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Effect of potassium fertilizer on physiological characteristics and yield of late rice XUE Yang1，2， JING Yuanshu1，2，*， TAN Mengxiang1，2 2016, 28(6):  901.  Abstract ( 354 )   PDF (2542KB) ( 1467 )   In this paper， we studied the effect of various concentrations of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and potassium humate on photosynthetic characteristics， activity of antioxidant enzymes and yeild of late rice in heading and flowering period when autumn low temperature was coming. The results were as follows: （1） The photosynthetic capacity of rice， chlorophyll a， chlorophyll b and carotenoid content increased under different fertilizer treatments ，which foliar spray of 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.03% potassium humate had notable experimental effect on resistance to low temperature. （2） Peroxidase， superoxide dismutase and catalase activity and malondialdehyde content gradually increased under the effect of autumn low temperature. The sensitivity of SOD and CAT were very strong to fertilization treatments， but for POD， it was relatively weak. The content of MDA was decreased in different degrees. And the increase of the 3 protective enzymes was the largest， and the content of MDA was the least under the processing of 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.03% potassium humate. （3） The 1 000grain weight and seed setting rate were higher than the control under the processing of 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.03% potassium humate， which resulted in a significant increase of production; However， the yield traits were slightly inhibited by 0.05% potassium humate. （4） The correlations between 1 000grain weight， seed setting rate and activities of SOD， POD， CAT， MDA content were significant， and all of these traits were significant with yield except plant height and tiller number. The conclusions could provide certain theoretical basis for production forecast. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of harvest time on seed vigor and respiratory metabolism of waxy maize seeds WANG Yichun1， LIANG Shuaiqiang2， WANG Yunhua1， ZHAO Guangwu2，*， CAO Dongdong3 2016, 28(6):  910.  Abstract ( 268 )   PDF (695KB) ( 1432 )   The harvest time is the key factor affecting seed quality of maize. The seeds of waxy maize selfcrossed from Huatiannuo 072 were harvested at 16， 20， 24， 28， 32， 36 and 40 d after pollination. Seed quality was determined when seeds were dried by nature to the similar moisture content. The results suggested that there were higher qualities when seeds were harvested during 32-36 d after pollination. Seeds harvested at 32 d after pollination had the highest standard germination ability and deepsowing germination ability. Furthermore， the electric conductivity was decreased to the minimum and was tending towards stability. Seeds harvested at 36 d after pollination had the highest thousandseed weight and germination ability at low temperature. Seeds harvested at 40 d after pollination had the strongest respiratory metabolism. The increased metabolism time（IMT）， oxygen metabolism rate（OMR）， relative germination time（RGT） was 878 h， 386%·h-1， 4256 h， respectively. To gain waxy maize seeds with high vigor， they should be suggested for harvest when electric conductivity is 41-43 μS·cm-1·g-1 or IMT， OMR， RGT is 1165-1178 h， 286-340 %·h-1， 5051-5446 h， respectively. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of manganese on proline biosynthesis and accumulation in sugarcane YANG Shan， XIE Ping， LI Guangxiang， YE Changhui， ZHOU Hongkai* 2016, 28(6):  915.  Abstract ( 335 )   PDF (902KB) ( 1410 )   In the present study， the sugarcane variety YT55 was selected as study material. Under drought and normal conditions， the activity of P5CS， δOAT and their gene expression， and contents of free proline and chlorophyll were tested under 6 Mn concentrations， respectively. It was shown that all indexes tested exhibited a first increasing and then decreasing trend with the elevated Mn application rates under two water conditions. Under drought stress， the proline content reached the maximum when manganese concentration was 0.8 g·kg-1， the activity of δOAT and P5CS activity and chlorophyll content reached the peak under 0.4 g·kg-1 Mn， and the gene expression level of δOAT and P5CS reached the maximum when manganese concentration was 0.2 g·kg-1. Under normal conditions， changes of chlorophyll and proline contents and δOAT activity were similar to those under drought stress. The activity of P5CS reached maximum when manganese concentration was 0.8 g·kg-1. The simple， partial correlation and direct path coefficients of δOAT activity and proline content reached significant level under drought stress， while the simple， partial correlation and direct path coefficients of P5CS activity and proline content reached significant level under normal condition. This study suggested that manganese application amount should be 0.2-0.4 g·kg-1 for sugarcane production in latosol soil， and the stress resistance of sugarcane was strong under this condition. Due to the influences of manganese， the ornithine pathway dominated the proline biosynthesis of sugarcane under drought stress， while the glutamic pathway was dominant under normal water condition. Related Articles | Metrics

