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25 May 2016, Volume 28 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Construction of a chemicalinducible expression vector of AtROS1 and its transient expression in tobacco CHANG Yingying， LIANG Lixiong， GAO Yanan， WANG Yanbo， DING Changjun， SU Xiaohua， ZHANG Bingyu* 2016, 28(5):  717.  Abstract ( 416 )   PDF (1295KB) ( 1435 )   Plant demethylase ROS1 was an important factor in epigenetic regulation. It could activate the expression of genes and was closely related to the processes of plant development and various stress responses. In this study， AtROS1 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana was used as the target gene， and ‘digestionligation method was applied for constructing plant expression vector pER8ROS1 which could be induced by 17βestradiol. Then the vector was transferred to Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404， and the inducible expression characteristics were verified by the transient expression system of Nicotiana tabacum. The results of qPCR showed that 17βestradiol could effectively induce the expression of the target gene in pER8ROS1 and the optimal concentration of 17βestradiol was 50 to 100 μmol·L-1. The expression level of ROS1 gene gradually increased and reached the highest level at 12 h. The construction of pER8ROS1 laid a good foundation for the epigenetic mechanism study in plant environmental stress. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of seeding date on rice quality of conventional photosensitive japonica rice in Zhejiang Province YU Peng 1， 2， WANG Junmei 1， 2， YE Shenghai 2， ZHAI Rongrong 2， ZHU Guofu 2， JIN Qingsheng 2， ZHANG Xiaoming 2， * 2016, 28(5):  724.  Abstract ( 364 )   PDF (667KB) ( 1550 )    In order to reveal the effects of different seeding dates on rice quality of conventional photosensitive japonica rice varieties in Zhejiang Province， 16 conventional photosensitive japonica rice varieties were used as materials and seeded on 29th May， 28th June， 13th July in 2013. The results showed that the optimum seeding time for brown rice rate， milled rice rate， head rice rate and gel consistency of most varieties was 28th June; Amylose content increased with the postpone of sowing date， Gel consistency and amino acid content firstly rised then declined. In general， late sowing could get better quality. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on kernel hardness and starch pasting properties in common wheat ZHANG Qiqi， WAN Yingxiu， CAO Wenxin， LI Yan， ZHANG Pingzhi* 2016, 28(5):  731.  Abstract ( 457 )   PDF (440KB) ( 1424 )   In order to know the distribution of kernel hardness and starch pasting properties in common wheat， 422 varieties （or lines） were planted in two years and the quality traits were tested. The results showed that there were 107 hard varieties （or lines）， 114 soft varieties （or lines）， and 201 mixed varieties （or lines）. Breakdown and low viscosity showed relatively significant differences among varieties; while peak time had the smallest variable coefficient. Except breakdown， variable coefficients of different parameters of hard wheat were all smaller than those of soft wheat. The mean values of peak viscosity， low viscosity， breakdown and pasting temperature of soft wheat were all higher than those of hard wheat， but the final viscosity， setback and peak time were slightly lower than those of hard wheat. Correlation analysis of RVA parameters showed that peak time had extremely significant negative correlation with breakdown; pasting temperature had extremely significant negative correlation with hardness index， final viscosity and setback; hardness index showed extremely significant negative correlation with breakdown and pasting temperature. Among the experimental materials， 38 varieties were selected， whose peak viscosity was higher than 3 000 CP， breakdown was higher than 1 000 CP and setback was higher than breakdown. These varieties were suitable for making highquality noodles. Related Articles | Metrics

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Studies on transformation and distribution rules of quinolones in Partridge chicken LIU Aichun1， LIU Chao1， ZHAO Yun1， CHEN Xiaohui2 2016, 28(5):  736.  Abstract ( 312 )   PDF (1226KB) ( 1382 )   The Partridge chickens whose eggs were quinoiones （QNs） negative tested by the immune colloidal gold rapid detection were used as the experimental materials. The chickens were injected twice each day for two consecutive days with 5 mg·kg-1 ciprofloxacin， 5 mg·kg-1 enrofloxacin and 10 mg·kg-1 norfloxacin， respectively. LCMS/MS analysis was performed to detect the residues of twelve quinoiones in muscle， liver， blood and follicles. The results showed that each drug could be converted into six or more QNs drugs in chicken. Moreover， the residual amount of QNs varied in different tissues. The QNs residues in muscle and blood were lower and had faster metabolic rate （the residues were less than 19 μg·kg-1 at the 9th withdrawal day） than those of other tissues， while the residual amount of QNs were higher in liver and follicles. The ciprofloxacin， norfloxacin and their transformation products were enriched in liver， and the norfloxacin metabolism rate in liver was slow （the residue of QNs was 1 7737 μg·kg-1 at the 9th withdrawal day）. The enrofloxacin in chickens was rapidly converted into other QNs， which was highly enriched in follicles. The conversion rate of enrofloxacin was up to 100% in liver， blood and follicles at the 48th withdrawal hour after injection with enrofloxacin. The residues of QNs in follicles was up to 8 3273 μg·kg-1. Therefore， the use of enrofloxacin in layers might result in large amounts of QNs residues in eggs. Related Articles | Metrics

