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Physiological properties and ultra\|structure features of an early leaf senescence rice mutant R7954（els）#br# SUN Chu1，2，TONG Jie\|peng1，WANG Yan1，PAN Ping\|chuan3，SHEN Sheng\|quan1，* 2015, 27(10):  1685.  Abstract ( 497 )   PDF (2330KB) ( 1496 )   An early leaf senescence rice mutant R7954（els）， obtained by 60Co\|γ irradiation from rice variety R7954， was applied to investigate the changes in physiological properties and in the ultra\|structure of chloroplast in flag leaf during different developmental stages. Compared with wild type R7954， the mutant R7954（els） showed weaker growth potential， lower growth rate and symptoms of early senescence， i.e. the presence of rusty and withered leaves since the beginning of the tillering stage. Lower activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， deceased contents of vitamin C （VC）， vitamin E （VE） and glutathione （GSH）， and higher content of malonaldehyde （MDA） were observed， indicating a lower antioxidant system in the mutant. The mutant also showed lower content of chlorophyll a， chlorophyll b and chlorophyll （a+b）， resulting in photosynthetic decline. The ultra\|structure of chloroplast in flag leaves in the mutant showed an increasing amount of disintegrating thylakoids， osmiophilic plastoglobuli and lipoid with the process of senescence， and the whole chloroplast were degraded at the mature stage. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect and economic benefits of seeding amount and weeding methods on kenaf growth and soil available nutrients#br# CHEN Chang\|li， LUO Xia\|hong， ZHANG Jia\|qiang， ZHU Guan\|lin， JIN Guan\|rong* 2015, 27(10):  1692.  Abstract ( 330 )   PDF (571KB) ( 1454 )    In order to increase the economic benefit of kenaf， the effect of precision drilling and different weeding method of kenaf on production efficiency were studied in rice\|kenaf rotation field. The growth rate of kenaf in the treatment of 150 000 plants·hm-2 and spraying herbicide was the highest， of which the height reached 45523 cm. Besides， the thickness of stems， bark depth， fresh weight per plant and dry weight of leaves， sticks， barks， biological performance of kenaf under this treatment all exhibited significant differences from others. On the dry bark yield， treatment of 270 000 plants·hm-2 and spraying herbicide was the highest （6 77250 g）. At the late stage， efficient plants in blocks followed the trend of spraying herbicide＞manual weeding＞no weeding. Soil available nitrogen （N） and potassium （K） content showed significant differences among treatments， while there was no significant difference in soil organic matter and available phosphorus （P） content. Spraying herbicide was effective for Gramineae grass control， of which the control efficacy was above 77%. The highest yield and the best economic benefit was found in the treatment of 270 000 plants·hm-2 and spraying herbicide. Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation and identification of Japanese encephalitis virus from swine#br# TANG Bo， ZHANG Dao\|hua*， ZHANG Xue\|hua， CHANG Chen， LIU Guo\|yang， TANG Ying\|hua， HUA Tao， HOU Ji\|bo 2015, 27(10):  1698.  Abstract ( 438 )   PDF (1099KB) ( 1453 )   A strain of Japanese encephalitis virus （JEV） was isolated from the brain of aborted fetus of a JEV infected pregnant sow in Jiangsu Province. The biological characteristics of this isolate were identified. The JEV positive sample was inoculated and passaged on BHK\|21 cells， and inoculated intracranial on mice. The isolate was identified by RT\|PCR， CPE， and confirmed by immunofluorescence assay （IFA）.The TCID50 of this isolate was measured using BHK\|21 cells. The results indicated that the JEV strain was successfully isolated. It could induce cytopathogenic effect （CPE） on BHK\|21 cells， and specific fluorescence could be observed. The TCID50 of this strain was 1070.The E proteins amino acid sequence was compared with those of different genotype of JEV strains available in GenBank. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on E gene sequences of the isolate and some other JEV strains. The isolate belonged to JEV genotype Ⅲ. The pathogenicity to the mice demonstrated that the isolate was highly neuroinvasiveness. This study provided a basis for further research on epidemiology and vaccine of the virus. Related Articles | Metrics

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Prokaryotic expression and characteristics of nonstructural protein NS5 of goose Tembusu virus#br# HAN Kai\|kai， LI Yin*， HUANG Xin\|mei， ZHAO Dong\|min， LIU Yu\|zhuo， LIU Qing\|tao， XIE Xing\|xing， AN Feng\|jiao 2015, 27(10):  1704.  Abstract ( 414 )   PDF (1004KB) ( 1441 )   The study was aimed to highly express NS5 protein of goose Tembusu virus （GTMUV） JS804 in Escherichia coli， then the expressed proteins was purified and characterized. The non\|structural protein 5 （NS5） gene of goose Tembusu virus in JS804 strain was amplified and cloned into expression vector pET32a（+）. The expression vector pET32a\|NS5 was then transformed into BL21 （DE3） for expression with induction of IPTG. The expressed pET32a\|NS5 products were analyzed in SDS\|PAGE and Western blotting. The molecular weight of recombinant protein NS5 was 120 ku. After 5 h induction by IPTG， the yield of fusion proteins reached peaks. The analysis showed that the fusion proteins were expressed in E.coli into inclusion bodies， and was recognized specially by rabbit anti\|Tembusu virus polyclonal antibody， which indicated a relatively high sensitivity and specificity. Related Articles | Metrics

