Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

Quality analysis of 296 wheat varieties from the Huang-Huai wheat region planted in Huaibei area of Jiangsu

SHEN Yesong, WANG Xin, GU Zhengzhong, YANG Zibo, ZHAN Qiuwen

2018, 30(10): 1617-1623. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.01

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In order to analyze the wheat quality and screen for high quality varieties for Huaibei area of Jiangsu province, 296 wheat varieties from Huang-Huai region were analyzed by near-infrared spectroscopy technology. The results showed that the coefficients of variation were larger in development time, sedimentation value and stability time, while the coefficients of volume weight, flour yield and water absorption were smaller. There were significantly positive relationships between kernel protein content and wet gluten content, sedimentation value, development time, stability time at 0.01 level. There were significantly negative relationships between volume weight and wet gluten content. Using an appropriate combined line, the 296 varieties were divided into 5 groups. Group Ⅰ concentrated most of the varieties with strong gluten, and group Ⅱ included most of medium gluten varieties, group Ⅳ were weak gluten varieties. There were significant differences among Shaanxi, Henan, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces in quality properties of wheat. Through screening of indicators in all varieties, 40 varieties were suitable for strong gluten wheat, in which, 17 from Henan, 11 from Jiangsu, 10 from Shaanxi and 2 from Anhui.

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Risk assessment of precipitation during rape's flower period in Zhejiang Province

LIU Rongrong, WU Lihong, WANG Zengwu

2018, 30(10): 1624-1629. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.02

Abstract ( 708 )

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Precipitation during flower period and yield of rape in 66 counties of Zhejiang Province from 1971 to 2014 was used in this paper. Based on the risk assessment model with information diffusion theory, exceeding probability at different levels of rape's flower period precipitation were calculated and analyzed. Risk of drought and flood in rape's flower period was assessed. Relationship between the risk of rape's flower period precipitation at different levels and the change of rape's yield was also analyzed. Results showed that risk of serious excess precipitation in rape's flower period was mainly located in southwestern Zhejiang. On the other side, risk of scarce precipitation in the same period was mainly located in Zhejiang coastal islands and some counties and cities of Ningbo. The precipitation shortage could be improved by irrigation. However, yield of rape was significantly correlated with the excess of precipitation. 300 mm precipitation was a thresholds value which determined whether the output reduced during rape's flower period. All these results above could provide scientific basis for the rational distribution of rape and agricultural insurance policy.

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Effects of diets supplemented with Bifidobacterium lactis on cecum microorganism diversity of layer chicks analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology

ZHANG Lirong, YANG Haiming, GONG Daoqing, XIAO Xia, TANG Xuhua, WANG Zhiyue

2018, 30(10): 1630-1639. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.03

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The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of diets supplemented with Bifidobacterium lactis on cecal microorganism diversity of layer chicks. A total of 216 healthy 1-day-old Roman male chicks with similar body weight were selected and randomly divided into two groups with 6 replicates per group (18 chicks per replicate). The chicks in control group were fed with a basal diet (group C) and the chicks in treatment group were fed with the basal diet supplemented with 1×10⁷ cfu·g^-1 Bifidobacterium lactis (group T). The experiment lasted for 42 d. After the experiment, 6 chicks per group were randomly selected, then the cecal chyme of three healthy chicks with similar body weight among them was collected to analyze cecal microorganism diversity by Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology. The results showed that: 1) Bifidobacterium lactis increased the body weight, average daily weight gain and average daily intake significantly (P<0.05). 2) The dominant bacteria in the two groups were all Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria; the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F∶B) of group T was higher than that of group C. 3) Bifidobacterium lactis promoted the growth of probiotics such as Barnesiella, Romboutsia, Butyricicoccus, Lactobacillus and inhibited Clostridium sensu stricto, Escherichia-Shigella significantly (P<0.05). 4) Bifidobacterium lactis increased the abundance of cecal microorganism. The Shannon index and Simpson index of group T increased significantly (P<0.05). In conclusion, adding Bifidobacterium lactis in diet may exert probiotics effect by changing the structure and content of cecal microorganisms.

