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25 June 2015, Volume 27 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Effects of different dehydrating agents on seed dehydration and quality during seed maturation of hybrid rice seed production HU Wei\|min1， WANG Qi\|tian1， CAO Dong\|dong2， RUAN Guan\|hai2， ZHU Li\|wei1， GUAN Ya\|jing1， XIE Qian\|cheng1， HU Jin1，* 2015, 27(6):  901.  Abstract ( 410 )   PDF (758KB) ( 1288 )   In order to accelerate seed dehydration process in hybrid rice seed production， different dehydrating agents were sprayed on seeds at dough stage in hybrid rice （cv. Qianyou NO.1） seed production in the field in summer， and the effects of different dehydrating agents and application concentrations on seed dehydration and quality of Qianyou NO.1 were studied. The results showed that all the 15 combinations of dehydrating chemicals could accelerate seed dehydration， and the moisture contents of seeds were decreased by 155%-835%， moreover， seed maturities were 1-10 days earlier than that of the control. Among 15 treatments， treatment No.7 had the best effect according to the germination parameters and 1 000-grain weight. Treatment No.7 not only had no negative effects on seed quality but also decreased seed moisture content for 246% and accelerated the maturation by 5 days. The results also showed that treatment No.7 could increase germination energy and germination index， improve seedling growth and POD activity， and decrease MDA content. It was suggested that treatment No.7 was a suitable seed dehytrating agent at dough stage for hybrid rice （cv. Qianyou NO.1） seed production. Related Articles | Metrics

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Pasting and rheological properties of the reconstituted starch from waxy corn endosperm YI Zu\|tao1， ZHANG Hai\|yan1，2，* 2015, 27(6):  907.  Abstract ( 329 )   PDF (466KB) ( 1191 )   Seven varieties of waxy corn were used to isolate large and small starch granules and constitute the reconstituted starch according to different weight ratio. Pasting and rheological properties of the reconstituted starch were analyzed by dint of Rapid Viso\|Analyzer and rheometer， respectively. The results indicated that peak viscosity， breakdown and consistency coefficient of seven waxy corns in five reconstituted starch treatments exhibited as 3∶0>2∶1>1∶1>1∶2>0∶3， and flow rheological index represented as 3∶0<2∶1<1∶1<1∶2<0∶3. Trough viscosity， final viscosity， setback value， peak time and pasting temperature in the reconstituted starch were different among seven varieties. Correlation analysis showed the percentage of large starch granule in the reconstituted starch was significantly positively correlated with peak viscosity （R2=0.96-0.99）， breakdown （R2=0.92-0.99） and consistency coefficient （R2=0.89-0.98）， while significantly negatively correlated with flow behavior index （R2=-0.93-1.00）. The relations of the percentage of small starch granule and these properties were contrary. Therefore， the higher percentage of large starch granule in the reconstituted starch was， the bigger peak viscosity， breakdown and consistency coefficient were， and the smaller flow behavior index was. Related Articles | Metrics

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Adaptation and screening of MDCK cells in single\|cell suspension growth mode for AIV replication FENG Lei， WU Pei\|pei， CHU Xuan， WANG Wei\|feng， CHEN Li， HOU Ji\|bo 2015, 27(6):  913.  Abstract ( 372 )   PDF (1752KB) ( 1243 )   MDCK\|Sus cell strain was adapted and screened out by reducing serum concentration in culture medium， the growth and metabolism status， abundance of avian influenza virus （AIV） receptor on cell membrane were detected and AIV replication in bioreactor scale was primarily applied. The results showed that the average specific growth rate of 0556 d-1 and maximum viable cell density of 242×106 cells·mL-1 could be achieved in MDCK\|Sus single\|cell suspension growth mode in serum free media after adaptation and screening. Normal abundance of AIV receptor， sialic acid\|α\|2，3\|gal， could be detected on MDCK\|Sus cells membrane. AIV\|H9 JS03 virus strain could be replicated with 8log2·25μL-1 of HA titer in MDCK\|Sus cells suspension cultured in bioreactor with the condition of MOI 005 and 1μg·mL-1 TPCK treated proteinase. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on expression differences of CPT\|1A gene in different tissues of Guizhou native goat breeds YANG Jia\|da 2015, 27(6):  921.  Abstract ( 360 )   PDF (551KB) ( 1285 )   In order to reveal breed differences and tissue differences of CPT\|1A mRNA levels in Guizhou native goats and Nanjiang yellow goats， Qiandongnan small\|Xiang goats， Guizhou white goats， Guizhou black goats， Qianbei Ma goats and Nanjiang yellow goats were used as subjects， and expression levels of CPT\|1A mRNA in livers， kidneys， hearts， lungs， longissimus muscle， amnion muscle and subcutaneous adipose were detected by real\|time fluorescence quantitative RT\|PCR. The results showed that the highest expression level （0.0019 and 0.0019） of CPT\|1A mRNA in Qianbei Ma goat and Nanjiang yellow goat were observed in kidney. Similarly， the highest expression levels were observed in liver （0.0074） of Guizhou black goat， and longissimus muscle （0.0011） of Guizhou white goat as well. There were no significant difference among tissues in Qiandongnan small\|Xiang goat. The highest expression levels of CPT\|1A mRNA in heart（0.0018） and kidney（0.0019） were observed in Nanjiang yellow goat， which in liver （0.0074） and lung （0.0027） were observed in Guizhou black goat， and in subcutaneous adipose （0.0007） were observed in Qiandongnan small\|Xiang goat. There were no difference in longissimus muscle and amnion muscle among different breeds. The results suggested that tissue distribution models of CPT\|1A mRNA in Guizhou white goat breed， Guizhou black goat breed， Qianbei Ma goat breed and Nanjiang yellow goat breed were different， and expression levels of CPT\|1A gene in liver， kidney， heart， lung and subcutaneous adipose of different breeds were also different. This results provided the theoretical basis for study on the relationship between fat deposition or meat quality traits of Guizhou native goat breeds and CPT\|1A gene. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clone and bioinformatics analysis of MYL12B gene in rabbit PAN Lei1，2， LIU Yan2， WEI Qiang2， XIAO Chen\|wen2， JI Quan\|an2， BAO Guo\|lian2，*， WU Xin\|sheng3，* 2015, 27(6):  927.  Abstract ( 346 )   PDF (850KB) ( 1253 )   The full\|length of rabbit MYL12B CDS was cloned and its bioinformatics was analyzed in this experiment. The results showed that there was high level of similarity in the CDS and amino acid sequences between rabbit and other animals， which manifested that MYL12B was a conservative protein. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the protein was a stable hydrophilic structural protein without disulfide bond and signal peptide， including 11 phosphorylation sites and 3 glycosylation sites. This study provides theoretical foundation for exploring the action mechanism and network regulation of MYL12B gene. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bioinformatics analysis of coding regions of Atrn gene among different species FANG Qian\|qian1， LI Xiang\|long2，*， ZHOU Rong\|yan1， LI Lan\|hui1 2015, 27(6):  933.  Abstract ( 450 )   PDF (665KB) ( 1185 )   The coding sequence （CDS）， nucleotide diversity and amino acid sequence of Atrn gene from Homo sapiens， Bos Taurus， Bos mutus， Balaenoptera acutorostrata， Bubalus bubalis， Canis lupus， Callithrix jacchus， Chinchilla lanigera， Ceratotherium simum， Condylura cristata， Dasypus novemcinctus， Echinops telfairi， Elephantulus edwardii， Felis catus， Heterocephalus glaber， Macaca fascicularis， Macaca mulatta， Mustela putorius furo， Mus musculus， Nomascus leucogenys， Pteropus alecto， Rattus norvegicus， Sus scrofa and Spermophilus tridecemlineatus were analyzed using the method of bioinformatics. The results showed that the Atrn gene CDS had abundant genetic diversity between intraspecific and interspecific species， and a total of 899 polymorphic sites were detected from 61 sequences of 24 species which generated 31 haplotypes. The results also showed that Atrn has trans\|membrane domain and signal peptide in N\|terminal and belonged to membrane protein or secretion protein which were located on the biofilm. The protein was hydrophilic， instable and alkalescent， with an isoelectric point of 7.17. The main structural element of predicted secondary structure of Atrn were random coil and alpha helix. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of irradiation\|soybean meal on production performance， immune and antioxidant function of broilers ZHAO Yan， WU Chun\|qin, SUN Si\|wei， JIN Jun\|jie* 2015, 27(6):  939.  Abstract ( 411 )   PDF (503KB) ( 1238 )   To determine the optimum supplemental level of irradiation\|soybean meal for broiler diet， this experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of irradiation\|soybean meal on performance， serum biochemical indexes and the immune organ index in broilers. Five hundred and sixty healthy broilers with near weight were randomly allocated to 4 groups with 4 replicates per group and 35 chickens per replicate. Control group was fed with a corn\|common soybean meal basal diet， and test groups were fed with the basal diet with 5%， 10% and 15% irradiation\|soybean meal（based on diet） instead of corn\|common soybean meal， respectively. The experiment lasted for 42 days. The results showed as follows: （1） The average daily gain and average daily feed intake of broilers among groups were not significantly different （P>005） during 1-21days， while the average daily gain of broilers fed with 5% irradiation\|soybean meal diet increased significantly （P<0.05） during 22-42 d and 1-42 d. The feed to gain ratio of groups fed with irradiation\|soybean meal was significantly reduced during 1-42 day （P<0.01）. （2） Compared with the control group， the total serum protein of broilers fed with diets with 10% and 15% irradiation\|soybean meal significantly increased （P<0.05）. （3） The diets with 10% and 15% irradiation\|soybean meal could significantly improve the serum T\|SOD activity （P<0.01）. （4） The thymus index of broilers in group supplemented with 10% irradiation\|soybean meal was higher（P<0.05）. It was concluded that the irradiation\|soybean meal supplementation in the basal diet could promote the growth of broilers， and improve the immunity and oxidation resistance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Immune protection and proliferation of T lymphocytes  in vitro induced by Mycoplasma synoviae inactivated vaccine LU Feng1，2， TAN Lei2， WANG Xin2， BAO Shi\|jun2， REN Feng2， ZHANG Fan\|qing2， LIU Fang2， QIU Xu\|sheng2， SONG Cui\|ping2， SUN Ying\|jie2， FU Xiao\|ping1，*， DING Chan2，* 2015, 27(6):  944.  