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cDNA cloning and sequence analysis of Apo A1， CD36 and DGAT2 genes from goose#br# MA Yan\|feng1，FANG Qian\|qian2，3，WANG HONG\|yan1，TIAN Yong2，TANG Jun\|wang2，SHAO Rong\|yi4，LU Li\|zhi2 2015, 27(10):  1710.  Abstract ( 360 )   PDF (7635KB) ( 1369 )   The cDNA sequences of goose Apolipoprotein A\|1 （Apo A1）， Fatty acid translocase （CD36） and Diacylglycerol O\|acyltransferase 2 （DGAT2） genes including full-length coding sequences （CDS） were cloned by RACE technology. It was shown that the length of goose Apo A1 cDNA was 1 106 bp （GenBank accession: KF460562）， which consisted of 135 bp 5’UTR （untranslated region， UTR） sequence， 795 bp coding sequence （encoding 265 amino acids） and 176 bp 3′UTR sequence. The length of goose CD36 cDNA sequence was 2 262 bp （GenBank accession: KF460563）， which consisted of 196 bp 5’UTR sequence， 1 416 bp coding sequence and 650 bp 3' UTR sequence， encoding 472 amino acids. The length of cDNA sequence of goose DGAT2 gene was 1 341 bp （GenBank accession: KF460564）， consisted of 93 bp 5 ′UTR sequence， 1 077 bp coding sequence and 171 bp 3′ UTR sequence， encoding 359 amino acids. Homology analysis results indicated that goose and duck showed the highest homology （>90%） on the above three genes， while the homology with genes from human and other mammals were relatively low. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of TCDD on fish liver in Jian carp （Cyprinus carpio var. Jian）#br# DU Jin\|liang1，2， CAO Li\|ping1，2， LIU Ying\|juan3，ZHAO Cai\|yuan3,SHEN Yu\|jin3，DING Wei\|dong1，2，YIN Guo\|Jun1，2，3，* 2015, 27(10):  1720.  Abstract ( 484 )   PDF (476KB) ( 1514 )    In order to evaluate the toxic effect of TCDD on fish liver， Jian carp were randomly divided into 6 groups （30 fish for each group） including a control group. The treated fish were injected with TCDD（01， 03， 06， 12， 24 μg·kg-1， respectively）. The control group had no TCDD injection， but was injected the same volume of DMSO. The blood and fish liver were collected at 24， 48， 72， 96， 120 h after injection， respectively， and the expression levels of LDH， GPT， GOT in Jian carp serum and GSH\|Px， GST， T\|AOC activity in liver homogenates were determined. It was shown that， after injection with TCDD for 72 h， GOT， GPT， LDH activities were significantly increased （P<001 or P<005）， while GST， GSH\|Px， T\|AOC activities were significantly decreased （P<001 or P<005）， indicating that TCDD could induce serious damage on fish liver and cause oxidative stress reaction in Jian carp after acute exposure. Related Articles | Metrics

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Submicroscopic observation of slit sensilla and tarsal organ of Pardosa pseudoannulata#br# WANG Bo1，2， ZHOU Zi\|hua1， DENG Wei\|nan1， LYU Ming1， TAN Zhao\|jun2， YAN Heng\|mei1，2，* 2015, 27(10):  1725.  Abstract ( 391 )   PDF (2165KB) ( 1505 )   The wolf spiders Pardosa pseudoannulata are members of the genus Panthera belongs to family Lycosidae. In order to explore the mechanism of receiving external signals of vagabundae spiders， the types， distribution and characteristics of surface receptors of Pardosa pseudoannulata were observed by the scanning electron microscope （SEM）. The results showed that there were a few single slit sensilla present on the palpal tarsus and tibia， actually， only one or two single slit sensilla were found on the whole pedipalps. Lyriform organs were widely distributed on tibia， pedipalps， foot step， especially on tibia. The tarsal organs were located on pedipalps， their shapes resembled the water drop shaped holes， round or oval holes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of endogenous ethylene in different fleshy textures of peach and its response to exogenous ethylene#br# YANG Yong1，2， MA Rui\|juan2， SHEN Zhi\|jun2， ZHANG Bin\|bin2， GUO Shao\|lei1， YU Ming\|liang1，2，* 2015, 27(10):  1730.  Abstract ( 574 )   PDF (563KB) ( 1483 )   In order to identify the flesh texture and genotype of peach cultivar Xiacui， fruits of Yinhualu， Hujingmilu， Babygold 6， Yumyeong and Xiacui were harvested in eighth maturity. The ethylene production and flesh firmness were measured during storage. The results showed that fruit ethylene production of Yinhualu， Hujingmilu and Babygold 6 appeared a trend increased firstly and decreased afterwards with significant peaks， the flesh firmness of them decreased over time， and were lower than 10 kg·cm-2 in Yinhualu and Hujingmilu at the end of storage. While only a little amount of ethylene production was detected after harvest in Yumyeong and Xiacui， and the treatment of endogenous ethylene failed to induce a rapid loss in flesh firmness of the latter， it could retain more than 35 kg·cm-2 in the last period of storage. All these proved that the flesh texture of Xiacui is Stonyhard. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of brassinolide on quality and stress tolerance of summer strawberry seedlings#br# XIN Ya1， ZHANG Qing2， QIU Jie\|ren1， MA Hua\|sheng1， WANG Shu\|zhen1,RUAN Song\|lin1，* 2015, 27(10):  1735.  Abstract ( 474 )   PDF (826KB) ( 1496 )   Effects of brassinolide on quality and stress tolerance of strawberry seedlings of four different varieties after foliar application in field under high temperature in summer. The results showed that brassinolide could significantly improve quality of Akihime strawberry seedlings， which showed high propagation coefficient and root activity. Significant changes were not observed in other varieties. Brassinosteroide significantly increased the stress tolerance of Benihoppe and Akihime strawberry seedlings due to low cell membrane permeability and MDA content. Similar changes were not showed in other varieties. APX activities of Benihoppe and Akihime were increase by brassinolide. However， CAT activities of Benihoppe， Toyonoka and Sweet Charlie were decreased after brassinolide treatment. Therefore， brassinosteroide can significantly improve the stress tolerance of Akihime and Benihoppe strawberry seedlings which have week tolerance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of soluble solids contents and total acidity contents of sweet peppers based on near\|infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and improved partial least squares#br# PAN Bing\|yan1，LU Xiao\|xiang1，*，ZHANG Peng2，LI Jiang\|kuo2，CHEN Shao\|hui2 2015, 27(10):  1739.  Abstract ( 311 )   PDF (996KB) ( 1482 )    A nondestructive measurement model for predicting soluble solids contents and total acidity contents of yellow sweet peppers by near infrared spectroscopy and improved partial least squares was designed. Improved partial least squares （MPLS） calibration model of soluble solids contents and total acidity contents of sweet peppers were established respectively in two wavelength ranges of 400-2 500 nm and 400-980 nm+1 108-1 900 nm， then the optimal model was used to predict. The results showed that standard normal variate （SNV） model obtained the best result for soluble solids contents （SSC） prediction with a correlation of determination of calibration （RCV） of 0926 9 and standard error of cross validation （SECV） of 0186 2， and a correlation coefficient of prediction （RP） of 0924 8 and standard error of prediction （SEP） of 0158 9. None model obtained the best result for total acidity contents prediction with a correlation of determination of calibration （RC） of 0868 0 and standard error of cross validation （SECV） of 0012 5， and a correlation coefficient of prediction （RP） of 0903 8 and standard error of prediction（SEP）of 0011 1. The results indicated that it was feasible for determination of soluble solids contents and total acidity contents of sweet pepper based on near\|infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and improved partial least squares， and the soluble solids and total acidity contents in sweet pepper had a significant correlation with the near infrared spectroscopy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different storage conditions on physiological characteristics and quality in yam tubers#br# WANG Lan\|ju，LI Peng\|he，TU Qiong\|fang 2015, 27(10):  1745.  Abstract ( 523 )   PDF (895KB) ( 1437 )   In order to formulate the storage technique of Tiegun yam （Dioscorea opposita Thunb.cv.Tiegun）， the tubers were stored at cellar，room temperature， 4℃， 10℃ or different cellar storage time+4℃， respectively， and the changes of physiological properties and quality were studied. It was shown that POD activity reached peak value after 72 d storage at cellar， or after 110 d storage at room temperature. Later， the respiration rate and MDA content increased sharply， while the quality of yam declined rapidly. Compared with storage at room temperature， the respiration rate of yam tubers decreased 7354% after 155 d storage at 4℃， and MDA accumulation reduced 5866%，the weight loss ratio decreased 474%，and the peak of POD activity was delayed by 45 d. The losses of polysaccharides in tubers reduced 2048% after 155 d storage at 4℃， and the soluble protein decreased 2873% in comparison with storage at cellar. The starch content was lower when stored at low temperature than at room temperature. The polysaccharides and soluble protein content showed no significant difference when stored at 4℃ and 10℃. It would keep yam tubers fresher if it were stored at cellar for 110 d first and then stored at 4℃. In conclusion， a storage temperature of 10℃ with 80%～85% relative humidity is optimum for Tiegun yam， and it is a good method to store yam tubers at cellar first， and then stored at low temperature for commercial application. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of agronomic traits of different Tetrastigma hemsleyanum#br# ZHU Bo1，2， HUA Jin\|wei1，*， CHENG Wen\|liang1， JI Qing\|yong1， WU Jian\|feng3， QI Chuan3 2015, 27(10):  1752.  Abstract ( 325 )   PDF (530KB) ( 1463 )   Twenty\|one wild germplasms of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum from different provenances were collected. Biological characters， survival ratio of cuttage and agronomic traits were measured， counted， and analyzed. The results showed that there were significantly differences in the above characters among different germplasms. The average survival ratio was 697%. Besides， the agronomic characters of Chongqing and Guangxi germplasms were superior than those of Zhejiang， Jiangxi and Fujian germplasms. Whats more， nine agronomic traits were simplied to four principal components， whose accumulative contribution rate was 906%. In addition， twenty\|one germplasms were classifed to four groups， the agronomic traits of germplasms in group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ were superior. Pubescence on leaf， stem shape and tuber surface could be used to distinguish Zhejiang， Hunan， Hubei germplasms from Guangxi, Chongqing germplasms. In terms of agronomic traits， the superior germplasms of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum could be selected among Chongqing and Guangxi germplasms preferentially. Based on the work above， six superior germplasms have been selected preliminarily. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of salt strength and autoclaving on pH and solidification of medium#br# ZHANG Zheng\|hai， ZHANG Yue， LI Ai\|min， ZHANG Ya\|yu*， CHEN Xiao\|dan 2015, 27(10):  1757.  Abstract ( 315 )   PDF (340KB) ( 1505 )   In the present study， MS， B5 and W media with unchanged organic elements and varied inorganic salt strength of 100%， 75%， 50%， 25% and 0， were selected as materials. With addition of different volumes of 1 mol·L-1 NaOH solution， the pH value of media before and after autoclaving were determined， and solidification state of media were examined to clarify the quantitative relationship between pH value and the added volume of NaOH solution， as well as effects of salt strength on pH value and solidification state of MS， B5 and W media after autoclaving. It was shown that there was a logarithmic quantitative relationship between the added volumes of NaOH solution and pH value of media after autoclaving. The media pH value decreased as salt strength increased， while the volume of NaOH solution needed for pH adjustment increased as salt strength increased. The hardness of media increased as the added volume of NaOH solution increased. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on regression analysis of leaf area in F1 generation of Dendrobium officinale cross breeding #br# ZHU Bo1，2，3，HUA Jin\|wei2，JI Qing\|yong2，GAO Ting\|ting4，SI Jin\|ping1，* 2015, 27(10):  1761.  Abstract ( 333 )   PDF (642KB) ( 1507 )   In the present study， correlations among leaf length， width and weight of leaves， product and sum of leaf length and width， leaf area， stem height， number of leaves and total leaf area in tissue culture plantlet of Dendrobium officinale were studied by regression simulation analysis. It was shown that there was a significant linear relationship between leaf area and product of leaf length and width，of which the determination coefficient was 0987 7. While other determination coefficient was 0938 5（leaf weight）， 0921 8（sum of leaf length and width）， 0723 5 （leaf length）， 0767 8 （leaf width）， respectively. The regression equation between leaf area （y5） and product of leaf length and width （x5） was y5=07977 x5+2405. There was a power function relationship between leaf numbers and total leaf areas， of which the determination coefficient was 0793 1， and the regression equation was y=14764x1666 8. In the early test of Dendrobium officinale cross breeding， leaf areas could be estimated by measuring leaf length and width， and the total leaf areas per stem could be estimated by counting the number of leaves， and therefore to estimate the total leaves of one plantlet or a family. Via the above regression equations， the leaf areas of plantlet could be estimated and measured vividly and quickly， which would provide basis for the selection of superior crossing groups. Related Articles | Metrics

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Diarrhena， a newly recorded genus of Poaceae from Zhejiang，China#br# ZHANG Fen\|yao1， XIE Wen\|yuan1， YU Li\|peng2， YE Jin\|wu1 2015, 27(10):  1765.  Abstract ( 331 )   PDF (787KB) ( 1458 )    The genus of Diarrhena Beauv.（ Poaceae） and the species Diarrhena japonica Franch. & Sav. were reported as new records in Zhejiang Province of China. The voucher specimen was preserved in the herbarium of Zhejiang Museum of Natural History （ZM）. Related Articles | Metrics