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Transcriptome analysis of abdominal fats from Peking ducks by RNAseq CHEN Li， LI Guoqin， TIAN Yong， SHEN Junda， TAO Zhengrong， XU Jian， ZENG Tao， LU Lizhi* 2016, 28(5):  743.  Abstract ( 390 )   PDF (770KB) ( 1423 )   Although the duck genome sequence has been released， its genomic structure， especially its transcriptome characterization needs to be further studied. This study characterized the transcriptome of abdominal fat in ducks by using RNAseq. In total， 203 200 984 clean reads were obtained， and 18 464 genes were identified to be expressed in abdominal fat， among which 96.9% genes RPKM values were lower than 1 000. 15 070 genes had alternative splicing （AS）， and the splicing times were 35 913. Intron retention was found to be the rarest AS type， while alternative first exons， alternative last exons and skipped exon were the three major types， with the proportions of 45.92%， 43.67% and 6.23%， respectively. Using these transcriptome data， 229 276 SNPs were called， among which transitions were the main type， accounting for 73.28% of all the SNPs. Gene ontology(GO) annotation analysis revealed that genes including these SNPs took part in numerous functions belonging to the three categories of cellular component， molecular function， and biological process， and further kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG) pathway analysis showed that most of these genes were related to cancer， immune system， and endocrine system， suggesting that the adipose tissue was an important immune and endocrine tissue， as well as an energy store tissue. These data could enlarge the genetic information of ducks. The numerous SNPs identified in this study would contribute to the molecular breeding and help in mapping the genes associated with important economic traits. The SNPs related with cancers and immune systems would serve as useful markers in related studies. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of monoclonal antibodies against Gly m Bd 28K and identification of their immunological properties YAN Huili， XI Jun*， GAO Xuemei， HE Mengxue， CHEN Zhe， LU Qiyu 2016, 28(5):  748.  Abstract ( 326 )   PDF (643KB) ( 1387 )   To establish hybridoma cell lines that secreted antiGly m Bd 28K monoclonal antibodies， Gly m Bd 28K protein was used to immunize BALB/c mouse， whose spleen was removed for cell fusion. Two hybridoma cell lines that stably secreted antiGly m Bd 28K monoclonal antibodies were screened and then were injected into BALB/c mice to prepare monoclonal antibodies. After purification of monoclonal antibody， two strains of cell lines were identified for IgG1， named as mAb1E3 and mAb2F4. Indirect ELISA was used to detect the immunological properties of mAb1E3. The titer of mAb1E3 was 1∶4 10×105， and the IC50 of mAb1E3 to Gly m Bd 28K was 23.99 μg·L-1. The ratios of crossreactivity of mAb1E3 with peanut protein， sesame protein， walnut protein and wheat glutenin were less than 0.1%. We successfully prepared the antiGly m Bd 28K monoclonal antibodies possessed high sensitivity and specificity. This study provided a basis for the detection of Gly m Bd 28K allergen and the identification of epitopes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on synergistic toxicity of phthalic acid esters chemicals in male mice GE Jian， HU Huajun*， LIN Fang， WU Yihang， DENG Tongle， ZHANG Yongyong 2016, 28(5):  753.  Abstract ( 370 )   PDF (988KB) ( 1368 )   In order to explore the synergistic toxicity of phthalate acid esters （PAEs）， the bone marrow micronucleus formation， sperm deformity， liver and testis damage were carefully observed and determined on male mice， which were exposed to mixed PAEs chemicals with different levels of dose （40， 400， 4 000 mg·kg-1） and single dibutyl phthalate （DBP） with the same doses （40， 400， 4 000 mg·kg-1）. It was shown that the bone marrow micronucleus formation rate and sperm deformity rate were obviously higher in the mixed group with highdose （4 000 mg·kg-1） PAEs than those in the single DBP treatment. Besides， the damage of liver and testis was also higher in the mixed group with moderatedose （400 mg·kg-1） PAEs than that in the single DBP treatment after 30 d. As mentioned above， the mixed PAEs exhibited more severe toxic effects than single DBP treatment， which suggested that there might be certain synergistic effect among PAEs chemicals. Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation， identification and biological characteristics analysis of Streptococcus parauberis REN Meishen1，2， WANG Yin1，2，*， YANG Zexiao1， YAO Xueping1， WU Xulong1，2， XIAO Lu1，2 2016, 28(5):  758.  