Abstract ( 369 )   PDF (903KB) ( 1243 )   Mycoplasma synoviae（MS） infection disease is an acute or chronic disease of chickens and turkeys which is caused by Mycoplasma synoviae. To control the Mycoplasma synoviae infection， in this study， MS WVU1853 strain with Montanide ISA 206 VG adjuvant were used to prepare inactivated vaccine. Inactivated MS vaccine could activate the chicken bone marrow derived dendritic cells（DCs） in vitro， DCs can uptake inactivated MS vaccine and present antigen to T lymphocytes and promote the proliferation of T lymphocytes， flow cytometry method was used to detect the subsets of proliferous T lymphocytes， the proliferation ratio of CD4+ T cells were higher than that of CD8+ T cells. SPF chickens treated with high dose of inactivated MS vaccine （1010 CFU·mL-1） induced significantly higher impression of IFN\|γ than the control group（P<0.05）. CD4+ T cells mainly differentiated into Th1 type cells and released IFN\|γ to promote CTL cells playing a role in killing. All of these proved that inactivated MS vaccine could induce cellular immune response effectively in immunized chickens. 7\|day\|old chickens were treated with inactivated MS vaccine， single immunization could produce complete protection of the attack with Mycoplasma synoviae. The safety test of the vaccine showed that the vaccine was safe and effective for chickens. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and identification of monoclonal antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus LIU Su\|jun， DUAN Song\|huan， HU Jing\|yan， JIN Jun\|jie， TU Yi\|qiang， BAI Yu* 2015, 27(6):  950.  Abstract ( 423 )   PDF (1037KB) ( 1242 )   In order to prepare the monoclonal antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus （PEDV） N protein， BALB/c mice were immunized with purified recombinant N protein emulsified in Freunds adjuvant. The monoclonal antibodies （Mabs） were prepared by fusing mouse myloma cells（SP2/0） with the spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with the purified recombinant N protein. Three hybridoma cell lines secreting Mabs were screened by indirect enzyme\|linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） and named as 5B2， 3H1 and 4H5， respectively. The results of Western blot and immunofluorescence assay analyses showed that the three Mabs could react specifically with the recombinant N protein or PEDV. The isotypes of three Mabs belong to IgGl subtype with Kappa chain. It was indicated that these Mabs may be useful for developing the diagnosis methods and investigating the pathogenicity of PEDV. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of UV\|C treatment on phenolic compounds and relevant enzymes activities of blueberry YANG Le， HOU Zhi\|xia*， YANG Jun\|feng， GONG Zhong\|zhi， WANG Chong， SHI Wen\|jun 2015, 27(6):  955.  Abstract ( 382 )   PDF (729KB) ( 1478 )   The effect of UV\|C treatment on the phenolic compounds and relevant enzymes activities of blueberry during fruit development was conducted. The radiation dose was 5， 10， 15 min，taking no irradiation as the control. The results showed that UV\|C irradiation could promote the accumulation of total phenols and flavonoids during development stage， decreased the CHI activity in young fruits， increased the PAL and CHI activity in other stages. And the effect of 10 min irradiation was the most significant. The activity of PAL and CHI were positively correlated to total phenol and flavonoids accumulation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Paeonia ostii ‘Fengdan’ seed extracts on seed germination and seedling growth of cabbage DING Yan， GUO Tai\|jun*， SUN Xiao\|gang*， MA Sai 2015, 27(6):  961.  Abstract ( 375 )   PDF (499KB) ( 1420 )   The seed coat permeability of Paeonia ostia ‘Fengdan’ was studied， and the effect of water and methanol extracts of various parts of the seed on seed germination of cabbage was investigated. The results showed that there was significant difference in water absorption rate and capacity of Paeonia ostii ‘Fengdan’ between the treatments of complete and pricked seed coat， indicating the obstacle in water absorption of Paeonia ostii ‘Fengdan’ seed coats.  The seed coat， endosperm and embryo of Paeonia ostii ‘Fengdan’ all showed inhibitory effects on seed germination of cabbage， and the inhibitory effects increased with the increase of the extracts concentration. Under the same concentration of extracts from the same part， the inhibitory effect of methanol extracts on cabbage seed germination and seedling growth were significantly higher than water extracts. The extracts of endosperm showed higher inhibitory effect than seed coat and embryo in the same concentration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different rootstocks on plant growth and fruit quality of watermelon LIU Xin\|hua1，2， CAO Chun\|xin1， LIU Lin1， ZHU Pu1， ZHOU Qin1， JIANG Hai\|dong2，* 2015, 27(6):  966.  Abstract ( 362 )   PDF (414KB) ( 1238 )   A mini\|watermelon cultivar Jinmi 2 was grafted on eight different rootstocks to study the effect of different rootstocks on plant growth and fruit quality. The results indicated Yongzhen 5， Chaofeng F1 and Nanzhen 1 had a high grafting survival rate and good affinity with the scion variety. Yongzhen 5 and Nanzhen 1 possessed strong growth and higher average single fruit weight. The sugar content of Yongzhen 5 and Chaofeng F1 increased. The result indicated that Yongzhen 5 was the optimal rootstock for Jinmi 2 among the eight different rootstock varieties. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning of HvSAMS gene from Hosta ventricosa flowers and its expression analysis HU Hai\|tao*， ZHU Xiao\|xian*， GUO Wei\|dong， CHEN Jian\|hua， YANG Ling** 2015, 27(6):  970.  