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Pharmacokinetics of robenidine hydrochloride in plasma of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) at different water temperatures

YU Linxue, LIU Yongtao, SU Zhijun, DING Hao, AI Xiaohui

2018, 30(10): 1640-1646. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.04

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The pharmacokinetics of robenidine hydrochloride in the plasma of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) at different water temperatures (18, 28 ℃) were investigated in this study.The concentration of robenidine hydrochloride in the plasma of channel catfish was determined by HPLC-MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by using the 3p97 Practical Pharmacokinetic Program software. The concentration-time data of robenidine hydrochloride in plasma were fitted to a two-compartment model at both 18 ℃ and 28 ℃ water temperature. The kinetic equations were C_{18 ℃}=4.17e^-0.01^t+2.48e^-0.008^t-6.65e^-0.05^t, C_{28 ℃}=7.69e^-0.02^t+0.13e^-0.01^t-7.82e^-0.27^t, respectively. The major pharmacokinetic parameters at water temperature 18 ℃ and 28 ℃ were as follows: The time point of maximum plasma concentration (T_peak) was 42.36 and 10.03 h, respectively, peak plasma concentration (C_max) was 3.51 and 5.76 μg·mL^-1, respectively. Relatively apparent distributed volume V/F(c) was approached to 3.79 and 2.78 L·kg^-1, respectively. The distribution rate constant α was 0.248 and 0.222 h^-1, respectively. The elimination rate constant β was 0.006 and 0.007 h^-1, respectively. The absorption half-time [T_1/2(_ka₎] was 14.67 and 2.54 h, respectively. The elimination half-time [T_1/2(_β₎] was 85.52 and 58.63 h, respectively. First-order rate constant for drug distributions from central compartment to peripheral compartment (K₁₂) was 0.000 2 and 0.000 2 h^-1,respectively. First-order rate constant for drug distributions from peripheral compartment to central compartment (K₂₁) was 0.009 and 0.01 h^-1, respectively. The areas under the curve was 554.18 and 326.74 μg·mL^-1·h^-1, respectively. The results showed that the temperature could significantly affect the absorption, distribution and elimination of robenidine hydrochloride in the plasma of channel catfish. Under high water temperature, the peak time of robenidine hydrochloride was short, the peak concentration value was about twice of that at low water temperature, and the water temperature had a greater influence on the areas under the curve, but had little influence on the renal clearance rate. It also provided a theoretical basis for the rational use of robenidine hydrochloride in channel catfish farming during different seasons.

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Quantity dynamics of heterotrophic bacteria and Vibrio in Cyclina sinensis rearing ponds

ZHENG Xiaoye, ZHENG Tianlun, CAO Feifei, ZHU Ningyu, DING Lifa, WANG Guoliang

2018, 30(10): 1647-1654. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.05

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To study the association between the dynamics of heterotrophic bacteria and the density of rearing Cyclina sinensis, and to provide the basis information to assessment and predict the mariculture pond environment, heterotrophic bacteria of rearing water, sediment and Cyclina sinensis cavity fluid were collected from May to December in Wenling seashore, Zhejiang. The results showed that the quantity dynamics of Vibrio in rearing water were significantly different among ponds (P<0.05), but the quantity dynamics of heterotrophic bacteria were not. In addition, no significant differences were observed in heterotrophic bacteria number in sediment among ponds, but the changes of Vibrio number presented significant differences between different ponds (P<0.05). Significant difference of heterotrophic bacteria quantity were observed in Cyclina sinensis cavity fluid among samples from the same pond but collected at different time (P<0.01), and similar results was observed in the Vibrio quantity (P<0.05). The changes of heterotrophic bacteria and Vibrio number in water showed a significant positively correlation (r=0.335,P<0.05), while they showed a significant positively correlation (r=0.587,P<0.01) in sediment samples; but there were no significant correlation between culture density and heterotrophic bacteria and Vibrio in water and sediment; Culture density and the changes of heterotrophic bacteria number in Cyclina sinensis showed a significant negative correlation (r=-0.189,P<0.01), and culture density and the changes of Vibrio number in Cyclina sinensis cavity fluid showed a significant negative correlation (r=-0.123,P<0.01).