Abstract ( 468 )   PDF (608KB) ( 1420 )   One strain of Streptococcus parauberis was isolated from a large scale pig farm in Sichuan Province. In this study， gram staining， culture characteristics， biochemical tests， antibiotic sensitivity tests， and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis were used to identify the strain characteristics and resistance to drugs. The results of the 16S rRNA sequencing of the isolated strain showed 99% homology with Streptococcus parauberis. The colonies of the isolated strain on TSA agar appeared to be smooth， circular and translucent and had βhemolysis on blood agar. The LD50 of isolated strain to mice was 206×107 cfu per mouse. The antibiotic sensitivity experiment showed that it was sensitive to cephalosporin antibiotics but insensitive to quinolone， tetracycline and aminoglycoside antibiotics. This study laid a foundation in clinical diagnosis， disease prevention and drug treatment for associate streptococcus disease. Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation study on the physicalchemical characters of substrates and mycelium nutritionreproductive growth of Pleurotus pulmonarius CHEN Qing1， CHEN Zaiming2，*， QIAN Qiongqiu2，YU Weiliang3，ZHENG Minghai3，WANG Song4， SHUI Diyun4 2016, 28(5):  763.  Abstract ( 395 )   PDF (739KB) ( 1345 )   In order to explore the impact of substrates on Pleurotus pulmonariuss yield and quality， different treatments of substrate preparation， sterilization and other conditions were set up. The results showed that the physicalchemical characters of substrates which were placed for more than 4 hours after bagging would deteriorate， and had a negative impact on mycelia and fructification growth. After sterilization under atmospheric pressure for 1， 2， 3， 4 and 5 times， the bulk density and electrical conductivity （EC） index of substrates increased， but the aeration porosity， moisture content and pH value decreased according to the increasing sterilization times. And the time of full bags of hyphae were 42， 49，56，63 and 70 d， respectively. The biological conversion were 52.26%， 45.85%， 45.19%， 40.10% and 40.91%， respectively， which indicated that the number of sterilization times had a negative effects on hyphae nutrition and reproductive growth. It can be concluded that substrates can maintain good physical and chemical properties and were beneficial for highquality and highyield of Pleurotus pulmonarius when they were sterilized under atmospheric pressure at 4 h after bagging， at 100 ℃ for 10 h. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different rootstocks on photosynthetic characteristics， activities and gene expression of key enzymes of photosynthesis in Huangguogan LIAO Ling1， CAO Shuyan1， RONG Yi1，GU Xianjie1， LI Qingnan1， YE Shuang1， QIU Xia1， WANG Zhihui1，2，* 2016, 28(5):  769.  Abstract ( 371 )   PDF (772KB) ( 1470 )   In order to understand the effects of rootstocks on photosynthetic physiology of Huangguogan， trifoliate orange， red tangerine and orange were used as rootstocks，Huangguogan seedling tree was set as the control， the daily variation of parameters and photosynthetic response curves of net photosynthetic rate （Pn）， transpiration rate （Tr）， intercellular CO2 concentration （Ci） and stomatal conductance （Gs）， contant of ribulose 1，5biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase （Rubisco） and Rubisco activase， and the expression of rbcS， rbcL and rca genes were determined and compared in fruit mature period. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate curve showed a double peak type with a photosynthetic noon break， net photosynthetic rate of three kinds of grafted trees were higher than the seedling trees; the diurnal variation of transpiration rate showed a single peak type， and the diurnal changes of water use efficiency were double peak type. In addition， the leaves with orange rootstock showed higher carboxylase activity of Rubisco and net photosynthetic rate and higher expression levels of rbc and rca genes than those others. Comprehensive comparative analysis showed that the orange rootstock was suitable as rootstock for Huangguogan. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of exogenous NO on plant growth and resistant characteristics of bitter melon seedlings under lowtemperature stress DU Zhuotao1， YANG Yan2， ZHU Guopeng1， TIAN Libo1，*， SHANG Sang1，* 2016, 28(5):  776.  