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Polymorphism of SLADRA exon 2 in Bamei pigs JIN Li， TAN Xiaoyin， MU Tong， WANG Guomei， ZHANG Li， LIU Lixia* 2016, 28(6):  922.  Abstract ( 308 )   PDF (755KB) ( 1424 )   In order to study polymorphism of SLADRA exon 2 in Bamei pigs， genetic variation of SLADRA exon 2 in Bamei pigs was identified by polymerase chain reactionsingle strand conformation polymorphism and cloning， both the nucleotide and the amino acid sequences of the different alleles were analyzed. The results showed that two alleles （A， B） and three genotypes （AA， BB， AB） of SLADRA exon 2 were detected from 222 Bamei pigs， the frequencies of the A allele and AA genotype were the highest， and A and AA were dominant. The results of sequencing showed that only one mutational nucleotide site （c.3093 A→C） and one amino acid site （p. Met→Leu） were identified. Genetic heterozygosity was 0.351 4， and polymorphic information content （PIC） was 0.308 8， which meaned SLADRA exon 2 in Bamei pigs was moderately polymorphic （0.25 <PIC <0.5）. The chisquare analysis suggested that the allele and genotype frequencies were not deviated from HardyWeinberg equilibrium （P > 0.05）.The finding showed that polymorphism of SLADRA exon 2 in Bamei pigs was low. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on expression of melatonin receptor Mel1a in several duck tissues WANG Shujuan1， LIU Wenju1， LIU Xiaoli2， WANG Like1， PANG Xunsheng1 2016, 28(6):  928.  Abstract ( 315 )   PDF (1014KB) ( 1392 )   Melatonin is an indole hormone secreted by the pineal gland， and involved in regulating the circadian， seasonal reproduction， antioxidant activity and antiapoptosis. The present study investigated the expression， distribution and relative expression quantity of Mel1a mRNA and Mel1a protein in different organs of duck， which laid the foundation for further study on regulating effect of melatonin on the reproductive physiology and other biological function. In this study， we collected the heart， spleen， brain， cerebellum， kidney， liver， lung， ovary， pancreas and muscle tissues of duck. The expression of Mel1a in duck tissues were detected by the methods of PCR and immunohistochemical techniques at mRNA and protein levels. The Mel1a mRNA relative expression quantities in different organs were detected by realtime PCR. The major results were described as follows: Mel1a mRNA was expressed in the heart， spleen， brain， cerebellum， kidney， liver， lung， ovary， pancreas and muscle tissues of duck. Mel1a protein was expressed in the brain， lung， liver， muscle， kidney， heart and pancreas tissues of duck. Moreover， realtime quantitative PCR was used to detect the relative expression level of Mel1a gene in different tissues and the gene expression level in brain was selected as a baseline. The quantitative results showed that Mel1a gene had high expression levels in brain， lung， ovary， spleen， cerebellum and pancreas and low levels in kidney， liver， muscle and heart. Melatonin plays an important role in physiological regulation function by binding to its receptors and it is very important to study the melatonin receptor expression and distribution， which are useful to elucidate the role and mechanism of melatonin on circadian rhythm， antiapoptosis， antioxidant activity， enhancing immunity， oocyte maturation and embryo development. Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation， identification of a virulent strain goose Pasteurella multocida and gene cloning of its serotype associated genes YANG Zexiao1，2， LIU Changyu1， WANG Yin1，2， YAO Xueping1， WU Xulong1， WANG Bo1， LI Guili1， MENG Zhengqun1， LIU Yadong1 2016, 28(6):  935.  Abstract ( 400 )   PDF (1927KB) ( 1415 )   Goose pasteurellosis， caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida（Pm）， was a major infectious disease of goose in China in recent years. To identify the pathogen of goose disease in a goosebreeding farm， the causes of epidemic situation were investigated. A gramnegative bacillus was isolated and purified from the livers and hearts samples of the sick geese that preliminary diagnosed as pasteurellosis based on clinical symptoms and pathological changes， and it was identified as goose Pasteurella multocida by morphological and cultured characteristics， biochemical tests， animal pathogenic tests， drug sensitivity tests， species and serotype PCRs and so on. Then its serotype associated genes for serotype PCRs were cloned and analysed. The results showed that the goose Pm isolate had typical morphology and biochemical characteristics of P. multocida subsp. multocida， and it belonged to capsular type A and serotype Ⅰ. This Pm isolate had a strong pathogenicity， and its minimus lethal dose （MLD） to mice was 5 cfu. Drug sensitivity tests showed that this isolate was only sensitive to cefatrizine， cefalotin， ceftazidime， ceftizoxime and florfenicol. A capsular biosynthesis associated gene hyaDhyaC about 4 155 bp in this isolated Pm strain was amplified and sequenced， which shared a 99% homology with the published gene sequences. The serotype Ⅰ PCR target gene fragments about 303 bp of this goose Pm strain and the reference strain C481 were purified and sequenced， the sequencing results were exactly the same. All these results indicated that the goose Pm isolate which had a strong pathogenic and belonged to capsular type A and serotype Ⅰ， was the pathogen of goose disease to be diagnosed. And the amplified hyaDhyaC gene sequences and serotype Ⅰ PCR target gene fragments of this Pm isolate both exhibited relative stability. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of αspinasterol on expression of Pgp and PEPT1 in small intestine of mice WU Lina， ZHAO Ling， YE Gang， LI Yinglun* 2016, 28(6):  944.  