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Effects of deoxynivalenol exposure on antioxidant capacity, serum biochemical indexes and intestinal mucosal morphology in weanling piglets

WANG Xichun, ZHANG Yafei, CHU Xiaoyan, ZHU Lei, ZHU Dianfeng, FENG Shibin, LI Yu, WU Jinjie

2018, 30(10): 1655-1661. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.06

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To investigate the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) exposure on antioxidant property, serum biochemical indexes and small intestinal mucosal morphology in weanling piglets, thirty healthy weanling piglets of “Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire” with similar body weight were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups. Piglets in the control group were fed with basal diet, the low-dose group and the high-dose group were fed with 1 mg·kg^-1 and 2 mg·kg^-1 of DON diets. The trial was conducted for 60 d. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for detecting the anti-oxidation performance, blood biochemical indexes and small intestinal permeability. Meanwhile, five piglets from each group were slaughtered and the small intestine tissues were taken for the observation of pathological changes. The results indicated that, compared with the control group, the activities of serum glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px), superoxide dimutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) of DON groups, were decreased significantly (P<0.05), the levels of nitric oxide(NO) and malondialdehyde(MDA) were increased significantly (P<0.05), the levels of alkaline phosphatase(ALP), gamma-glutamy transpeptidase(γ-GGT), creatinine(CREA), alpha-amylase(α-AMY), lipase(LIP) and creatine kinase(CK)were increased significantly (P<0.05), aspartate amino transferase(AST) was decreased significantly(P<0.05). The serum contents of diamine oxidase(DAO) and D-lactic acid(D-LA) were increased significantly with the increasing concentration of DON. The low-dose of DON resulted in a change of small intestinal mucosal morphology. However, high-dose of DON could cause more serious damage to the intestine. These results suggested that DON exposure could change antioxidant reaction and serum biochemical indexes, lead to intestinal mucosal damage and increase intestinal permeability of piglets, indicating that DON could have toxic effects to weanling piglets.

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Evaluation of PCV2 vaccine on productive performance of piglets

ZHAO Qing

2018, 30(10): 1662-1664. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.07

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To evaluate porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) vaccine on performance of nursery pigs, 2 598 pigs were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups. Piglets in group A, group B, group C were injected 1 dose PCV2 vaccine, 0.5 dose PCV2 vaccine, normal saline, respectively. Average daily weight gain (ADG), mortality and feed conversion rate (FCR) were detected. The results showed that PCV2 vaccine dose had no significant difference on ADG and mortality of piglets(P>0.05),but 1 dose PCV2 vaccine could significant increase ADG of piglets compared to control group.

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Analysis on genetic diversity of 17 goji(wolfberry)cultivars by SCoT markers

MA Lifen, YIN Yue, ZHAO Jianhua, DAI Guoli, AN Wei

2018, 30(10): 1665-1670. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.08

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Genetic diversity of 17 goji (wolfberry) cultivars was analyzed by start codon targeted polymorphism (SCoT) molecular marker. Nineteen SCoT primers generating clear and reproducible bands were obtained through screening a total of eighty primers. A total of 96 bands were amplified, of which 71 (73.96%) were polymorphic. The value of polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.055 (SCoT-29) to 0.239 (SCoT-66), with average of 0.132. Cluster analysis and principal coordinated analysis indicated that the genetic similarity (GS) varied from 0.43 to 1.00. All cultivars could be divided into three groups at the genetic similarity of 0.87. So SCoT markers could be effectively used to evaluate the genetic diversity of goji (wolfberry) cultivars germplasms. These results would provide references for protection and rational utilization of wolfberry cultivars.

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Study on phenotypic changes and expression of CsMADSs in over-expressing Arabidopsis plants

AN Yulan, ZHAI Keqing, YANG Feng, LEI Yue, HU Keling, GAN Defang, WANG Chenggang

2018, 30(10): 1671-1679. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.09

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To investigate the CsMADSs genes which have influence on the growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana, the eukaryotic expression vectors of CsMADS08 and CsMADS21 genes were constructed and transformed into tobacco to study their subcellular localization. At the same time, the eukaryotic expression vectors were transformed into Arabidopsis through Agrobacterium, and the positive transgenic plants were obtained. Meanwhile, phenotypic changes were observed in transgenic plants, and the expression of CsMADS08 and CsMADS21 were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The results showed that CsMADS08 was positioned on cell membrane and nucleus, while CsMADS21 was positioned on the cell membrane. In addition, purple leaves, fewer branches, and lotus leaves were detected on the lateral branch in the CsMADS08 transgenic plants. On the other hand, there were much more lateral inflorescences and pods, and also earlier flowering and fruits in the CsMADS21 transgenic plants than those of the wild plants. The fluorescent quantitative PCR results showed that CsMADS08 gene was expressed in the main stem, while CsMADS21 gene was mainly expressed in the flowers. The results provided a reference basis for further studying the function of CsMADSs genes and breeding new varieties of cucumber.