Abstract ( 316 )   PDF (862KB) ( 1377 )   For exploring the internal mechanism of exogenous NO in improving the cold resistance of bitter melon， in this experiment， the variety of Bilv was taken as test material， different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside （SNP） （0， 01， 05， 10， 15 and 20 mmol·L-1） was employed as exogenous nitric oxide （NO） donor to study the effects of different concentrations of exogenous nitric oxide （NO） on the plant growth， relative electrical conductivity， MDA content， proline content and the activities of POD， SOD， CAT of bitter melon seedlings under 8 ℃ lowtemperature stress. The results showed that the treatment of SNP could improve plant height/stem diameter and leaf area/root volume; reduce the relative electrical conductivity and content of MDA; increase proline content and the activities of POD， SOD and CAT of the bitter melon seedlings under lowtemperature stress to reduce the damage caused by lowtemperature. It was also found that the cold resistance effect of treatment with low concentration of SNP was better than that with high concentration， especially the treatment with 05 mmol·L-1 SNP was the best. It indicated that the exogenous NO with proper concentration could promote the plant growth and enhance the bitter melon seedlings adaptability for low temperature stress through improving the activities of defensive enzymes， increasing the osmotic adjustment substance contents， reducing membrane lipid peroxidation and protecting the stability of cell membrane structure. Related Articles | Metrics

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Gene clone， sequence analysis and gene expression of NIN and Sus from Ougan fruit JIN Weiwei， CHEN Gongkai*， ZHU Jianjun， GAO Ailing 2016, 28(5):  782.  Abstract ( 421 )   PDF (1467KB) ( 1425 )   The purpose of this work was to separate NIN and Sus gene from Ougan fruit and analyze expression patterns of both two genes in different tissues at different development stages of fruits， which will provide some basic information for sugar metabolism of Ougan fruit and enrich NIN and Sus study on citrus fruit. Two full length sequences encoding NIN and Sus genes were isolated. They were 1 932 and 2 418 bp in length， respectively， encoding putative proteins of 643 and 805 amino acid. Sequence alignment results showed that both NIN and Sus were highly conserved， and shared more than 70% sequence homology with other plants from NCBI and almost 100% homology with citrus fruit. GenBank accession number for NIN and Sus from Ougan fruit was KF694988 and KF694989， respectively. Relative molecular mass of the putative NIN and Sus protein was 72.18 and 92.19 ku， respectively， and the isoelectric point （pI） was 6.882 and 6.051， respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that putative NIN protein belonged to Group α， which might localize in plastid， and putative Sus protein belongs to Sus Ⅰ. Results of realtime quantitative PCR showed that the mRNA level of both two genes accumulated highly in stem， then leaf， peel and flesh in descending order. The transcription level of NIN in peel was higher than that in flesh， while the transcription level of Sus in peel was relative to that in flesh. At different development stages of fruit， both genes expressed the highest at 120 after full bloom and then maintained at a low level until fruit maturation. The study showed that both NIN and Sus genes expressed with tissuespecificity， and both expressed at a higher level at the immature stage and decreased towards the ripening stage. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of light quality on physiological and biochemical indexes in strawberry leaves under low temperature stress ZHANG Yunting1， SONG Xia1， YE Yuntian1， FENG Chen1， SUN Bo1， WANG Xiaorong2， TANG Haoru1，* 2016, 28(5):  790.  Abstract ( 401 )   PDF (942KB) ( 1462 )   To study the effects of light quality on resistant index in strawberry leaves under low temperature stress， different light qualities including white light， red light， blue light and red and blue mixed light （1∶1） were used to irradiate strawberry seedlings under 4 ℃ for 12， 24， 48 and 72 h. The results showed that white light had an advantage of improving SOD， CAT， POD activities， which could effectively remove ROS and protect cell membranes from oxidation. Yet， white light was not conducive to increase the content of osmolytes. Red light could improve soluble sugar contents， and inhibit the production of MDA. Blue light was helpful to increase proline and soluble protein contents， but not good for the increase in antioxidant enzymes activities and maximum photosynthetic rate. Mixed light （red∶blue=1∶1） had the dual effects of red and blue light. It was concluded that adequate supplies of red， mixed light （red∶blue=1∶1） had a favor to improve resistance of strawberry to low temperature. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of antioxidant activity of the extracts from the fruiting body of brown Agaricus bisporus at different growth stages JIN Qunli， ZHANG Zuofa， FAN Lijun， CAI Weiming* 2016, 28(5):  797.  Abstract ( 338 )   PDF (754KB) ( 1382 )   In order to ascertain difference in antioxidant activity of the extracts from the fruiting body of brown Agaricus bisporus at different growth stages， the total polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of the fruiting body at four growth stages including Ayoung mushroom period， Bnormal harvest period， Copen veil period and Dspore matured period were comprehensively compared. The results indicated that there were significant differences in total polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities among the four growth stages. Extracts from growth stage B demonstrated the highest total polyphenol contents and the best antioxidant activities. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the vernacular landscape of ethnic minorities areas in Zhejiang Province: the case of traditional She People settlement landscape around Chimu Mountain in Jingning County REN Wei， ZHANG Xuewei， QIAN Yun， LIU Tong* 2016, 28(5):  802.  Abstract ( 322 )   PDF (3005KB) ( 1363 )   In the perspective of landscape architecture， the traditional She People settlement landscape around Chimu Mountain in Jingning She Autonomous County of Lishui， Zhejiang Province was taken as the object of study， the distribution patterns， crop planting and economic change of the Jingning She People was analyzed on the basis of brief introduction of related natural conditions as well as economic and social development. Dazhangkeng village and Dongnong village were chosen as two examples of typical traditional She People settlements， and the landscape structure， settlement pattern and land use patterns were explored to discover and summarize the spatial structural characteristics and core elements of their vernacular landscape through the way of field research. It provides basic materials for the protection， utilization and development of local vernacular landscape. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of mineral elements on growth of Camellia oleifera seedlings under hydroponics culture CAO Yongqing， YAO Xiaohua*， YAN Jiangqin 2016, 28(5):  810.  Abstract ( 250 )   PDF (496KB) ( 1427 )    In order to clarify the effect of different mineral elements level on growth of Camellia oleifera seedlings， the hydroponics culture system for Camellia oleifera seedlings was established and the leaves number， SPAD value， biomass， root ratio and mineral elements content were determined. The results showed that both the mineral elements deficiency and overdoes could affect the root growth and biomass accumulation apparently. The K（-） treatment influenced the seedlings growth apparently and dramatically decreased the biomass and SPAD value. And the imbalance of P nutrition decreased the rootshoot ratio （21.06%） and root ratio （17.40%） significantly. The dry matter accumulation of stems and leaves were mainly affected by Mn and Zn nutrition. The Mn（-） treated seedlings showed the lowest stems ratio (21.23%) and the Zn（-） treated seedlings showed the lowest leaves ratio (36.58%). In addition， the deficiency or overdose of macroelements N, P, K not only affected the macroelements absorption but also influenced the microelements absorption including Mg， Zn， Mn and B. And the deficiency of Mn and Zn restrained the absorption of N， P and K. Overall， the balancing fertilization of macroelements N， P， K and microelements Mn and Zn should be taken seriously during cultivation of Camellia oleifera seedlings. Related Articles | Metrics

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Resistance to corn aphid （Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch） of different corn varieties （lines） and its association with predator ladybirds in controlling aphid population ZHANG Yangan 1， HUANG Ji 1， SHI Weidi 1， WANG Biyuan 1， JIA Yongchao 1， 2， YU Tian 1， LI Qiang1，* 2016, 28(5):  815.  Abstract ( 529 )   PDF (524KB) ( 1357 )    The dynamics of corn aphid （Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch） and predator ladybirds in 26 corn varieties （lines） were systematically investigated in Zhaotong， Yunnan Province， to compare their resistance to aphid among varieties in corn field by using the methods of aphid number ratio， and to study the relationship between resistance and the population ratio of ladybirds to aphid in different corn varieties. The results indicated that there were 9 highly resistant varieties （Ludan 15， Shengyu 6， Yunrui 62， Jingdan 11， Yunrui 339， Yunrui 407， Yunrui 668， Yunrui 89， Yunrui 7）， 6 resistant varieties （Yunrui 392， Yunrui 222， Linyu 9， Yunrui 999， Yunrui 10， Yunrui 505）， 1 moderately resistant varieties （Zhenhe 99）， 4 susceptible varieties （Yunrui 666， Zudan 808， Xuanhuangdan 5， Linyu 8）， and 6 highly susceptible varieties ［Linyu 10 （white）， Datian 1， Haiyu 92， Xuanhuangdan 2， Yunrui 108， Shidan 4］. Among the above 26 varieties， the variety with high resistance tended to have high ratio of ladybirds to corn aphid， and a power function was regressed between the ratio value of aphid and the ratio value of ratio of ladybirds to corn aphid， implying an association of resistance of corn with predator ladybirds in controlling aphid population in field. Related Articles | Metrics

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Antagonistic effect of bacterial strains in complex microbial inoculants and the screening of their culture condition WU Ying， HOU Ludan， ZHANG Jie* 2016, 28(5):  820.  Abstract ( 1552 )   PDF (1208KB) ( 1996 )   The antagonistic effects of bacterial strains in complex microbial inoculants and their culture condition were studied by Oxford cup method and liquid fermentation， respectively. The results showed that there were obvious antagonistic effects between different strains， but the antagonism between the strains could be reduced to a minimum by adjusting the ratio. The minimum proportion about antagonistic effect of strains was Lactobacillus acidophilus∶Saccharomyces cerevisiae∶Bacillus subtilis∶Bacillus licheniformis∶Paenibacillus mucilaginosus∶Bacillus cereus∶Bacillus amyloliquefaciens∶Aspergillus niger∶Aspergillus oryzae∶Streptomyces microflavus=6∶3∶2∶2∶6∶2∶2∶3∶2∶2; The first medium composition was selected as the optimal culture medium， pH value was 6.5. Finally， the adding order of these strains was determined according the habits， growing environment and fast live bacteria counting results， the adding order was: Lactobacillus acidophilus → Saccharomyces cerevisiae → Bacillus subtilis → Bacillus licheniformis → Paenibacillus mucilaginosus → Bacillus cereus → Bacillus amyloliquefaciens → Streptomyces microflavus → Aspergillus niger → Aspergillus oryzae. Related Articles | Metrics