Abstract ( 324 )   PDF (3763KB) ( 1452 )   In order to research the effect of αspinasterol on the intestine transporters Pgp and PEPT1 when the tylenol tartrate was introduced as a substrate， 48 mice were equally divided into 4 treatment groups: αspinasterol group， tylenol tartrate group， mixed （αspinasterol and tylenol tartrate） group， and normal saline group which was used as control group. The formulations were administered by oral gavage with a dose of 0.2 mL·10 g-1 depending on body weight of mice. The small intestine samples of the dissected mice were excised at predetermined time intervals （1， 3， 5）. The expressions of Pgp and PEPT1 on the mice intestines were detected by immunohistochemical method at 1， 3, 5 d, respectively. The results showed that the protein expression of Pgp was distinctly reduced in αspinasterol and mixed groups， and the protein expression of PEPT1 was increased in these 2 groups compared with normal saline group. However， the protein expression of Pgp was increased and the protein expression of PEPT1 was decreased in tylenol tartrate group compared with normal saline group. The difference was more obvious with time pass by. In summary， αspinasterol had an obvious impact on intestine transporters， including inhibiting Pgp expression and inducing PEPT1 expression. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mycotoxins contamination situation and toxicity evaluation of moldy aquatic feed in southern Guangdong of China WANG Xiaobo1， WANG Yaling1，*， WANG Rundong1， LYU Pengli1， SUN Lijun1， LIU Xiaoyan1， SHI Qi2， BI Siyuan3 2016, 28(6):  951.  Abstract ( 405 )   PDF (814KB) ( 1407 )   In order to understand the latest mycotoxin contamination situation of aquatic feed and raw materials in Guangdong Province， evaluate toxic effect of moldy aquatic feed， and understand their damaging effects on living organisms， a total of 120 samples were randomly collected from the fish and shrimp feed in the south of Guangdong. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect the contents of mycotoxins including aflatoxin B1 （AFB1）， T2 toxin， deoxynivalenol （DON） and ochratoxin （OTA） in above aquatic feeds， and then each four fish feed and shrimp feed with different mycotoxin pollution levels （standard， mild， moderate and severe） were chosen to evaluate biological toxicity for mouse. The results showed that the mycotoxin contamination rate in aquatic feed was high， coexisting phenomenon of several toxins was relatively common; And T2， DON， AFB1 toxin pollutions were the most common， OTA pollution was lighter， T2 detected concentration was the largest （11 928.00 μg·kg-1）. Mice weight increased first then fell， each organ index fell slightly， especially the spleen and kidney indexes. Lymphocyte， hemoglobin， the large platelet rate were decreased significantly （P<0.05）. Sperm deformity rate and micronucleus rate increased with the increasing dose， and significant differences were found in the blood biochemical indexes （P<0.05）. The study showed that mycotoxin contamination was serious and T2 content was the highest in moldy aquatic feed， which had significant damage on mice spleen， kidney and liver organs. Meanwhile， it also had adverse effects on the hematopoietic and immune systems， and had genetic toxicity at certain level. Related Articles | Metrics

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Physiology mechanism of exogenous 24epibrassinolideinduced heat resistance in tea plants（Camellia sinensis L.） LI Zhixin1，2， LI Xin1，*， HAN Wenyan1，* 2016, 28(6):  959.  Abstract ( 426 )   PDF (862KB) ( 1430 )   The present study investigated the effects of exogenous 24epibrassinolide （EBR） on gas exchange， chlorophyll fluorescence parameters， lipid peroxidation （MDA content） and antioxidant enzymes activities in tea （Camellia sinensis cv. Longjing 43） leaves under heat stress. Results showed that foliar application of EBR could significantly increase Pn， Gs， Vc，max， Jmax and Fv/Fm in tea leaves under heat stress. Moreover， EBR remarkably increased activities of APX， CAT， SOD and POD， but decreased MDA content in tea leaves following heat stress. These results suggest that exogenous EBR mitigates heat stressinduced photosynthetic inhibitions in tea leaves， mainly by eliminating the nonstomatal limitations and promoting the photosynthetic carbon reaction. Furthermore， EBR strengthened the antioxidant system effectively to scavenge harmful levels of reactive oxygen species and thus alleviated heat stress in tea plant. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different light qualities on growth， physiological and stomatal characteristic of okra （Abelmoschus esculentus L. ） seedlings LI Huimin， LU Xiaomin， ZHAO Shihao 2016, 28(6):  966.  