Abstract ( 357 )   PDF (2178KB) ( 1271 )   The full\|length of cDNA of SAMS gene from Hosta ventricosa flowers was obtained by RACE and RT\|PCR， which was designated as HvSAMS. Its open reading frame has 1 191 bp and is not interrupted by any intron， encoding a polypeptide of 396 amino acids. Multiple alignment analysis based on the amino acids indicated that HvSAMS had the similarity of 95% with that from Elaeagnus umbellata， Dendrobium crumenatum， and Lycoris radiata. Phylogenetic analysis showed that HvSAMS had the closest relation with that from Gladiolus grandiflorus. The expression patterns of HvSAMS were investigated by means of semi\|quantitative RT\|PCR. HvSAMS was expressed highly in flowers and leaves， moderately in roots， but poorly in stems. HvSAMS transcript was significantly down\|regulated in senescing flowers， but significantly up\|regulated in wounded leaves. HvSAMS may not be involved with ethylene production because the changes in HvSAMS expression were not closely related to ethylene emission. Related Articles | Metrics

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Response of Dongxixiaoxian peach to waterlogging stress ZHANG Hui\|qin， MA Chang\|nian， XIE Ming*， XIAO Jin\|ping， ZHOU Li\|qiu 2015, 27(6):  976.  Abstract ( 452 )   PDF (577KB) ( 1251 )   Physiological characteristics of rootstock Maotao and new peach cultivar Dongxixiaoxian were investigated under water controlled conditions， so as to reveal the possible mechanisms of Dongxixiaoxian in response to waterlogging stress. The waterlogging resistance capacity of these two peach cultivars were evaluated comprehensively by the content of membrane lipid peroxidation products malondialdehyde （MDA）， superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity， peroxidase （POD） activity and chlorophyll content， root activity， cell membrane permeability， and photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The results showed that the root activity， the content of chlorophyll， Yield， ETR， Fv/Fm of two cultivars decreased with the increase of waterlogging days. And the decreases in Dongxixiaoxian were less significantly than in Maotao. Meanwhile， the content of MDA and cell membrane penetrability were increased with the increase of waterlogging days， and the increases in Maotao were more significant than in Dongxixiaoxian. The activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and peroxidase （POD） of two cultivars exhibited the pattern of increase firstly then decrease， but two activities in Dongxixiaoxian were more significant than in Maotao. So the waterlogging resistance capacity of Dongxixiaoxian was significantly stronger than that of Maotao. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative study on diurnal variation of photosynthesis characteristics and environmental factors in Zoysia japonica HU Hua\|guang1，ZHANG Zhen\|ming1，JI Fang\|fang1，LIU Jian\|xiu2，*，ZHAO Yi\|quan1 2015, 27(6):  981.  Abstract ( 413 )   PDF (499KB) ( 1222 )   Diurnal variation of photosynthesis characteristics of two germplasms （Z110 and Z132） of Zoysia japonica which had different long term water use efficiency and its mutual relationship and environmental factors were studied with Li\|6400XT photosynthesis system. The results showed that net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of Zoysia japonica presented double\|peak curve，with the peaks appearing at 11：00 and 15：00，net photosynthetic rate appeared a typical phenomenon “photosynthesis midday depression”; The diurnal variation of inter\|cellular CO2 concentration presented a concave one\|peak curve in the leaves of Zoysia japonica，and the lowest peak of inter\|cellular CO2 concentration was observed at 13：00; The diurnal variation of transpiration rate presented a raised one\|peak curve in the leaves of Zoysia japonica，and the peak of Z110 and Z132was observed at 12：00 and 11：00， respectively; Momentary water use efficiency and potential water use efficiency presented irregular changes. Relationships between environmental factors and photosynthesis characteristics were not equal in two germplasms of Zoysia japonica. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative study on the selection and application of tree species for resource\|efficient landscape greening in Ningbo and Luzhou DING Xu\|sheng1， LI Shou\|ren1， WU Guang1， CHEN Wei\|jiang1， LAI Yi\|nan2， WU Guang\|hong1，* 2015, 27(6):  986.  Abstract ( 414 )   PDF (928KB) ( 1250 )   Constructing resource\|efficient landscape greening is an important part of the conservation\|oriented society construction， and selection of tree species is the key section for constructing resource\|efficient landscape greening. Ningbo and Luzhou， which are situated in the mid\|subtropics in China， were selected in this study. Tree species in these two cities were studied using the plant community survey method and analytic hierarchy process（AHP）， and 99 and 77 species of resource\|efficient trees were selected in Ningbo and Luzhou， respectively， including the main planting trees and shrubs. Considering the environmental adaptation， ornamental value， ecological benefit and application situation， there were several good strategies for the construction of resource\|efficient landscape greening， such as developing the local species， using a large amount of wild trees， rational allocation of trees and advocating the nursery construction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on chemical control techniques for rice main pests in Quzhou XU Nan\|chang1， LIN Jia\|cai2， MO Xiao\|rong1 2015, 27(6):  994.  