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Functional analysis of Rho protein family during the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungusplant symbiosis HAN Yachao1，2，ZHAO Bin2，* 2016, 28(5):  828.  Abstract ( 389 )   PDF (2208KB) ( 1366 )    Rho protein family， a core member of the Ras superfamily in eukaryotes， contains the highly conserved GTPases domain. Three small Rho proteins were isolated from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198 through homolog research and RACE PCR strategies. Using real time qPCR method， the transcription profiles of the three genes during presymbiotic and symbiotic stages were analyzed. To further study the roles of RiRho1 and RiCDC42 genes, complementary experiments were carried out in yeast Ts mutant and fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae ΔMgCDC42. The results indicated that RiRho1， RiRac1 and RiCDC42 proteins were highly similar to Rho proteins in M. oryzae. RiRho1 was highly induced in germination spores， whereas its transcripts were lower during the AM symbiosis. In contrast， expressions of RiRac1 and RiCDC42 were significantly higher at symbiotic stages than that in presymbiotic stage. RiRho and RiCDC42 can partially rescue the yeast mutant. Furthermore， the RiCDC42 was able to rescue the phenotype of the M. oryzae CDC42 mutant. However， the mutant expressing RiCDC42 gene did not generate the melanin. The roles RiRac1 and RiCDC42 played were further confirmed by host induced gene silence （HIGS）. Taken as a whole， the above data and results suggested that the Rho protein may play important roles during the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of corn straw returning on soil organic carbon content， microbial functional diversity and cabbage yield SHAO Yangfeng1， MEI Hongfei1， PAN zhongchao1， LIU Huan2， WANG Chaoqi2 2016, 28(5):  838.  Abstract ( 404 )   PDF (687KB) ( 1377 )   A field trail with a random block design was carried out in cabbage field with three replicates.There were total four treatments: JG1 （low usage of straw returning， 7 500 kg·hm-2）， JG2（medium usage of straw returning， 11 250 kg·hm-2）， JG3（high usage of straw returning， 22 500 kg·hm-2） and nonstraw returning（the control）. We compared the difference of soil carbon and microbial community functional diversity among different treatments. The result showed that compared with the control， straw returning could significantly enhance the contents of soil microbial biomass carbon （MBC） and watersoluble organic carbon （WSOC）， with 127.0%-147.7% and 54.1%-69.4%， respectively. Soil microbial activity （AWCD） values， the microbial diversity indexes （H） and evenness index（E）in the treatments of medium and high usage of straw returning were much higher than that of the control （P<0.05）， the cabbage yield were increased by 16.6% and 11.1%，respectively. In a word， corn straw returning is an effective soil management practice for improvement of soil quality. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of influence factors on water and salt movement under indirect subsurface drip irrigation AN Qiaoxia， SUN Sanmin*， XU Rong， GU Kaikai， ZHAO Jinghao， MA Jinyang， CAI Hong 2016, 28(5):  843.  Abstract ( 328 )   PDF (464KB) ( 1378 )   To study the influence of different factors on salt and water movement under indirect subsurface drip irrigation， the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different dripper discharge and irrigation quantity and waterconducting device diameter on water salt distribution in root zone by analysis of variance. It was shown that the increase of dripper discharge and decrease of waterconducting device diameter could increase soil moisture content. Large irrigation quantity with small dripper discharge would increase the depth of water downward migration. The increase of irrigation quantity would significantly increase moisture content in main root zone. The influences of waterconducting device diameter and dripper discharge were more significant on lateral migration than that of irrigation water. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on composting effect of sewage sludge and green plant wastes WU Yang1，YU Xuliang1，XU Lezhong1，2，*，MEI Juan1 2016, 28(5):  847.  