Abstract ( 366 )   PDF (1075KB) ( 1500 )   Okra was an important medicinal and edible plants. The present study evaluated the effects of different light qualities on the growth， root activity， pigment content， photosynthetic production and stomatal characteristic of okra （Abelmoschus esculentus L.） seedlings with pot experiment in order to select a suitable light for okra artificial breeding. Cultivar Kaliba with two expanded cotyledons were exposed to five lights including fluorescent lamps （FL， control）， blue （B） light emitting diode （LED）， blue plus red LED （BR1∶2）， red LED （R） and yellow LED （Y）. The present results showed that， （1） Fresh weight， dry weight， root length and plant height were greatest in okra seedlings under BR1∶2 LED， stem width and leaf area were greatest in okra seedlings under R LED; （2） Root activity was greatest in okra seedlings under BR1∶2 treatment， followed by B treatment; （3） The concentrations trend of chlorophyll a， chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll under five treatment were the same， the values were greatest in seedlings under BR1∶2 light， followed by B treatment， and smallest in seedlings under R light; （4） The concentration of soluble sugar and sucrose were greatest in seedlings under BR1∶2 treatment， and the concentration of starch was greatest in seedlings under R treatment; （5） Stomatal areas on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaves were greatest in seedlings grown under BR1∶2 LED， followed by those grown under B LED， and smallest in seedlings grown under Y light; Stomatal frequencies on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaves were greatest in seedlings grown under BR1∶2 light， followed by those grown under R， and smallest in seedlings grown under FL. So the growth and physiological index of okra seedlings were promoted under BR1∶2 light. BR1∶2 was the suitable light for okra seedling growth and could be used as a priority light for okra culture system. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influences of different substrates on tomato rhizospheric microbial communities， enzyme activities and seedling growth CHENG Liqiao1， FU Qinglin2，*， JIN Yi1， WU Yunfeng1 2016, 28(6):  973.  Abstract ( 419 )   PDF (620KB) ( 1482 )   In the present study， several compound nursery substrates composed of vermiculite， slag， fine sand， perlite and peat in different combinations and ratios were selected for raising tomato seedlings in 72hole seedpans. It was shown that the substrate composed of peat， slag and vermiculite at the volume ratio 1∶1∶1 was suitable for tomato seedling growth. The rhizospheric microbial biomass and enzyme activity in tomato seedlings cultured in this substrate was increased compared to those seedlings cultured in control substrate， which was composed of peat and vermiculite at the volume ratio 2∶1. The increase of rhizospheric microorganisms and enzyme activities could promote tomato seedling growth. Consequently， the stem diameter， plant height， dry matter accumulation of seedlings in the above substrate were the biggest among all the tested substrates. In conclusion， the substrate composed of peat， slag and vermiculite at the volume ratio of 1∶1∶1 was beneficial for industrial seedling of tomato. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of different duration of supplemental illumination on growth of melon in sunlight greenhouse QI Juanxia， WEI Feng， DONG Yan， ZHANG Yahong* 2016, 28(6):  979.  Abstract ( 397 )   PDF (489KB) ( 1472 )   LED plant growth lights were used as supplemental illumination material in this study. The effect of different duration of supplemental illumination on the growth of melon was investigated by using a single factor of completely randomized block experimental design. The results showed that in the whole growth period of the test， the VC content was the highest in the treatment of supplemental illumination for 1 hour; the plant height and fruit longitudinal growth were greatly promoted with the highest soluble solid content in the treatment of supplemental illumination for 3 hours; after supplemental illumination for 5 hours， the stem diameter was promoted， the plant fresh and dry weight were significantly affected， soluble sugar content and sugar acid ratio were the highest; the yield was the highest in the treatment of supplemental illumination for 7 hours. When the light was added for 7 hours at seedling stage， 5 hours at the vine elongation stage， and 1 hour at fruiting stage， the growth and quality of melon was the best. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cryopreservation of Jiangxi yam shoottip by encapsulationvitrification and its detection of genetic stability YIN Minghua， XU Zhijian， ZHANG Shengqin， LYU Sijie， ZENG Yanhong， FU Youzhang， XIA Jinhua， HONG Senrong* 2016, 28(6):  984.  Abstract ( 357 )   PDF (1737KB) ( 1410 )   In this paper， cryopreservation procedure of Guangfeng medicinal yam shoottip by encapsulationvitrification would be optimized by the method of plant tissue culture， and the genetic stability of regenerated plantlets after cryopreservation would be tested with AFLP molecular markers and flow cytometry methods. At the same time， this cryopreservation procedure by encapsulationvitrification would be applied to other local varieties of Jiangxi yam， in order to lay the theoretical and technical foundation for longterm conservation of genus Dioscorea germplasm. The results showed that: The better preculture time of Guangfeng medicinal yam shoottips was 5 d， the better sucrose concentration in preculture medium was 075 mol·L-1; The better loading time was 40 min; The better dehydration temperature was 0 ℃， the better dehydration time was 60 min; 7day dark culture could significantly improve the survival rate of shoottips after cryopreservation. At last， the genetic stability of regenerated plants was detected by AFLP molecular marker and flow cytometry （FCM）， and no abnormal bands and chromosome ploidy changes were found. At the same time， no significant variation of stomatal parameters of leaves was observed. The cryopreservation technique was used in other genotypes of Jiangxi yam， the survival rate was about 40%-85%. Therefore， cryopreservation procedure by encapsulationvitrification could guarantee the genetic stability of Jiangxi yam germplasm resources. The results of this study provided a certain technical support for the establishment of cryopreservation bank of Jiangxi yam germplasm resources. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities in Houttuynia cordata LIU Zejing， XUE Shengling， XIA Xue， TIAN Yuxiao， ZHANG Fen， CHEN Qing， TANG Haoru， SUN Bo* 2016, 28(6):  992.  Abstract ( 385 )   PDF (823KB) ( 1466 )   In order to understand the nutritional values of Houttuynia cordata， the CIE color values， bioactive compounds contents and antioxidant capacities among different organs （leaves， stems and rhizomes） in Houttuynia cordata were investigated in the present study. The results showed that significant differences were found among different tissues. The adaxial leaf surface and stems owned lower a* value and higher b* value， while the abaxial leaf surface was on the contrary， and the rhizomes had the highest L* value. The levels of chlorophyll， carotenoids， vitamin C， anthocyanins， proanthocyanidins， flavonoids， total phenolics and antioxidant capacities were followed as the trends of leaves> stems > rhizomes. Moreover， significant or extremely significant(P<005) positive correlations were found between antioxidant capacities and each bioactive compound. In addition， all the correlation coefficients associated with FRAP were higher than the corresponding values with ABTS， except proanthocyanidins. Then the levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities were compared between Houttuynia cordata with eight kinds of common vegetables. The results showed that Houttuynia cordata， especially leaves， contained more abundant bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity， indicating Houttuynia cordata has great potential for development of functional vegetable. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of genetic characteristics in tea line Lizaoxiang based on ISSR markers PAN Jianyi1， CHENG Hao2，*， WANG Liyuan2， MA Junhui1 2016, 28(6):  999.  Abstract ( 570 )   PDF (753KB) ( 1402 )   Lizaoxiang is a tea line bred in Lishui City， Zhejiang Province， whose genetic characteristics and diversity with other tea cultivars were the important basis for the examination of new varieties. The local major tea cultivars such as Jiaming No.1（Wuniuzao）， Yingshuang， Longjing 43 and Jiukeng were selected as experimental materials， and the total DNA of 6 materials including the above four cultivars and Lizaoxiang（mountain land type and field land type）were extracted using improved CTAB method and the genetic diversity and relationship of Lizaoxiang were analyzed using intersimple sequence repeat （ISSR） markers. The results indicated that Lizaoxiang is a stable tea line without variation in DNA profiles in different cultivation environment. Phylogenetic relationships revealed that Lizaoxiang was closest to Jiaming No.1 （Wuniuzao） but farthest from Longjing 43， while Yingshuang and Jiukeng were in between. Related Articles | Metrics

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Variations of net ecosystem carbon exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Phyllostachys edulis forest in Anji GONG Shasha1， JIANG Hong1，2，*， MA Jinli1， SHU Haiyan3， CHEN Xiaofeng1 2016, 28(6):  1003.  Abstract ( 368 )   PDF (1179KB) ( 1400 )   CO2 fluxes of Phyllostachys edulis ecosystem in Anji was 24 hours observationed using an eddy covariance method. Meanwhile， the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Phyllostachys edulis under the framework of CO2 fluxes were measured by PAM2500 chlorophyll fluorometer. The diurnal variations and monthly variation of net ecosystem carbon exchange （NEE） and the variations of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were analyzed. The results showed that the monthly NEE was always negative in 6∶00—7∶00， positive in 17∶00—18∶00， indicating that Phyllostachys edulis assimilated CO2 in daytime. The highest NEE in the numerical value was autumn （September， October， November） > spring （March， April， May） > winter （December， January， February）， which showed that the NEE had obvious seasonal characteristics. The monthly variation range of NEE value was-25.563 3-85.531 2 gC·m-2·month-1， with the minimum in January. The maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem Ⅱ （Fv/Fm） showed the trend of down after rise， the values from December to March were significantly lower than those of the normal levels （P<0.05）. It illustrated that Phyllostachys edulis was stressed and photochemical efficiency（ФPSⅡ） was decreased in that three months. Fv/Fo was the same as Fv/Fm. Photochemical quenching coefficient （qP） gradually decreased from October to March then rose. On the contrary， nonphotochemical quenching coefficient （qN） gradually rose then decreased. The study showed that low temperature stress reduced the proportion of light energy which used for photochemical electron transport， and decreased the photosynthetic carbon assimilation of Phyllostachys edulis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation and application of landscape plants in Tibet LIU ZhiNeng1， XU Jin1， ZHANG Hongfeng1， PAN Gang1， FANG Jiangping2， WANG Wei1， ZHOU Peng1，* 2016, 28(6):  1009.  