Abstract ( 494 )   PDF (638KB) ( 1316 )   Chemical control techniques， such as using pesticides and combinations with high effect and low toxicity， and ecological strategies, were applied to decrease costs and increase effects in rice pest management. Compared to the conventional\|managed fields， the pest control efficiency in the treated area was increased by 0.02%～6.88%， chemical consumption was reduced by 2.01 kg·hm-2（83.31%）， rice grain yield was increased by 1.36 t·hm-2， and the income was increased by 4 665.75 yuan·hm-2. The results above suggested the high potential of chemical control techniques in the sustainable intensive rice production system. Related Articles | Metrics

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Simultaneous determination of four types of pesticide residues in cucumber by matrix solid\|phase dispersion\|GC\|MS ZHANG Wei\|yi， ZHOU Ying， DU Lin\|na， WANG Liang* 2015, 27(6):  1000.  Abstract ( 353 )   PDF (692KB) ( 1196 )   Based on matrix solid\|phase dispersion （MSPD） pretreatment and gas chromatography\|mass spectrometry （GC\|MS）， a method for simultaneous determination of four types of pesticide residues （organophosphorus， organochlorine， pyrethroid and carbamate） in cucumber was developed by optimizing the parameters of pretreatment and GC\|MS. Results indicated that the linear relation between peak area and concentration of the 50 pesticides in the range of 50 μg·L-1 to 1 000 μg·L-1 were good， and the correlation coefficients of most pesticides were higher than 099 （from 0.973 0 to 0.999 7）. The detection limits of 50 pesticides was 1-2 μg·kg-1. The recoveries of 50 pesticides ranged from 70% to 100% at the 50 μg·kg-1 spiking levels， while at the level of 10 μg·kg-1， there were only 45 pesticides. Besides， the relative standard deviations （RSDs） ranged from 0.23% to 15.42%. Thus， the research provided a sensitive， rapid， simple， and accurate analysis method for the simultaneous determination of four types of pesticide residues in cucumber. It was appropriate for the simultaneous identification and quantification of multi\|residues in cucumber. Related Articles | Metrics

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The motion regularity and control by critical control points analysis of rice diseases after changing ‘double cropping’ to ‘single cropping&rsquo WANG En\|guo 2015, 27(6):  1008.  Abstract ( 351 )   PDF (794KB) ( 1271 )   Data from forecast and control of rice diseases during 1995-2012 in Linhai were analyzed in this study to reveal long\|term movement rule of rice diseases after changing from double into single cropping system， which was supposed to be helpful to improve diseases control level. The results showed that there was a gradually aggravated trend in the evolution from the former structure of main rice diseases， sheath blight， blast and bacterial stripe （bacterial blight）， to a structure of sheath blight， black\|streaked dwarf and false smut （panicle blast）. A mathematical model for long\|term diseases movement of sheath blight， black\|streaked dwarf， false smut has been established. Four key points were proposed to control single\|cropping rice diseases， controlling planthoppers to prevent dwarf at seedling stage， managing disease center at tillering stage， three check\|ups for preventing at heading stage， and local prevention for local diseases. Therefore， to ensure super\|high\|yield cultivation of single\|cropping rice， diseases control strategies in single\|cropping system need to be adjusted basing on understanding the diseases movement rules and improving node management technology， rather than timely treating for single disease. Related Articles | Metrics

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Resistance evaluation of tomato breeding materials to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus and detection of Ty gene ZHENG Ji\|rong1， HU Qian\|qian2， WANG Hui\|li3 2015, 27(6):  1015.  Abstract ( 487 )   PDF (1528KB) ( 1282 )   Twenty\|six autogeny lines were selected to assess resistant levels to TYLCV and genotypes by natural incidence in field， seedling artificial inoculation， PCR amplification and TaqⅠrestriction enzyme. Anaizi and Hangza 301 were used as susceptible control and resistant control， respectively. The results showed that 27 tested materials all were high resistant to TYLCV， 1 tested material was susceptible to TYLCV， and the results of identification of natural incidence was consistent with artificial inoculation. According to molecular detection， 26 tested autogeny materials contains dominant Ty gene except Anaizi and No.24 material， 21 of which contain homozygous gene， 5 of which contain heterozygous gene. Ty\|4 and Ty\|5 gene were not detected among tested materials. The coincidence rate reached above 964% among molecular detection， artificial inoculation and natural incidence in field. It was indicated that materials containing dominant Ty showed superior resistant symptoms， while materials containing different resistant genes had different resistant symptoms. Materials carrying two or more resistant genes had higher and more stable resistant level. So combination of molecular detection and field identification could get a material containing two or more resistant genes which might have higher， broader and more stable resistance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation on heavy metal pollution and its health risk of vegetables in Hangzhou GONG Meng\|dan， GU Yan\|qing， WANG Xiao\|yu， GU You\|li， ZHU Wei\|qin 2015, 27(6):  1024.  