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Study on heavy metal pollution resistance of Agaricus bisporus strains in Shanxi

ZHOU Lin, GUO Shang, LIU Xin, LIU Xiaogang, GUO Xiaofei

2018, 30(10): 1680-1685. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.10

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In order to select strains of Agaricus bisporus with strong resistance to heavy metal pollution, contents of Pb, Cr, As, Hg, Cd in 6 Agaricus bisporus strains were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and atomic fluorescence photometer according to national standards of GB 5009.12-2010, GB 5009.123-2014, GB 5009.11-2014, GB 5009.17-2014, GB 5009.15-2014. It was shown that Pb, Cr, As, Hg, Cd were all detected in the samples. But, their contents did not exceed the limits of national standards for food safety. The quality and safety risk of these Agaricus bisporus strains was small, and these strains were safe to eat. Among all the 6 selected strains, strains No. 1 and No. 6 had the highest resistance to the above 5 heavy metals, and were followed by strains No. 5 and No.2, while the resistance of strains No. 3 and No. 4 was general. These strains could be used directly in production as anti-metal contaminant varieties or as breeding materials.

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Studies on quantification method of rice sheath blight pathogen (Rhizoctonia solani) in inoculated rice detached-leaf samples

QU Haiyan, YUAN Zhengjie, PAN Longyu, HE Haiyan, XU Zhaomeng, QU Shaohong

2018, 30(10): 1686-1693. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.11

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In this study, qPCR assays of the rice sheath blight (SB) pathogen inoculated to detached rice leaf tissues were performed to evaluate the disease level. Rice cultivars with the relative content of pathogen DNA in inoculated samples from the lowest to the highest are as below: YSBR1, Xudao 3, Taipei 309, Taijing 394, Lemont. The disease severity of leaf tissues indicated by the qPCR results was verified by precise control of the experimental conditions in SB inoculation, digital scanning of disease lesions, and statistical analysis of lesion areas. The average disease indexes of YSBR1, Lemont and Taijing 394 were significantly different from each other in field SB inoculation, further demonstrating that qPCR can be used to quantitatively evaluate the SB resistance level of rice cultivars. This study provides an effective method for quantification of the SB severity, evaluation of the resistance level of rice cultivars, and the forecast of the SB disease.

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Effect of temperature on honeydew secretion amount and body weight of Saccharosydne procerus

YIN Haichen, LI Jianhong, WAN Peng

2018, 30(10): 1694-1698. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.12

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To study the damage regulation of Saccharosydne procerus (Mateumura), the honeydew secretion amount and body weight of adults and nymphs under different temperatures were measured, regression equation of body weight and honeydew secretion amount of nymphs was established. The results showed that honeydew secretion amount of low-instar nymphs and adults of different color had no significant change under different temperature, while honeydew secretion amount of nymphs increased significantly in 4^th-5^th instar. The body weight of female adults was twice of that of male adults. And the body weight of female adults reached the highest under 26 ℃. Temperature had no significant influence on the body weight of nymphs except 5^th instar. Honeydew secretion amount showed a significant positive correlation with body weight under different temperature. 4^th-5^th instar was the most serious damage period. Therefore, the suitable period for control should be 3^rd instar and before. When the temperature is low, the requirements of control can be reduced properly.

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Study on screening degrading bacteria and its degradation effect on benzoic acid of autotoxic compounds in strawberry cropping obstacle

LIU Ziying, HUANG Lei, YUAN Bin, LIU Xiaolin, XU Shengguang, HUANG Tao

2018, 30(10): 1699-1704. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.13

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The main reasons of the barrier of strawberry planting were the autotoxic compounds from the soil of strawberry. In order to effectively reduce the harm of the autotoxicity of strawberry, the study was aimed to screen the bacteria with the capacity of degrading benzoic acid. The strains were isolated by using benzoic acid as the sole carbon source and gradually increasing benzoic acid to screen degrading bacteria of strawberry autotoxic compounds. The domestication method was adopted by the ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Antagonistic effects of the effective degradation strain on three strawberry root rot strains were determined. The bacteria were identified by the microbiology characteristics and the sequence analysis of 16S rDNA gene. The degradation rate was 87.5%, which indicated the stain L501 has high efficiency degradation to benzoic acid. Meanwhile, the stain L501 showed strong antagonistic effects against all tested three fungi of strawberry root rot. The stain L501 was identified as Bacillus subtilis, which had double function of degradation benzoic acid and antagonistic.