Abstract ( 352 )   PDF (1300KB) ( 1452 )   To figure out current landscaping of Tibet， analyze local garden landscaping quantitatively， and solve greening problems， this paper adopted “fivepoint sampling method” for the stratified survey of garden plant communities， investigated species and application of garden plants in Tibet comprehensively， discussed current situation， characteristics and problems of local landscaping， and proposed corresponding measures. According to the investigation， （1） There were 368 applied garden plant species （including varieties） of 207 genera， 91 families. （2） In the tree layer， shrub layer and herb layer， Picea likiangensis var. likiangensis， Buxus megistophylla， Poa pratensis had the highest importance value， i.e.， 43.050， 25.128， 45.950; （3） The most applied families in local landscaping were Rosaceae （53）， Salicaceae （23）， Compositae （21）， Leguminosae （20）， Gramineae （19）， Pinaceae （16）， Oleaceae （14）， and Cupressaceae （12）， accounting for 14.40%， 6.25%， 5.71%， 5.43%， 5.16%， 4.35%， 3.80% and 3.26% of the total， respectively. （3） The total landscaping level was poor and uneven. The application of landscaping plants varied greatly among regions， and the garden application was poor. （4） Proportion of garden landscapes was unreasonable. Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of Aphelenchus sp. in continuouscropping strawberry rhizosphere soil from Beijing LI Xingyue1，2， BAI Chunqi3， LIU Qizhi2，*， LI Heqin4， ZHANG Hong1 2016, 28(6):  1018.  Abstract ( 388 )   PDF (2032KB) ( 1412 )   Aphelenchus sp.，a dominant nematode species in Beijing continuouscropping strawberry soil， was identified in present study by morphological and molecular methods. The results showed that its morphology was extremely similar with Aphelenchus avenae Bastian. Besides， the main morphological measurements of Aphelenchus sp. and Aphelenchus avenae Bastian were consistent. On the basis of morphological identification results， combining with ITS rDNA regional sequence amplification results with GenBank registered sequence alignment analysis， it was determined that Aphelenchus sp. was a new strain of Aphelenchus avenae. The identification of Aphelenchus sp. laid a solid foundation for the further study of its biology and ecology characteristics. Since Aphelenchus sp. existed in large numbers in the rhizosphere soil of continuouscropping strawberry， its needed to carry out further research to know whether it have adverse effect on the growth of strawberry or not. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation on insect pests and diseases on export base of blueberry REN Yanling1,TIAN Hong2， WANG Tao2，*， CAI Qiu2， CHEN Xiao2， WANG Xingning2， YU Xiaofei3， LUO Adong2， KE Shaoying2， OU Houding3， HUANG Die2 2016, 28(6):  1025.  Abstract ( 361 )   PDF (600KB) ( 1389 )   In order to understand the damages on export base of blueberry caused by the insect pests and diseases， we carried out a systematic investigation in the main blueberry growing areas in Guizhou Province from 2013 to 2015. Twenty kinds of insect pests and diseases were identified， including 9 diseases and 11 insect pests， among which there were 2 physiological disturbances and 7 infectious diseases. The 2 physiological disturbances were red leaf and chlorosis and 7 infectious diseases were Botrytis cinerea， root rot， powdery mildew， anthracnose， rust disease， canker， crown gall. The 11 harmful insects were fruit fly， scarab（Oxycetonia jucunda Faldermann，Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky，Adoretus tennimaculatus）， aphid（Myzus persicae，Aphis citricola）， mole criket， black cutworm， leaf hopper， longhorn beetle and carpenter moth. Among them， gray mold， scarab and fruit fly caused the most damage.   Related Articles | Metrics

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Real time fluorescent quantitative PCR for detection of Strawberry vein banding virus MIAO Lixiang1， RONG Ningning1，2， ZHANG Yuchao1， YANG Xiaofang1， ZHANG Qin3， ZHANG Huiqin1， JIANG Guihua1，* 2016, 28(6):  1030.  Abstract ( 375 )   PDF (1534KB) ( 1500 )   To develop a highly sensitive and specific realtime quantitative PCR method with SYBR GreenⅠ to quantify Strawberry vein banding virus （SVBV）， a pair of primers which were reported to screen strawberry SVBV samples of different cultivars was synthesized. Positive PCR products were cloned and sequenced by TA clone technology. The sequences were blasted with those in NCBI database and strawberry genome in GDR database. Results showed that the cloned sequences showed high levels of identity with Strawberry vein banding virus sequences. This fragment was cloned using pEASYT5 Zero vector to construct the recombinant plasmid which was used as a standard recombinant plasmid. The reaction system was optimized. The sensitivity and repeatability were evaluated. Leaves of strawberry plants were detected by the SYBR GreenⅠ real time fluorescent quantitative PCR assay in contrast to the routine PCR method. The results indicated that the realtime PCR assay with a quantitative standard curve of good linearity （R2 =0.999 1） was successfully established. The sensitivity of detection limit could reach 101 copies·μL-1， and it was about 1 000 times of the routine PCR. The realtime PCR assay was evaluated with some strawberry samples collected from field. This method had high sensitivity and stability， and could be used in SVBV infection diagnosis and investigation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Pathogenicity of Alternaria tenuissima HZ-1 to broadleaf weeds and its safety on crops ZHU Hai\|xia， MA Yongqiang, CHENG Liang， GUO Qing\|yun* 2016, 28(6):  1037.  