei agricultural industry in the network economy LU Gang， ZHAO Lei， AN Hai\|gang， DONG Zhi\|liang 2015, 27(4):  697.  Abstract ( 370 )   PDF (1580KB) ( 1242 )   On the basis of basic environment for agricultural economic and social development， characteristics of agricultural network economy level， and results of agricultural leading enterprises， the paper built an index system， and applied complex network approach to divide the Beijing\|Tianjin\|Hebei region into three network economy zones. The results showed that the agricultural industry network economy area associated complex networks of three dimensions belonged to the undirected weighted complex network， three complex network can be respectively divided into several subgroups， and the key to the collaborative development of Beijing\|Tianjin\|Hebei agricultural industry network economy was the guarantee of powerful policy support system.   Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on improving rice cold tolerance by genetic engineering DUAN Jun\|zhi1，LI Ying2，ZHOU Lei3， PAN Ying\|hua4， YAO Guo\|xin5， REN Yin\|ling1，* 2015, 27(4):  705.  Abstract ( 395 )   PDF (641KB) ( 1391 )   With the increase of frequency of low temperature disaster， cold tolerance in rice breeding became an important content of rice production. It is an effective way to improve rice cold tolerance by genetic engineering compared with the conventional breeding methods. The cold tolerance genes can be divided into three kinds accoding to the low temperature signal transduction pathway， which are protein kinase（CDPK， MAPK， etc）genes， transcripton factors（ICE1/ICE\|like， CBF/DREB， MYB，etc）， and functional genes that involved in biosynthesis of osmotic substances， encoding fatty acid desaturation enzyme and so on. This paper systematically and comprehensively elaborated the application of cold tolerance genes in rice cold tolerance genetic engineering， and put forward some problems in this field.   Related Articles | Metrics