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Application of bacterial-one-hybrid (B1H) system in screening factors interacting with methanol dehydrogenase gene promoter in a methylotrophic bacteria strain

ZOU Qiqi, QI Shanshan, XIE Luhan, XIN Qi, LI Junyue, ZHANG Mengning, GE Xin

2018, 30(10): 1705-1714. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.14

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To construct the transcription factor sublibrary of methylotrophic bacteria and screen the proteins interacting with the methanol dehydrogenase promoter, we found many candidate genes by analyzing the genome and transcriptome databases of methylotrophic bacteria (MP688) in the use of some key words searching the genome annotation and transcriptome result, then amplified the target genes by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and construct a series of transcription factor sublibrary. Finally B1H and EMSA (electrophoretic mobility shift assay) methods were employed to screen and verify the candidate factors. We had constructed a total of 32 transcriptional factor clones, and two transcriptional factors which have strong interaction with methanol dehydrogenase promoter were screened out. For bacteria having detailed genomic sequence information, the construction of the transcriptional factor sublibrary is better than the construction of the genomic library or cDNA library. B1H system can be successfully applied in screening the DNA binding proteins in methylotrophic bacteria. And the establishment of this method laid a solid foundation to clarify the regulatory mechanism of methanol dehydrogenase gene in the process of development and metabolic product in the methylotrophic bacteria.

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Molecular marker and colonization of Plantibacter sp. WZW03

WANG Zhigang, LIU Zeping, HU Yunlong, LIU Hong, ZHU Xiaohui

2018, 30(10): 1715-1721. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.15

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In this study, the fluorescent plasmid POT2-RFP was transferred into Plantibacter sp. WZW03 as markers and the colonization of strain WZW03 was studied in watermelon rhizosphere. Transgenics with genetically stable transformants were successfully obtained in Plantibacter sp. WZW03-P, and growth characteristic of Plantibacter sp. WZW03-P was not significantly different from that of WZW03. Under the same bacterial concentration, WZW03-P had the largest adsorption capacity of (50.87±0.06)×10⁵ cfu·g^-1 when the watermelon root surface was adsorbed for 50 min. Under the same adsorption time, the adsorption capacity increased with the increase of the strain concentration and the saturation concentration of adsorption was (1.27±0.34)×10⁷ cfu·g^-1. The number of WZW03-P in sterilized soil and normal soil decreased with the prolonged feeding time, and the number of viable bacteria was stable at 10⁶ cfu·g^-1 at 20 d. The promoting effects of WZW03-P were found on the growth of watermelon plants and roots, and the colonization rate of WZW03-P in the watermelon rhizosphere was high, which showed that WZW03-P was provided with a significant competitive advantage in rhizosphere. In conclusion, Plantibacter sp. WZW03-P could colonize well in the watermelon rhizosphere, and promote the growth of watermelon.

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Isolation, identification and characteristics of an extreme salt-tolerant strain

FAN Ting, WU Lingli, LI Yunyun, LIU Yalou, LIU Ru, YE Wenling, CHEN Haiyan, PAN Dandan

2018, 30(10): 1722-1728. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.16

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An extremely salt-tolerant strain named NY-1 was isolated from the fresh filtrate of Wushan hazardous waste landfill. Based on morphological, gram staining and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, the strain was identified as Achromobacter sp.. The strain NY-1 can survive under salinity 0-30%. Effects of different medium, salinity gradient, pH and temperature on the growth of strain NY-1 were studied, the results showed that the optimum conditions were salinity 10%-20%, pH 7.0, 30 ℃ in the LB medium. The salt-tolerant mechanism of strain NY-1 was analyzed by the changing of intracellular cation in different salinity. Under low salinity, the strain NY-1 absorbed K⁺ and Na⁺ to maintain the osmotic balance inside the cell, and released Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ to maintain neutral environment inside the cell. When the salinity was above 20%, the strain NY-1 resisted the interference of high salinity by sustaining to release Na⁺ to the extra-cellular environment. In conclusion, the strain NY-1 shows the potential of application in biological treatment of high salinity wastewater and soil bioremediation.