Abstract ( 463 )   PDF (524KB) ( 1397 )   Strain HZ-1 was identified through morphology observation and sequence analysis. The herbicidal activity of HZ-1 against 5 broadleaf weeds was evaluated by the pathogenicity of fermentation broth， and its safety to major crops in Qinghai was tested by pot bioassay. It was shown that strain HZ-1 was identified as Alternaria tenuissima. The fermentation broth of strain HZ-1 exhibited varied pathogenicity to Galium aparine， Cephalanoplos setosum （Willd.） Kitam， Chenopodium album， Malva crispa， Polygonum lapathifolium， and within these 4 species， the pathogenicity to Galium aparine and Chenopodium album was more severe. Strain HZ-1 was safe to major crops except spring rape. In general， strain HZ-1 was candidate of microbial herbicide against broadleaf weeds such as Galium aparine and Chenopodium album. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of organic fertilizer application on accumulation and transfer of heavy metals in vegetablesoil system CHEN Hongjin1， SUN Wanchun2， LIN Hui2， WANG Fei3， WANG Bin4， MA Junwei2，*， FU Jianrong2 2016, 28(6):  1041.  Abstract ( 354 )   PDF (870KB) ( 1442 )   In order to assess the accumulation of major heavy metals in edible parts of vegetable and their transfer in soils at different depths， the present study was carried out in a broccolisword bean continue cropping system by application of chemical fertilizer （CK） and different amounts of chicken manure based organic fertilizer （T1， 3.75 t·hm-2; T2， 7.50 t·hm-2; T3， 15.00 t·hm-2）. It was shown that the application of organic fertilizer had no significant effect on the content of Pb， Cr， As， Hg， Cd in the edible parts of broccoli. However， the content of As and Pb in sword bean was significantly increased under T3 treatment. After longterm application of organic fertilizers， the accumulated Cu， Zn， Pb， Cr and As were mainly distributed in the 0-20 cm soil layer. On the whole， the soil samples collected at the harvest time of sword exhibited a higher content of heavy metals than those collected at the harvest time of broccoli. Cu showed the highest content in the samples， and was followed by Zn， Pb and then Cr and As. Organic fertilizer application mainly affected the content of Cu， Zn and Pb in topsoil （0-20 cm）， but also resulted in an increase of Zn in 20-40 cm soil layer as well as an increase of Cu in 40-60 cm soil layer. There was no obvious increase of As and Cr content in topsoil （0-20 cm）. Organic fertilizer application not only increased As content in topsoil （0-20 cm）， but also increased Cr content both in 0-20 cm and 40-60 cm soil layers. Overall， continuous application of organic fertilizer at a high level elevated the risk of heavy metal pollution in vegetable lands. Related Articles | Metrics

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Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of salt in greenhouse soils under different irrigation frequencies LIU Tao， DU Lei， ZHENG Zicheng*， LI Tingxuan， ZHANG Xizhou 2016, 28(6):  1048.  Abstract ( 354 )   PDF (1029KB) ( 1481 )   In the present study， temporal and spatial variation characteristics of salt in greenhouse soils were explored under different irrigation frequencies （every 5， 10， 15 d） during pepper growth by simulated experiments of soil box in greenhouse. It was shown that the whole monitoring period could be classified into 3 phases based on the changes of soil electrical conductivity （EC）: rapid decrease phase （1-20 d after first irrigation）， slow decrease phase （21-40 d after first irrigation） and stable phase （41-62 d after first irrigation）. In rapid decrease phase and stable phase， EC value in 0-20 cm soil layer decreased as every 5 d > every 10 d > every 15 d. In slow decrease phase， EC value in 0-20 cm soil layer decreased as every 5 d > every 15 d > every 10 d. In both slow decrease phase and stable phase， the smallest salt accumulation in 0-20 cm soil layer was found under the irrigation frequency of every 10 d， indicating a stronger saltleaching effect of this irrigation frequency. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on characteristics of domestic waste in China and its comprehensive treatment technologies: Taking Hangzhou City as an example DONG Yueyong1， ZOU Daoan2， LIU Yinxiu1， YE Bo1 2016, 28(6):  1055.  Abstract ( 369 )   PDF (686KB) ( 1859 )   Based on literatures and case study of Hangzhou， the characteristics of domestic waste in China and corresponding comprehensive treatment technologies were discussed. It was shown that compared with developed countries， kitchen garbage constituted the majority of domestic waste in China， and the proportions of recyclable materials were relatively high. Thus， it was necessary to carry out garbage sorting and recycling. As more than 50% of domestic waste in China were kitchen garbage， the focus of domestic waste treatment should fall upon kitchen garbage. Up to now， the main treatment technologies regarding kitchen garbage included transformation into feed， fermentation to produce biogas， composting and anaerobic fermentation. But， these technologies need to be greatly improved for largescale application. Finally， suggestions were proposed based on the situation of Hangzhou， such as advancing garbage sorting and recycling， developing more feasible waste treatment technologies and making proper policies to promote the comprehensive utilization of domestic waste. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of flow rate on humidity and drying characteristics in microwave drying process HUI Ju1， LI Zhenfeng1，2，*,LI Jing1，2， XU Wanxiu1 2016, 28(6):  1061.  