Abstract ( 500 )   PDF (861KB) ( 1369 )   To get the general knowledge of heavy metals pollution in vegetables in Hangzhou as well as their health risk， the heavy metal contents in vegetables cultivated in main vegetable bases in Hangzhou were investigated. It was shown that the contents of heavy metals were relatively high in leafy vegetables， root vegetables and eggplants， yet were relatively low in allium vegetables， melons and leguminous vegetables. The main sources of heavy metal pollution in root vegetables and eggplants were joint\|contamination of Pb， Cd， Cr and Pb， respectively. The leafy vegetables were safe in general， but a few species reached the warn level or exhibited slight pollution due to the joint contamination of Cu， Zn， Cr or Pb and Cr. The allium vegetables， melon and leguminous vegetables were still within the clean level. Based on health risk assessment， As， Cu and Cr were the chief threats to local residents. Related Articles | Metrics

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Reflections on agricultural environment tort and its remedy XU Yu\|song， WANG Yu\|cai 2015, 27(6):  1032.  Abstract ( 484 )   PDF (675KB) ( 1202 )   Due to the biochemical drugs， fertilizers and genetically modified interventions in modern agricultural production， agricultural environment and security of agricultural products are facing serious threats. A proper solution to the resulting damage to the third person has therefore become an important problem. By analyzing the agricultural environment tort， it was suggested to improve the traditional tort relief， and to establish social compensation benefits to maintain the ecological agricultural environment and promote the construction of legal system. Related Articles | Metrics

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Rural sewage treatment technology decisions of Hebei Plain areas based on AHP ZHANG Tie\|jian1，2， ZHANG Xiao\|yan1，2， LI Wei1， LIU Jun\|liang1，2 2015, 27(6):  1037.  Abstract ( 384 )   PDF (534KB) ( 1252 )   Based on the actual situation of X village in Hebei Plain， a comprehensive decision\|making evaluation system for rural sewage treatment technologies was constructed using the analytic hierarchy process （AHP）， which included 14 indicators of three\|layer， six programs. Six rural sewage treatment technologies， namely artificial wetland， stabilization ponds， anaerobic digesters， integrated equipment， land infiltration system and biofilter， were analyzed from the technical performance， economic indicators， environmental benefits and management requirements， and were evaluated combing the expert scores. It was shown that artificial wetland technology got the highest score， and thus was the most suitable sewage treatment technology for X village. Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and identification of ammonia oxidizing bacteria and optimization of ammoxidation conditions WANG Xin， YAO Xiao\|hong， WU Yi\|fei， LIU Yong， SUN Hong， TANG Jiang\|wu* 2015, 27(6):  1042.  Abstract ( 409 )   PDF (671KB) ( 1296 )   Ammonia oxidizing bacteria were screened and isolated from aquaculture water， sludge and rural rivers. Following characterization of the phylogeny of the isolated strains based on their denitrifying capability， the effects of carbon source， C/N ratio， initial pH， inoculation quantity， rotation speed and temperature on ammoxidation characteristics were studied. It was shown that 30 ammonia oxidation strains were obtained by screening on plates of ammoxidation medium. One strain named AOZ1 exhibited the highest ammoxidating capability， and was designated as Enterobacter sp based on 16S rDNA sequence and phylogenetic analysis. The optimum condition for ammoxidation was as follows: sodium acetate as carbon source， C/N ratio 15∶1， inoculation amount 1%， initial pH 7.5， rotational speed 200 r·min-1， and temperature 30℃. Under this condition， the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen reached 98.70%. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of water transfer from the Yangtze River on the water quality in plain river network areas MA Xiao\|xue， WANG La\|chun* 2015, 27(6):  1048.  Abstract ( 351 )   PDF (2912KB) ( 1195 )   In order to enhance water exchange and improve water quality in Lixia River watershed， water transfer experiment was conducted from Dec. 3rd， 2006 to Jan. 7th， 2007. Eight water quality parameters， namely， temperature，pH， dissolved oxygen （DO）， chemical oxygen demand （COD）， potassium permanganate index （CODMn）， ammonia nitrogen （NH+4\|N）， electrical conductivity （EC）， transparency， were adopted to analyze the effects of water transfer on water quality. It was shown that NH+4\|N and COD were the main pollutants. But， the effects of water transfer on overall water quality in Lixia River watershed were spatially and temporally heterogeneous， as the water quality returned to the original level after the water transfer. Industrial wastewater， domestic sewage and non\|point pollution were the key factors causing deterioration of water quality. These results would be helpful for a better understanding toward the water quality change during water transfer and would yield references for the making of proper scheduling scheme. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of dissolved organic matter on the degradation of oxytetracycline on yellow soil FAN Fei\|fei1， ZHU Jian2， GUAN Xiao\|yun3， PENG Yan4 2015, 27(6):  1056.  Abstract ( 351 )   PDF (575KB) ( 1242 )   A soil cultural pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dissolved organic matter （manure， humic acid and malic acid） on the degradation of oxytetracycline in yellow soil. It was shown that whether the soil was sterilized or not， the degradation rate of oxytetracycline increased significantly and the half\|life period turned shorter obviously after the addition of dissolved organic matter. The first order kinetics equation well fitted the degradation processes of oxytetracycline with different concentrations of dissolved organic matter. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of critical climatic temperature change in growing stage of loquat in the mountain area of Lishui JIANG Yan\|min1，2，ZHOU Xiao\|yin3，*，LIU Jing4，CHEN Xiang3 2015, 27(6):  1061.  Abstract ( 328 )   PDF (1640KB) ( 1250 )   Based on the daily temperature observation data from Lishui meteorological station during 1953 to 2013，the critical temperature in loquat fruit growth was determined. The methods such as multi\|scale analysis，Mann\|Kendall test were used to analyze the climatic change in loquat growth，and to assess the impact of low temperature frozen injury and heat injury on loquat growth. The results showed that： the critical temperature of flowering，young fruit stage and maturity of loquat were at -5，-3 and 30℃， respectively，the flowering stages named as “the third flowers” was affected mostly by freezing，the possibility of frozen injury was the maximum in January in young fruit stage and the probability of heat injury was increased in maturity. The number of days less than -3℃ during loquat flowering significantly reduced，while the extreme minimum temperature increased significantly，especially in the 21st century；The most significant effects caused by high temperature on loquat mature were mainly in the 1990s，and the high temperature days ≥30℃ significantly increased. Therefore，the probability of frozen injury to loquat reduced，but heat injury increased in the mountain area of Lishui. Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of vacuum freeze drying technology for mulberry fruits LI Jiao\|jiao1，2， GAO Hai\|yan2， CHEN Hang\|jun2，*， FANG Xiang\|jun2 2015, 27(6):  1067.  Abstract ( 389 )   PDF (801KB) ( 1305 )   With fresh mulberry as raw materials， the optimal parameters of vacuum freeze drying technology were studied， so as to provide references for the industrialized production of dehydrated berries products. Through single factor test and orthogonal test， the influences of vacuum degree， drying time and sample throughput on the rehydration were investigated. The results showed that the affecting strength was in the following order: drying time>sample throughput>vacuum degree. The optimal parameters for vacuum freeze\|drying process were 40 Pa of vacuum degree， 21 h of drying time， and 90 g of sample throughput. Under this condition， freeze\|drying products showed the best rehydration， and the retention of L*， a*， b* were all more than 80%， and the contents of antioxidative substance such as Vitamin C， anthocyanin and total phenol did not lose much， the reservation ratio of them were 82.38%， 91.79% and 87.50%， respectively. So the vacuum freeze drying technology was suitable for drying of fruits and vegetables， and could keep the color， aroma， taste and nutrients of the product effectively. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of high\|voltage static electric field on storage quality of winter jujube fruit HUANG Hong\|yun 2015, 27(6):  1073.  Abstract ( 381 )   PDF (630KB) ( 1209 )   Winter jujube fruit was used as material to study the effect of different high\|voltage static electric fields （HVEF） （20，60，100 kV·m-1） treatment for 40 min on respiratory intensity， ethylene release rate， malondialdehyde （MDA） and vitamin C contents， fruit firmness， fruit water content and fruit rot rate. The results showed that HVEF had an obvious inhibition effect on respiration of winter jujube fruit， inhibiting the release of ethylene and MDA content， increasing fruit firmness， Vc content and fruit water content， reducing the incidence of fruit decay and delay the ripening process of winter jujube fruit. Under the same storage situation， 100 kV·m-1 HVEF showed better preservation effect on winter jujube than others treatments. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the image denoising based on the improved median filtering algorithm ZHAO Jun\|ai1，2，WEI Yan\|chun3 2015, 27(6):  1078.  Abstract ( 363 )   PDF (1113KB) ( 1236 )   In order to remove the high\|density salt and pepper noise， and preserve the details of the original image well， an improved filtering method was proposed based on the median filter and the mean filter in this paper. In the first phase， it was necessary to identify pixels which were likely to be noise. In the second phase， the image was filtered recursively by the small window， salt and pepper pixel in the current window was calculated， then the noise pixel using the median and mean weighted value of the non\|noise pixel were updated. The experimental results showed that the proposed method behaved excellently for all noise ratios， from 5% to 80%. This method has achieved the purpose of the good filtering effect on the subjective quality and objective quality， which was beneficial for the further analysis and interpretation of images. Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of preparation process for potato starch\|based composite films by response surface methodology#br# MEI Yu1， WANG Le\|ying2， RAO Gui\|wei1， HUO Po1,* 2015, 27(6):  1083.  Abstract ( 310 )   PDF (1445KB) ( 1234 )   Based on the response surface method， the preparation process of potato starch\|based composite films was optimized. Starch content， gelatinization temperature， stearic acid content， palmitic acid content， nano\|SiO2 content， pH value were taken as single factors， respectively， to determine their influence on the transmittance， oil permeation coefficient， tensile strength， ductility， water vapor permeability and water solubility of the produced films. On the basis of single factor experiments， the optimal process parameters were explored by response surface method. It was shown that the production parameters were optimized as follows: 314% of potato starch content， 0189% of palmitic acid， 0203% of stearic acid， 0301% of nano\|SiO2， pH value of 6， and gelatinization temperature of 90℃. Under this condition， the properties of the produced films were the best. Related Articles | Metrics

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An empirical analysis of the effect of water user association on the yield of rice: Based on the correction of variable endogeneity#br# ZHOU Li\|ping1， SU Hong2， WENG Zhen\|lin1，*， DENG Qun\|zhao3 2015, 27(6):  1089.  Abstract ( 353 )   PDF (747KB) ( 1316 )   Participating in water user association （WUA） is a kind of rational choice for farmers adapting themself to the changing environment. Using 307 survey data， this paper empirically analyzed the effect of WUA on the rice yield. The results showed that the yield of late rice was significantly improved by WUA， while the yield of early rice was not significantly improved. The results also indicated that agricultural material input， land quality， land location， the number of non\|agricultural employment， farmers age and farming duration had significant influence on the rice yield. Related Articles | Metrics

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Financial support in development of family farms in Zhejiang Province: present situation， problems and countermeasures#br# ZHANG Xia 2015, 27(6):  1096.  Abstract ( 357 )   PDF (1008KB) ( 1288 )   At present， cultivating new type of agricultural management main body， including the family farm， has become an important measure to promote the development of modern agriculture in Zhejiang Province. Family farms operation has the characteristic of scale and intensive， which mad its financial demand in the development also showed the features such as large capital demand， financing maturity pluralization， etc. Therefore， government policy should guide construction of a multi\|level， multi\|dimensional modern family farm financial support system of Zhejiang Province. Zhejiang Province faced with many barriers in the financial support of family farm， such as lacking of clear legal status， correct credit evaluation mechanism， internal management and financial system, effective mortgaged property and agricultural data information sharing platform， which will lead to insufficient support in terms of agricultural financial product innovation， and insufficient services from agricultural financial institutions， etc. Therefore， these problems should be solved from the perspectives of law， policy and finance in a comprehensive way. Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration of new agricultural service mode oriented to households farming based on general diagnosis and treatment: Wenzhou Agricultural Hospital as a case SU Xiao\|yong 2015, 27(6):  1102.  Abstract ( 330 )   PDF (789KB) ( 1247 )   In China， small-scale households farming is still the major organization form in agriculture. But， the existed socialized agricultural service system could not well meet the demand of households farming. In the present paper， the current status and problems of the available socialized agricultural service system was analyzed first. Then， an innovative service mode， namely， Wenzhou Agricultural Hospital， was proposed. Based on its practice， the operation mechanism， advantages and operation effects were discussed in detail. Finally， experiences and according suggestions were proposed to offer references for relative issues. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of browning in the plant tissue culture#br# FENG Dai\|di1，2， WANG Yan2， CHEN Jian\|ping2，* 2015, 27(6):  1108.  Abstract ( 494 )   PDF (1008KB) ( 1604 )   Browning was a harmful phenomenon often observed in plant tissue culture and greatly limited the application of plant tissue culture technology in many plants. In recent years， researches on the physiological changes and signal transduction after artificial wound have made great progress， which provided a new view to the exploration on mechanism of plant browning. First， studies on characteristics of browning such as plant species and genotypes， explants， type and composition of the medium and culture conditions were reviewed. Then we focused on the review of recent advances in the mechanism research of browning mainly from the changes in morphological， physiological and molecular lever. Finally， some problems and suggestions about browning in the plant tissue cultures were pointed out， which might be helpful in thoroughly understanding the mechanism of browning in plant tissue culture. Related Articles | Metrics