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Soil taxonomy of typical soils in middle-mountain area of northeastern Chongqing

LIAN Maoshan, CI En, TANG Jiang, HU Jin, WEI Chaofu

2018, 30(10): 1729-1738. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.17

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The middle-mountain area of northeastern Chongqing was selected as the study area, and 8 typical soil profiles were collected in the area. The morphological characters, physical and chemical properties of the profiles were obtained by observing soil profile in the field, sampling and analyzing soil sample in each horizon for all the test soil profiles. The attribution of the typical soils in higher taxa of Chinese Soil Taxonomy (CST) was discussed, and the references with Genetic Soil Classification of China (GSCC) were established. The results showed that forest and pasture soils had Ochric epipedon in the 8 soil profiles. When the slope was small and the soil erosion was weak, the Argic horizon could be formed in most of the test soils. The soils developed by carbonate weathering material accorded with the lithologic characters of carbonate rocks. The soils above 800 m were in accord with Perudic moisture regime. Eight typical soil profiles were sorted into three orders (Argosols, Cambosols, Primosols), three suborders (Perudic Argosols, Perudic Cambosols, Orthic Primosols), three groups (Calci-Perudic Argosols, Calci-Perudic Cambosols, Udi-Orthic Primosols), and five subgroups (Humic Calci-Perudic Argosols, Typic Calci-Perudic Argosols, Humic Calci-Perudic Cambosols, Typic Calci-Perudic Cambosols, Lithic Udi-Orthic Primosols). The number of Argosols profiles was the highest (four profiles), indicating that soil leaching was obvious in this area. The yellow brown earth, brown earth, terra gialla soil and black limestone soil subgroups in GSCC were all sorted into Calci-Perudic Argosols in CST. The yellow brown earthened soil and mountain shrubby-meadow soil subgroups in GSCC were sorted into Calci-Perudic Cambosols in CST, and the brown earthened soil subgroups in GSCC was sorted into Udi-Orthic Primosols in CST. According to the criteria of soil family and soil series in CST, eight test soil profiles were sorted into 8 soil families and 8 soil series.

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Response of soil dispersion and fractal dimension to conversion from slope farmland to Zanthoxylum armatum plantation

TANG Hailong, GONG Wei, WANG Jingyan, SHU Zhengyue, XIONG Jing, CAI Yu, LIN Mei

2018, 30(10): 1739-1747. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.18

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The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of conversion from slope farmland to Zanthoxylum armatum plantation on soil dispersion, fractal dimension and soil fertility characteristics, to understand the relationship between fractal dimension of soil particles and soil fertility, and to provide references for further cultivation and soil management of Z. armatum. The experiment included three treatments: (1) slope farmland (CK); (2) three-year-old Z. armatum plantation (TJ-3); (3) five-year-old Z. armatum plantation (TJ-5). Soil samples of 0-20 cm layers in the hilly area of eastern Sichuan were collected for determination of soil micro-aggregate composition, soil particle composition, nutrients contents, enzymes activities and microbe number. Membership function was used for the comprehensive evaluation of soil dispersion, fractal dimension and soil fertility. It was shown that large particle (2-0.02 mm) content increased yet small particle (<0.02 mm) content decreased in soil micro-aggregate determination after conversion from slope farmland to Z. armatum plantation. Soil structural particle index, aggregation status, aggregation degree and physical stability index, contents of organic matter, total N, hydrolysis N, available P and available K, number of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and total microorganisms, activities of invertase, phosphatase, urease and catalase, particle fractal dimension, and soil fertility (CVSF) of Z. armatum plantations were higher than those of CK, and the values of these indexes increased with plantation age. Soil dispersion rate, erosion coefficient, comprehensive value of soil dispersion (CVSD), and micro-aggregate fractal dimension (D) of Z. armatum were lower than that of CK and decreased with plantation age. The CVSD and D were significantly correlated to soil nutrients contents, microbes number, enzyme activities and CVSF (P<0.05). Conversion from slop farmland to Z. armatum plantation promoted transform of smaller soil micro-aggregate to larger ones, soil micro-aggregate composition and stability were improved. The indexes of CVSD and D could be used to evaluate soil fertility under land use conversion.

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Comparative study on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons removal from contaminated soil using different oxidation systems

ZHANG Yang, LI Sen, ZHANG Hongling, ZHAN Sheng, SHANG Zhaocong

2018, 30(10): 1748-1754. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.19

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Fenton-like, potassium permanganate and sodium persulfate oxidation systems were used to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from contaminated soil. Under the best experimental factors combinations, the maximum PAHs removal rate of these three systems was 96.5%, 94.0% and 95.6%, respectively. On the basis, amplification reactions of the above three systems were carried out in drum reactor with weight ratio of water to soil of 0.6∶1, temperature of 25 ℃,and the removal rates were 63.2%, 72.1% and 70.8%, accordingly. Stoichiometric oxidant demand (SOD) was introduced to evaluate the oxidation efficiency of these systems, and it was shown that the oxidation efficiency of potassium permanganate was higher than the others. In addition, the economic costs of potassium permanganate was the smallest to remove PAHs from contaminated soils under the experimental conditions.