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Viral transmission comparison of RSV and HiPV in small brown planthopper， Laodelphax striatellus#br# ZHOU Yan\|ru1，2， LI Lin\|ying3， LI Jun\|min2， SUN Li\|ying2， CHEN Jian\|ping2，* 2015, 27(10):  1768.  Abstract ( 429 )   PDF (856KB) ( 1600 )    Rice stripe virus（RSV） is an important virus transferred by small brown planthopper， Laodelphax striatellus， and causes tremendous loss on rice production in China. Himetobi P virus （HiPV） belongs to the genus Cripavirus in the family Dicistroviridae and has non\|lethal effects on L.striatellus. In the present study， homology analysis indicated that different HiPV isolates shared high similarity， whereas low conservation were observed for HiPV with other viruses in genus Cripavirus. Detection of RSV and HiPV in rice suggested that RSV could replicate in rice， while HiPV cannot （though HiPV could exist in rice stably for approximately 7 days）. Further experiment confirmed the accumulated HiPV in faeces of L.striatellus， but not RSV. Related Articles | Metrics

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rDNA sequence analysis and morphological redescription of  Empoasca onukii from the tea growing area of Fujian#br# ZHANG Xu\|ri， PAN Jie， TUKAYO Meks， YU Liang， FANG Wen\|zhen， LUO Da\|min* 2015, 27(10):  1773.  Abstract ( 425 )   PDF (2027KB) ( 1495 )   The morphological structures of Empoasca onukii， the cephalic splashes， vein， abdominal apodemes， subgenital plate and the arrangement of its bristles， and the characteristics of legs were redescribed， especially the arrangement of spines were added. Ribosomal DNA （rDNA） including partial of 18S （1 843 bp）， 28S （667 bp） and complete 58S （155 bp）， ITS1 （3 114 bp）， ITS2 （1 008 bp） were isolated by PCR technology. Sequence analysis indicated that 18S， 58S and 28S had high sequence identity （90%-95%） with other insects; however， ITS1 and ITS2 showed much variability. The analysis of base composition showed that ITS1 and ITS2 were more preferences for AT （contained 660% and 651% A+T， respectively）. Comparison with the phylogenetic species revealed that ITS1 and ITS2 from E.onukii had rich polymorphic loci and ITS2 was more suitable for molecular identification of closely related species. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of genetic diversity of Magnaporthe oryzae isolates from Zhejiang Province based on SSR markers#br# XIE Jing\|jing1，2， JIANG Hua2， MAO Xue\|qin2， CHAI Rong\|yao2， QIU Hai\|ping2， ZHANG Zhen2， WANG Yan\|li2， WANG Jiao\|yu2， DU Xin\|fa2， SUN Guo\|chang2，* 2015, 27(10):  1781.  Abstract ( 370 )   PDF (918KB) ( 1586 )   Twenty\|eight pairs of SSR primers that distributed on 7 chromosomes of Magnaporthe oryzae were used to study the genetic diversity of M.oryzae isolates from Zhejiang Province. M.oryzae strains isolated from 11 different areas in Zhejiang Province， from 1978 to 2011 were used as materials. Results showed that the total amplified alleles were 171， the amplified alleles of each primer pairs was 2 to 24， the average diversity index was 0534 and the average polymorphism information content was 0494. The genetic structure of M.oryzae strains isolated from different areas was different， Lishui and Hangzhou populations had the highest genetic diversity and Zhoushan population had the lowest genetic diversity. Genetic diversities of M.oryzae isolates from different years were different， the 1990 population had the highest genetic diversity, while the 1978 population had the lowest genetic diversity. The genetic structure of M.oryzae isolated from different rice types was different， a part of strains isolated from indica and japonica had the similarity genetic structure, and the strains isolated from indica rice had the higher genetic diversity than those isolated from japonica rice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Distribution pattern of multiple alleles of rice blast resistance genes and its application in gene cloning#br# ZHU Xiao\|li1，2，3， TAO Yue\|zhi2， ZHOU Bo3，* 2015, 27(10):  1789.  Abstract ( 456 )   PDF (680KB) ( 1538 )    Rice blast was one of the widespread fungal diseases constraining rice stable production. Utilization of host resistance （R） genes provided the most efficient and economical approach to tackle this disease. As of now， 27 rice blast R genes had been characterized. With respect to their distribution in rice genome， these 27 R genes located in 14 genetic loci， suggesting that each locus had about 2 allelic genes. Moreover， allelic R genes at the same locus shared extreme sequence similarity to each other. Compared to those functional alleles， nonfunctional ones in the susceptible varieties were typical pseudogenes due to various sequence mutations in some R genes loci. Some R genes loci in susceptible varieties had alleles with significant sequence difference and distinct genomic organization. The distribution pattern of multiple allelic R genes in the same locus in rice genome provided ideal reference information for homology\|based gene cloning including allele mining. In this review， we elaborated the current progress on the cloning of rice blast R genes， their structural classification and distribution on chromosomes. We also discussed the application and prospective of allele mining for cloning novel alleles in some R gene loci. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of incorporation of green manure， wheat straw and chemical fertilizer on rice growth and fertility of purple clay\|based paddy soil#br# CHEN Gui1， ZHANG Hong\|mei1， SHEN Ya\|qiang1， ZHAO Guo\|hua2， CHENG Wang\|da1，* 2015, 27(10):  1797.  Abstract ( 417 )   PDF (799KB) ( 1483 )    A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of incorporation of Astragalus sinicus， wheat straw and chemical fertilizer on rice yield components， characteristics of nitrogen （N） utilization and fertility of purple clay\|based paddy soil. It was shown that incorporation of Astragalus sinicus and/or wheat straw with chemical fertilizer increased rice yield by 132%-181% than that with chemical fertilizer only. Incorporation of chemical fertilizer and Astragalus sinicus significantly increased spike number per unit area， while incorporation of chemical fertilizer and wheat straw increased grain numbers. With green manure returning， the dry matter accumulation and N accumulation of rice at maturity stage increased by 125%-171% and 100%-128%， respectively, and the physiological N\|use efficiency of biomass production and grain was improved. Besides， the soil fertility， including soil organic matter， total N， available phosphorus （P） and potassium （K） was improved. The content of soil available K and organic matter increased by 97%-121% and 78%-156%, respectively, under green manure returning compared with that with chemical fertilizer, respectively, only. With wheat straw returning， the increase of soil available K and organic matter content was the highest. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of different cropping patterns on potato yield and fertilizer use efficiency#br# WANG Ya\|yi， LI Song\|ling， ZHANG Rong 2015, 27(10):  1802.  Abstract ( 475 )   PDF (526KB) ( 1491 )   In order to explore the rational cropping pattern for potato， a field experiment was conducted in Ledu County， Qinghai Province. Three modes were set up such as farmer pattern， current pattern and innovative pattern. The amount of N and P2O5 fertilizer used in farmer pattern was 2385 and 3450 kg·hm-2， respectively. The seeds were artificially sowed in the open field in spring. The amount of N， P2O5 and K2O fertilizer used in current pattern was 2400， 2100 and 1500 kg·hm-2， respectively. The seeds were artificially sowed on the ridging field covered with mulch film in spring. The amount of N， P2O5 and K2O fertilizer used in innovative pattern was 1800， 1575 and 1125 kg·hm-2， respectively. The seeds were mechanically sowed in the ridging field covered with mulch film in spring. The yield of potato， nutrients content and fertilizer using efficiency under different cropping patterns were compared. It was shown that crop yield under innovation mode was significantly higher than that under farmer pattern. The highest yield and economic benefit was achieved under innovative mode， which was 35 670 kg·hm-2 and 52 078 yuan·hm-2， respectively. The rational fertilization in innovation mode promoted the transfer of NPK to tubers and improved nutrient efficiency， which led to the highest accumulation of nutrients. Meanwhile， the bias productive forces of NPK fertilizer were also high， especially for phosphorus and potassium， which were more than 200 kg·kg-1. In general， the innovative mode was the best cropping pattern for potato in shallow mountain areas of Qinghai Province. Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of a DMP\|degraded strain in black soil and the optimation of degradation conditions#br# LIU Shuai1， WANG Zhi\|gang1，2，*， HU Yun\|long1， HU Ying1， ZHANG Ying2 2015, 27(10):  1807.  Abstract ( 343 )   PDF (647KB) ( 1449 )    Dimethyl phthalate （DMP）， a toxic organic compound， is ubiquitous environmental pollutant， and it has been listed as a priority pollutants by China State Environmental Protection Administration （SEPA）. In this study， one strain was isolated and identified from the black soils， which was covered by the film for long time. The characteristics of morphology and 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that this strain was classified as Bacillus sp. and named as QD\|9\|10. The further study indicated that this strain could utilize DMP as carbon source for growth. To optimize the degradation conditions， an orthogonal experiment was designed. The results showed that the optimized conditions were：pH 80， temperature 350℃， shaking speed 1240 r·min-1， and DMP 1004 mg·L-1. The studies on the characteristics of their growth indicated that DMP could be degraded completely in 32 h while the concenration of DMP was 100 mg·L-1 in the medium. In the meantime， substrate utilization tests showed that QD\|9\|10 strain could utilize other phthalic acid ester （PAE） pollutants， such as DBP， DEP and DEHP. Therefore， it was expected that the strain QD\|9\|10 could be used to clear PAEs pollution in future. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of irrigation water salinity on yellowing and kraurosis of grape leaves in Shanshan Oasis#br# Yiliminuer1， LI Hong1， YANG Lu1， ALIMU Fulati2 2015, 27(10):  1813.  Abstract ( 344 )   PDF (892KB) ( 1550 )   In order to characterize the influence of mineralization of irrigation water on yellowing and kraurosis of grape leaves， the Shanshan Oasis in Xinjiang was selected as research area， and the leaf etiolating， browning， kraurosis， and grains falling off in this area were investigated. The collected groundwater samples were analyzed， along with scanning electron microscopy （SEM） analysis of the blade virus to elucidate the reasons for this phenomenon. It was shown that the groundwater and drainage water in this area exhibited relatively high salinity， and the yellowing and kraurosis of grape leaves， and the falling off of grape were all caused by salt injury from groundwater irrigation. Besides salt injury， the grape plants may also be influenced by virus which could cause margin shrinkage of grape leaves， and increase hazard of browning and rolling down. In Shanshan County， one regular irrigating could cause a 1 to 2 grade salt injury， thus, more attention should be paid to this problem. Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect of nisin and chitosan cooperating with lactic acid on fresh\|keeping of chilled pork#br# ZHAO Min1，2， TANG Hong\|gang2， MENG Xiang\|he1， CHEN Li\|hong2， XIAO Chao\|geng2，* 2015, 27(10):  1817.  Abstract ( 367 )   PDF (663KB) ( 1532 )   Different treating fluids of 006% nisin， 006% nisin+05% lactic acid， 005% chitosan， 05% chitosan+05% lactic acid， 05% chitosan+1% acetic acid solutions and the control were prepared and used to deal with chilled pork. Then， all the treated pork were stored at 4℃， and the total numbers of colony， total volatile basic nitrogen （TVB\|N）， TBARS value， pH value and a* value of treated pork with different storage periods were determined. The results showed that the chilled pork processed with nisin or chitosan cooperating with 05% lactic acid had good fresh\|keeping effect， as TVB\|N and lipid oxidation increased slower， the variation of pH value was small， and the a* value drop was delayed after treatment. In conclusion， the present study indicated that nisin or chitosan cooperating with lactic acid had potential application value in chilled pork storage. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of different inducers and culture conditions on the expression of β2\|toxin gene from Clostridium perfringens Type C#br# XU Chong\|li 2015, 27(10):  1822.  Abstract ( 366 )   PDF (912KB) ( 1413 )    Recombinant plasmid pETXB2 which contained Clostridium perfringens β2\|toxin gene was identified with restriction endonucleases digestion， and the genes expression products in Escherichia coli strain BL21（DE3） under different culture conditions were detected by SDS\|PAGE. The results were as follows: Endonucleases digestion and DNA sequencing confirmed that the recombinant expression plasmid pETXB2 contained the β2\|toxin gene in the expression cassette of pET\|28c（+） with a positive reading frame. The optimization condition of inducible expression for β2\|toxin by IPTG was 08 mmol·L-1 of IPTG concentration and inducing for 4 h at 37℃, pH 70. When induced by lactose， the optimization condition was 05 g·L-1 of lactose concentration and inducing for 5 h at 37℃, pH 70. Related Articles | Metrics

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A multiple\|threshold based image segmentation method for bananas in the crate#br# HU Meng\|han， DONG Qing\|li*， LIU Bao\|lin* 2015, 27(10):  1828.  Abstract ( 436 )   PDF (1476KB) ( 1438 )    In this study， a threshold\|based algorithm was designed for image segmentation of bananas in the crate. The pixels of banana and background were selected discretely in the manual\|segmented regions. Subsequently， nine color features were extracted from RGB， HSV and CIE L*a*b* color spaces. Three thresholds from B， L* and b* color channels were used for the design of the algorithm， which were determined by the statistical analysis. The qualitative assessment of segmentation performance was evaluated by the application of intuitive comparison， and the obtained results showed that the outlines of manual\|segmented and automatic\|segmented regions were almost similar. Simultaneously， the quantitative evaluation of segmentation performance was carried out by area ratio， and the average area ratio of ten tested samples was beyond 80%. These two tested results indicated that the performance of this automatic segmentation algorithm might be satisfying， and this methodology could provide the key technology for the design and achievement of the real\|time quality monitoring and control system in banana ripening rooms. Related Articles | Metrics