Abstract ( 390 )   PDF (708KB) ( 1395 )   In order to promote the reduction and resource utilization of organic wastes in city， the composting effects with different proportions of sewage sludge and green plant wastes were studied. It was shown that different proportions of sewage sludge and green plant wastes significantly influenced composting effects. Compared with the treatments with ratios of 2∶3 and 3∶3， the treatment with ratios of 4.5∶3 in sewage sludge and green plant wastes promoted the temperature advancements， increased the maximum temperature and prolonged the high temperature period. Dissolved organic carbon and organic matter decreased in composting， and the degradation of treatments with ratios of 4.5∶3 and 6∶3 was significantly higher than those of 2∶3 and 3∶3. The relative content of total nitrogen accumulated after composting， and the accumulation of treatments with ratios of 4.5∶3 and 6∶3 were significantly higher than those of 2∶3 and 3∶3. However， the loss amount of absolute nitrogen in former treatments was higher than those of 2∶3 and 3∶3. Thus， the treatment with ratio of 4.5∶3 in sewage sludge and green plant wastes was suggested for the composting to maximize the treatment amount of both kinds of wastes and to get better composting effects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different coconut coir ratios on growth of Brazil banana DING Zheli， WANG Bizun， JIN Zhiqiang， HAN Lina， DAI Minjie， HE Yingdui* 2016, 28(5):  853.  Abstract ( 294 )   PDF (651KB) ( 1348 )   A pot experiment was conducted to provide theoretical and practical basis for the large scale application of different ratios of coconut coir and red soil on growth of Brazil banana plantlets. It was shown that application of certain proportion of coconut coir into red soil could significantly improve physical and chemical properties of culture medium and improve the growth of banana plantlets. Application of high proportion of coconut coir into red soil could significantly improve the photosynthetic efficiency， plant height， root length， root surface area， root projection area， root volume， total root tip， branching and crossing numbers. After comprehensive evaluation of agronomic traits and photosynthetic efficiency among 4 culture media， 1∶1 （coconut coir: red soil） volume ratio was found the best for Brazil banana plantlets growth. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of water quality on growth and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Hippuris vulgaris in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve GAO Linan 2016, 28(5):  857.  Abstract ( 315 )   PDF (810KB) ( 1393 )   In summer， we selected a dominant Hippuris vulgaris in Jiuzhaigou to examine biomass， leaf area， diurnal rapid light curves （RLCs） and water quality in three lakes， namely Grass Lake （GL）， Arrow Bamboo Lake （ABL） and Five Colored Lake （FCL）， in order to investigate the effects of water quality on its growth and photosynthetic characteristics. The results showed that there were significant differences in plant height， leaf area and biomass under different lake conditions， and the value of ecological characteristics of ABL were the largest. Submerged Hippuris vulgaris in GL showed a significant diurnal variation in maximum relative electron transport rate （rETRmax） and saturating photon flux （Ek）， but in ABL and FCL， diurnal variation of submerged Hippuris vulgaris appeared to be a marked doublepeak. The daily averages of rETRmax， Ek of submerged Hippuris vulgaris in FCL was significantly greater than that of other two lakes， therefore submerged Hippuris vulgaris in FCL was a plant with a strong photosynthetic capacity for acclimation to high light intensity. By the path analysis between the biomass and water quality and rETRmax， the results showed that biomass was determined by water nitrate （NO-3） content， which was the most important factor， while conductivity was the limiting factor. The determined factor for rETRmax was water temperature， while total hardness was the limiting factor. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of the mutant library of Bacillus subtilis lipaseA gene and study on its transesterification efficiency of biodiesel LI Jing 1，2，TONG Jin 1，2，LUO Mingyin 1，LI Chenwei 1， XIAN Jie 1 2016, 28(5):  864.  Abstract ( 343 )   PDF (672KB) ( 1409 )   The two rounds of errorprone PCR was used to directly evolve Bacillus subtilis lipaseA gene with highthroughput screening of nitrobenzene palmitate （pNPP） in 96pore plate. The results showed that the first round of errorprone PCR had no random mutation. After the second round of errorprone PCR reaction with Mn2+ concentration of 0.2 mmol·L-1， 124 mutant strains were screened. The absorbance value A405 of mutant strain 4B2 was 1.395， which was significantly different from nonmutant strain PET32alipaseA （A405=0448）. Mmutant strain 4B2 lipaseA gene was found to have five mutant nucleotide sites， three of which were synonymous mutations， two were missense mutations with 82 site of asparagine （AAU） changed to tyrosine （UAU） and 143 site of lysine （AAG） changed to threonine （ACG）. The transesterification efficiency of biodiesel of the mutant strain 4B2 was significantly improved contrast to that of nonmutant strain. The former was 79.5% and the latter was 49.72%. These results laid the foundation for the study of the key sites related to lipaseA transesterification activity of Bacillus subtilis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on determination of sulfite in Zizania latifolia by ion chromatography LUO Shuji1，2，3， WANG Fang2，3， CHEN Wenxue1， WANG Wei2，3， HU Guixian2，3， WANG Qiang1，2，3，* 2016, 28(5):  870.  