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Characteristics and mitigation pathways of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in Jiaxing City

SHEN Yaqiang, CHEN Longjun, JIN Yuting, QIAN Shuqiong, CHEN Gui, CHENG Wangda

2018, 30(10): 1755-1764. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.20

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Agriculture is the major source of greenhouse gas emissions. The systematic analysis of agricultural greenhouse gas emission characteristics could provide basis for making and updating reasonable low carbon development policies. Based on the collected agricultural data of Jiaxing City, according to the methodology recommended by 2017 Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Inventories of Zhejiang Province, the characteristics of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions of Jiaxing City were analyzed. The results showed as follows: Notable reduction of agricultural greenhouse gas emission in Jiaxing city had been achieved from 2010 to 2016, there was a significant reduction (20.2%) in 2014 compared with 2013. The averaged annual reduction rate of agricultural greenhouse gas emission reached 8.4%. Crop farming was the most important agricultural greenhouse gas emission source in Jiaxing City. Application of inorganic fertilizer-nitrogen, rice plantation and sheep husbandry had become the top three emission sources, accounting for 40.2%, 36.0% and 10.5% of the total in 2016, respectively. Tongxiang and Pinghu Cities with developed crop farming were ranked the top two agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in whole Jiaxing region, while that of Jiashan City was low because of its balanced agricultural development. In summary, development of low carbon agriculture in Jiaxing City should focus on reducing paddy CH₄ emission and rational use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers in future.

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Problems and countermeasures of straw returning in paddy field system in Zhejiang Province

CHEN Xijing, YU Man, WANG Qiang, LI Hua, SU Yao, GAO Jia, LI Guo'an, LI Jianqiang, SHEN Alin

2018, 30(10): 1765-1774. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.21

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Straw returning is the main measure to reduce fertilizer application and replenish organic nutrients in soils. The rotation system of rice-wheat is mainly applied in northern and central area in Zhejiang, while rice-oilseed rape and rice-rice are applied in southern and central Zhejiang. There are many problems about the application of crop straw returning due to the diversity of rotation system in paddy field systems in Zhejiang. The main measures applied of straw returning under different rotation in Zhejiang consist of the plowing of rice straw for rice-rice rotation, mulching with rice straw for rice-wheat (or oilseed rape), and the plowing and mulching of wheat or oilseed rape straw for rice-wheat or rice-oilseed rape, which specifically includes the returning of wheat or oilseed rape straw without tillage and direct seeding of rice, shallow-tillage and returning of wheat or oilseed rape straw with direct seeding of rice, deep-tillage and returning of wheat or oilseed rape straw with simultaneous rice transplanting, and deep-tillage and returning of wheat or oilseed rape straw with direct seeding of rice. Suggestions to better utilize the measure of straw returning were proposed based on previous research, investigation data and analysis into current problems under different cultivation modes. 1) Specific rotation methods were suggested to reconcile the deficiencies of these straw returning methods. 2) The amount of straw returning was suggested to be 5-6 t·hm^-2 for a single crop season and 10-12 t·hm^-2 for the entire year. 3) Fertilizer was applied following a straw returning strategy of applying appropriate additional nitrogen fertilizer during the prophase and regulating nitrogen fertilization during full season, and reducing application rate of potash fertilizer. 4) Diseases and pest control should be conducted via early plowing, deep straw burial, and field flooding. 5) Water management should follow the principles of easy cultivation, appropriate soil moisture content to promote the decomposition of straw after returning to the field, and alternative irrigation management mode of dry and wet during the late rice phase. 6) For the selection of the mechanical type, a harvester with a straw shredding device was suggested, and the tillage machine should ensure sufficient burial depth to achieve stable and uniform returning operation.