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Detection of moisture content of plant leaf based on image processing & the mobile internet#br# YANG Chun\|he， JIANG Zhao\|hui*， YANG Bao\|hua， CHEN Yi\|qiong， LIU Lian\|zhong 2015, 27(10):  1835.  Abstract ( 391 )   PDF (797KB) ( 1521 )    In order to improve the practicability of water content detection in crop based on computer vision technology， the method of image processing on the mobile internet was proposed and studied， in which， mobile phone is responsible for plant leaf image acquisition and the results showing， and the server running the background algorithm including image analysis and water content detection. Combination algorithm of Homomorphic filtering\|MSR was adopted to eliminate the natural conditions affected by uneven light and color distortion， a variety of features on color and texture were extracted， and the water detection model was established by principal component analysis and regression method. The tested results with maize leaves showed that， the mean relative error was 3645 4%， the variance was 2121 4， and the detection system worked properly. This method had some advantages， such as convenient to obtain image， getting the results in real time， the acceptable detection error， and updating and extension of algorithm was transparent to the user， which was very useful for farmers and agricultural technical personnel. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of competitiveness and regional advantage analysis of National Modern Agriculture Demonstration District#br# GAO Yun1， ZHAN Hui\|long2，*， ZHAO Yue\|long1， LI Shu\|jun1， JIAO Jian3 2015, 27(10):  1841.  Abstract ( 384 )   PDF (870KB) ( 1472 )   At this stage， more and more attention was paid to the development of modern agriculture from the central to local governments. In order to gradually achieve Four Modernizations synchronization， the establishment of modern agriculture model had become the inevitable trend to promote the development of modern agriculture. This paper took the recognized National Modern Agriculture Demonstration District （NMADD） by the Agriculture Ministry as the research objects， to make sure the evaluation objective with Potter Diamond Model as the theoretical basis. It built evaluation index system to rank competitiveness level. According to the location and NMADD and the competitiveness comparison among the eastern， central， western and northeastern areas of the demonstration zone， it was concluded that the demonstration zones in the easternern area of China was the most competitive and those in the western area of China showed the weakest. The competitiveness gap between regional and provincial demonstration zones was obvious. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of adaptation policy on agricultural development and transformation of regional agricultural industry structure#br# TAN Ling\|zhi1，2 2015, 27(10):  1850.  Abstract ( 325 )   PDF (1066KB) ( 1480 )    Based on the statistics and social investigation data in Turpan， Xinjiang Province， the present study empirically tested the effects of adaptation policies regarding climate change on agricultural development and adjustment of agricultural industry structure. It was shown that adaptation policies could effectively promote the development of agriculture in ecological\|fragile regions. The adaptation investment could promote the adjustment of agricultural planting structure and industrial structure. However， the effects of adaptation policies were influenced by regionally leading industry and environmental resources endowments. Therefore， the actual effects of adaptation policies in agricultural development and adjustment of industrial structure were dependent on the balance of political and economic incentives of government. The government should actively promote adaptation policy， and improve the adaptation ability to all kinds of extreme natural disasters and the climate change， which would be beneficial for regional ecological environment protection. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on village planning paradigm based on problem analysis#br# WANG Xiao\|jun， ZHOU Yang 2015, 27(10):  1859.  Abstract ( 391 )   PDF (747KB) ( 1451 )   Village planning is a complex system involving diversified stakeholders that concern all the aspects of object village. Nevertheless， the conventional “top\|down” village planning pattern has failed to focus on the significance of problems reflected by stakeholders. Therefore， a new pattern of problem\|oriented and villagers participatory village planning is urgently needed. In the present study， a demonstrative planning program in Yinfang Village， a rural village in Shanxi Province， has been conducted by problem tree analysis （PTA） method. Firstly， The semi\|structure interview and village investigation were employed to record the existed problems in the village. Secondly， the PTA method was utilized to categorize problems in different aspects such as infrastructure， land use， and villagers income into several problem trees， which could intuitively show the stakeholders the categorization and cores of the existed problems. In the end， planning objectives were set toward different aspects of the problems. This village planning pattern was hoped to provide references for future realistic and practicable village planning. Related Articles | Metrics