Abstract ( 320 )   PDF (624KB) ( 1511 )   A determination method of sulfite in Zizania latifolia was established based on ion chromatography. The ion chromatographic conditions and pretreatments of sample were optimized. Then， the determination effect of this method was compared with distillation method， which is the national standard. The results indicated that this method has a good linearity in the range of 0.1-10.0 mg·L-1 for sulfur dioxide determination. The recovery rate was 86.1%91.7%， the precision of the proposed method was 2.9%4.2%， and the determination limit was 1.0 mg·kg-1. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on chemical components of the essential oils in flower， leaf and stem of Trachycarpus fortunei （Hook） H. Wendl. and their antimicrobial activities WEI Qiang， WANG Yanhong 2016, 28(5):  875.  Abstract ( 308 )   PDF (670KB) ( 1358 )   In order to analyze the chemical components of essential oils in flower， leaf and stem of Trachycarpus fortunei （Hook.） H. Wendl. and their biological activities， the volatile oils were extracted by supercritical CO2 extraction and were identified by GCMS. The antimicrobial activities of the identified volatile oils were inspected in vitro. It was shown that 224 components were identified altogether. In flowers， main constituents of the identified volatile oils were tricosane （23.86%） and octacosane（8.48%）. （Z）3hexen1ol （15.87%）， 1hexanol （12.60%）， 2，3butanediol （10.19%）， 3（1ethoxyethoxy）2methylbutane1，4diol （9.63%）， toluene（9.60%） and 2ethoxy3chlorobutane （8.10%） were the main volatile oils in the leaf， and toluene （13.80%）， 1，1diethoxyethane （25.77%） and 2，3butanediol （10.65%） were the majority in stem. The extracted volatile oils from flower， leaf and stem by cyclonexane and aether exhibited special inhibiting activities against some pathogenic bacteria， which indicated their potential as bacteriostatic agent. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on crop monitoring data preprocess based on cluster analysis and anomaly detection JIANG Zhaohui， ZHANG Jing， RAO Yuan， ZHU Cheng， LI Shaowen 2016, 28(5):  885.  Abstract ( 322 )   PDF (2221KB) ( 1364 )   Aiming at recognition and selection of time period and anomalous data problems， the present study focused on automatic and effective data preprocess methods to offer reliable sample data for the further analysis and modeling. In the present study， the improved cluster analysis was adopted to classify multidimensional time series to obtain the continuous， complete and homogeneous time period. On the basis of that， the suitable anomaly detection criterion was selected to detect and process the outlier， according to the size of sample data. Through the cluster analysis and anomaly detection process of monitoring data about black bean， tomato， pumpkin and cucumber， the data sample suitable for analysis and modeling was chosen effectively. The data preprocess based on cluster analysis and anomaly detection could effectively avoid errors and disturbances in crop monitoring experiments， and improve the quality and efficiency of data analysis and modeling. The method is valuable in the study and application of crop model， in particular crop model for small sample size. Related Articles | Metrics

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Decomposition and measurement of effects of cultivated land use and temporalspatial variation of grain production based on LMDI method in Hubei LYU Ming1，FAN Junnan2，WANG Yapeng1,* 2016, 28(5):  893.  Abstract ( 346 )   PDF (938KB) ( 1413 )   Based on the LMDI decomposition method and the panel data over the period of 1994 to 2012， this article analyzed the relationship between variation of grain yield and cultivated land use in Hubei and 17 cities with temporal and spatial perspectives， constructed a decomposition model of total grain yield and measured the structure effect， scale effect， strength effect and scope effect. The results showed that planting structure （structure effect） made reduction effects to the variation of grain yield in the dimension of time. Conversely， grain yield per hectare（strength effect） and multiplecropping index（scope effect） made incremental effects to the variation of grain yield. Moreover， cultivated land area（scale effect） made bidirectional driving effects to the variation of grain yield. Overall， the four effects led to grain variation as follows: structure effect> scale effect>strength effect>scope effect. Spatially， the leading factors influencing the variation of grain yield were different. The scale effect area included Huangshi， Jingzhou etc. The scope effect area included Enshi. The structure effect area included Wuhan， Yichang Xiangyang etc. The strength effect area included Xiantao， Shennong etc. On the basis of this， the authors proposed some suggestions including optimizing the planting structure， controling the scale of arable land， accelerating technical progress and carrying out the differentiation management. Related Articles | Metrics