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Investigation of improving color stability of bayberry integrated alcoholic beverage

XIA Qile, CAO Yan, CHEN Jianbing, HAN Yanchao, LIU Ruiling

2018, 30(10): 1775-1781. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.22

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The changing patterns of anthocyanin content in bayberry integrated alcoholic beverage under different temperature and lighting time were investigated in this study. Meanwhile, the effects of organic acids, amino acids, metal salts and natural pigments on the stability of anthocyanins were compared in order to improve the color stability of bayberry integrated alcoholic beverage during the storage. The results showed that anthocyanin was susceptible to degradation at high temperature, and anthocyanin degradation ratio at high temperature satisfied first-order reaction kinetics model. Anthocyanin was existed as a more stable form in an acidic system and the color-protection effectiveness of hydroxybenzoic acid was much better than acetic acid and malic acid. The color preservation ratio reached 83.22% in the case of adding hydroxybenzoic acid and it was increased by 16.52% compared with the control. Sodium salicylate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium at higher dose could improve the color preservation ratio by 10.00%-12.82%. There was no significant influence on the color preservation ratio under the condition of adding glycine L-tyrosine and L-cysteine. An obvious improvement in color stability of alcoholic beverage was observed when adding mulberry red pigment as copigment, and the color preservation ratio was increased to 91.5% after 3 months storage, increased by 27.0% compared with the control. Therefore, bayberry integrated alcoholic beverage should be stored in dark environment at low temperature with addition of 60 mg·L^-1 mulberry red pigment to maintain the bright bayberry color during storage.

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Prediction of SPAD in rice leaf based on RGB and HSI color space

SUN Yuting, WANG Yinglong, YANG Hongyun, ZHOU Qiong, SUN Aizhen, YANG Wenji

2018, 30(10): 1782-1788. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.23

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The relationship between the leaf image parameters and the SPAD values of rice leaf under the RGB and HSI color spaces was studied. The method of support vector machine (SVM) was used to predict the SPAD value of rice leaf, which provided a theoretical basis for rapid and accurate acquisition of plant SPAD value by using machine vision technology, and provided theoretical guidance for scientific fertilization. The experiment was conducted at Agricultural Experiment Station of Jiangxi Agricultural University and Chengxin farm in Jiangxi Province during 2015 to 2017. And the tested rice varieties were JY458, ZZ35 and LYP9. Four different nitrogen levels were designed for each rice variety. The relationship between the color parameters of rice leaf image and the SPAD value was analyzed by extracting the leaf color parameters and measuring the SPAD value. The model to predict the SPAD value was established by using SVM. The results showed that compared with RGB, the root mean square error of the predicted values of the three rice varieties based on the HSI color space was reduced by 0.067 5 (JY458), 0.020 0 (ZZ35) and 0.154 2 (LYP9), respectively. The average relative error was lower than the RGB color space. They were reduced by 0.084 2% (JY458), 0.133 5% (ZZ35) and 0.238 2% (LYP9), respectively. There was a significant correlation between the leaf color image parameters and the SPAD values of rice under the two color spaces. By optimizing support vector machine with improved grid search algorithm, the prediction model of SPAD value of rice leaves was established. The prediction error was small, which could meet the demand of agronomic scientific research, and also provided a new method for the prediction of plant SPAD value.

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A forecasting method of cotton diseases and insect pests based on deep belief network with improved performance

WANG Xianfeng, DING Jun, ZHU Yihai

2018, 30(10): 1790-1797. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.24

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As for the large capacity and diversity of the environmental information of cotton growth related to the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, a prediction method of cotton diseases and pests was proposed by combining the environmental information and improved depth belief network (MDBN). MDBN consisted of a three level restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) network and a BP neural network (BPNN). In the method, MDBN was used to extract the characteristic variables reflecting the occurrence of pests and diseases, and BPNN was utilized to predict the cotton pests and diseases. The characteristic of MDBN was that the adaptive learning rate was introduced into the unsupervised training stage of MDBN, and the performance of MDBN was optimized by the selection of training data batches, the iteration cycle of parameter tuning and online learning and training, so that MDBN could fully extract the information features from the dataset to improve the network precondition rate. The prediction results on the actual environmental information dataset of the cotton diseases and insects showed that the proposed method was effective for predicting crop pests and diseases.

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Analysis on implementation effects and influencing factors of agro-product certification management system

YU Yijun, CHEN Kai, WANG Jian, TANG Tao, CHEN Song

2018, 30(10): 1798-1803. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.10.25

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The certification of agro-product is a supervision system innovation for agro-product safety, which will be more scientific with the development in area of agro-product safety. The paper investigated and summarized the major measures of implementing the agro-product in Zhejiang province, and the restraining factors and countermeasures were also analyzed. The results of this work are of great significance for promoting the use of agro-product certificate in China.

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