Abstract ( 436 )   PDF (1164KB) ( 1440 )   The effect of flow rate on humidity， drying rate and product quality in microwave drying process was studied under 5 kinds of safe flow rates and 4 types of varying flow rates. The results showed that the flow rate had a significant effect on humidity， drying rate and product quality. The smaller the flow rate was， the higher the humidity was， but the lower the drying rate was， and the product quality was relatively better. Under varying flow rates， the results need to be discussed separately. If the flow rate was increased， the curve of the drying rate was affected obviously， especially in the early and middle stages. If the flow rate was decreased， the humidity would go up obviously or keep stable. In addition， the drying rate would slightly go down， but the effect was not obvious. The quality of carrots was the best when the flow rate was increased stepwise， in which the drying rate was low in the early stage and then rose up stepwise in the middle stage. Besides， the experiments also showed a relationship between the humidity and drying rate. If the flow rate was safe， the humidity was determined by the drying rate. Two curves of humidity and drying rate rose up or fall down synchronously. Under varying flow rates， the humidity and drying rate no longer varied synchronously， and the humidity depended on the combined effect of flow rate and drying rate. Related Articles | Metrics

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Machine vision based segmentation algorithm for rice seedling YUAN Jiahong1， ZHU Dequan1，2，*， SUN Bingyu3， SUN Lei1， WU Liquan2，4， SONG Yu1， JIANG Rui1 2016, 28(6):  1069.  Abstract ( 391 )   PDF (2200KB) ( 1485 )   The recognition of rice seedling is one of the significant parts of autonomous guidance for rice transplanting. Considering the segmentation of seedlings and remainder based on machine vision system， a simple dichromatic reflection model was established in RGB color space， which represented that the seedling could be recognized by using its color feature. The values of R， G， B components of seedlings and remainder were obtained in Photoshop software respectively and analyzed statistically in order to get the relation between them. In order to simplify the computing process， the weight values of a and b were set as 05， ExG index and Otsu method （ExG+Otsu method） which could obtain the optimal threshold were combined to distinguish the seedlings and remainder well. The RGB method and previous ExG+Otsu method were carried out to compare their performance intuitively. Their comprehensive performance was evaluated with segmentation quality factor and time consuming. The results have proved that the latter for segmenting was more efficient， highly stable and timesaving. Related Articles | Metrics

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Agricultural remote sensing image enhancement based on firefly algorithm GUO Hongshan，ZHANG Huining 2016, 28(6):  1076.  Abstract ( 296 )   PDF (1634KB) ( 1583 )   Agricultural remote sensing image enhancement is advantageous to extraction and analysis of image information. Firefly algorithm is new intelligent bionic algorithm in recent years. Domestic and foreign research on whether it can be used for agricultural remote sensing image enhancement has not been reported at present. Firstly， incomplete Beta function was used to establish agricultural remote sensing image enhancement model， which was combined with human minimum gray level resolution function for image detail enhancement， each input interval of the pixel gray value was transformed to the appropriate output gray scale interval， and generated image contrast equalization. Secondly， difference operation was updated in the dynamic decision domain radius based on firefly algorithm. Finally， the convergence condition of the optimal parameter was determined， and the algorithm flow was given. The experimental simulation results showed that the agricultural remote sensing image enhancement based on firefly algorithm data was better than histogram algorithm， Retinex algorithm， wavelet transform， fuzzy clustering algorithm about enhancement measure evaluation， phase congruency and universal image quality index， so that it can be used for agricultural remote sensing image enhancement. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on appearance quality classification based on detection of the striples of red jujube in Southern Xinjiang ZHANG Lingtong， LI Shouning， SUN Sanmin* 2016, 28(6):  1089.  Abstract ( 323 )   PDF (1480KB) ( 1401 )   Red jujube grading technology was mainly relied on artificial classification， which caused the low production efficiency and classification precision. With the development of nondestructive testing technology， computer technique was used to realize automatic classification of red jujube， which has become the best realization method. This paper took the external quality characteristics of red jujube as the research object， to explore the characteristic parameters acquisition and classification method for the external quality of red jujube， using the digital image processing technology based on MATLAB. Images were preprocessed and the image feature was extracted by using gray scale. The experimental results showed that this method can realize the collection of red jujube external characteristic parameters， thus realize the texture classification for Xinjiang red jujube， which has practical application value and guiding significance for the future appearance quality comprehensive classification of the red jujube based on machine vision. Related Articles | Metrics