舀勺型孔轮式水稻精量排种器设计与试验

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.04.19

浙江农业学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (4): 739-752.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.04.19

舀勺型孔轮式水稻精量排种器设计与试验

刘俊¹(), 朱德泉¹^,²^,^*(), 于从羊¹, 薛康¹, 张顺¹, 廖娟¹

1.安徽农业大学工学院,安徽合肥 230036
2.安徽省智能农业装备工程实验室,安徽合肥 230036

收稿日期:2020-09-03 出版日期:2021-04-25 发布日期:2021-04-25
通讯作者: 朱德泉
作者简介:*朱德泉,E-mail:dqzhu@sina.com
刘俊(1996—),男,安徽安庆人,硕士研究生,主要从事现代农业装备技术研究。E-mail:ahauliujun@sina.com
基金资助:
安徽省科技重大专项(17030701040);国家自然科学基金(51805005)

Design and experiment on scoop hole-wheel precision seed-metering device for rice

LIU Jun¹(), ZHU Dequan1¹^,²^,^*(), YU Congyang¹, XUE Kang¹, ZHANG Shun¹, LIAO Juan¹

1. School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
2. Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Machinery Equipment, Hefei 230036, China

Received:2020-09-03 Online:2021-04-25 Published:2021-04-25
Contact: ZHU Dequan1

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对现有水稻排种器采用被动充种存在充种性能差、高速排种精度低的问题,设计了一种舀勺型孔轮式水稻精量排种器。阐述了该排种器的基本结构和工作原理,确定了排种轮、舀勺、型孔、护种板等关键零部件的结构参数,建立了排种器充种过程的力学模型。以冈优898 种子为试验材料,利用离散元法,选取排种轮转速、型孔倾角为试验因素,以排种合格率、重播率和漏播率为评价指标,进行单因素试验、对比试验和二因素五水平正交旋转组合试验,建立排种性能指标与试验因素之间的回归模型,利用响应面法分析了各试验因素对排种性能的影响规律,并采用多目标优化方法,确定了最佳参数组合。优化结果表明:排种轮转速为25.94 r·min ^-1、型孔倾角为34.75°时,排种器的排种性能最佳,排种合格率、重播率、漏播率分别为87.55%、9.79%、2.66%。为验证仿真结果的可靠性和排种器的适应性,以丰两优3948、冈优898、冈优3551 3个水稻品种种子为试验材料,对排种器进行台架性能试验和田间播种试验。试验结果表明:台架试验与仿真结果基本一致,丰两优3948、冈优898、冈优3551种子的排种合格率分别为84.40%、84.53%、83.74%;田间播种合格率分别为81.34%、82.13%、80.67%,3个水稻品种种子排种性能皆满足水稻精量播种要求。研究结果可为舀勺型孔轮式水稻精量排种器的结构优化和性能提升提供参考。

关键词: 水稻, 机械化, 播种, 排种性能, 排种器, 舀勺型孔轮, 数值模拟

Abstract:

In order to solve the problems of poor seed filling performance and low precision in high-speed seeding process, a scoop-hole-wheel precision seed-metering device for rice was designed. A scoop was used to disturb the seed layer to increase the fluidity between rice seeds and enhance the performance of seed filling. The basic structure and working principle of the seed metering device were expounded, the structural parameters of key components such as seeding wheel, scoop, hole, seed protection guard were determined, and the mechanical model of the seed-metering process was established. The numerical simulation experiments based on discrete element method were carried out by using Gangyou 898 as the research object. Taking rotation speed and hole inclination of seeding wheel as the experimental factors, single-factor experiments, comparative experiments and orthogonal rotation combined experiments with two factors and five level were carried out. The regression model between experimental factors and seeding performance index was established. The influence regulation of experimental factors on the seeding performance was analyzed by the response surface method, and the best combination of parameters was determined through the multi-objective optimization method. The optimization results showed that the seeding performance of seed-metering device was the best when rotation speed of the seeding wheel is 25.94 r·min^-1 and hole inclination of the seeding wheel was 34.75°, and seeding qualified rate, replay rate and missing rate were 87.55%, 9.79%, and 2.66%, respectively. In order to verify the reliability of the simulation results and the adaptability of the seed-metering device, rice seeds of three varieties of Fengliangyou 3948, Gangyou 898 and Gangyou 3551 were used as test materials to perform the bench tests and field tests. The test results showed that the results of bench tests were basically consistent with the simulation results, and seeding qualified rates of Fengliangyou 3948, Gangyou 898 and Gangyou 3551 were 84.40%, 84.53% and 83.74%, respectively, their sowing qualified rates of field test were 81.34%, 82.13% and 80.67%, respectively. Sowing performance of three varieties rice seeds all met the requirements for precision sowing of rice. This research results could provide reference for structure optimization and performance improvement of the scoop hole-wheel precision seed-metering device for rice.

Key words: rice, mechanization, sowing, seeding performance, seed-metering device, scoop hole-wheel, numerical simulation

中图分类号:

S223.2 ⁺3

刘俊, 朱德泉, 于从羊, 薛康, 张顺, 廖娟. 舀勺型孔轮式水稻精量排种器设计与试验[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2021, 33(4): 739-752.

LIU Jun, ZHU Dequan1, YU Congyang, XUE Kang, ZHANG Shun, LIAO Juan. Design and experiment on scoop hole-wheel precision seed-metering device for rice[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2021, 33(4): 739-752.

图/表 21

图1 排种器结构与工作原理图 a,排种器轴侧图;b,工作原理与排种过程。1,法兰盘;2,排种轴;3,排种轮;4,限种板;5,壳体;6,清种毛刷;7,型孔;8,护种板;9,阻种毛刷;10,舀勺。

Fig.1 Diagram of structure and working principle of seed-metering device a, Isometric view of seed-metering device; b, Working principle and seed-metering process. 1, Flange; 2, Seeding shaft; 3, Seeding wheel; 4, Limit plate; 5, Shield shell; 6, Cleaning brush; 7, Shaped hole; 8, Protection guard; 9, Resist brush; 10, Scoop.

图2 舀勺结构示意图 a,排种轮局部剖视图;b,舀勺示意图。1,舀勺;2,型孔;3,排种轮。w1为舀勺宽度,mm;t1为舀勺厚度,mm;l1为舀勺内长度,mm。

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of scoop structure a, Partial sectional view of seeding wheel; b, Schematic diagram of scoop. 1, Scoop; 2, Shaped hole; 3, Seeding wheel. w1 was the width of scoop, mm; t1 was the thickness of scoop, mm; l1 was the length of scoop, mm.

表1 三个水稻品种种子尺寸和球度

Table 1 Seed size and sphericity of three varieties of rice

品种(尺寸等级) Variety (Size level)	平均长度 Average length/mm	平均宽度 Average width/mm	平均厚度 Average thickness/mm	种子球度 Seed sphericity/%
丰两优3948(大)Fengliangyou3948(Large)	9.63	2.52	2.08	38.38
冈优898(中) Gangyou898(Medium)	8.29	2.96	2.10	44.89
冈优3551(小) Gangyou3551(Small)	7.77	3.14	2.16	48.25

表2 水稻种子充入型孔姿态概率

Table 2 Pose probability of rice seed in filling hole %

品种 Variety	平躺 Lying down	侧卧 Side lying	竖立 Erect
丰两优3948	48.98	40.43	10.59
Fengliangyou 3948
冈优898	50.59	36.59	12.82
Gangyou 898
冈优3551	50.88	34.98	14.14
Gangyou 3551

图3 护种板结构 a,弧形护种板;b,开有槽口的弧形护种板;c,槽口内装毡毛的弧形护种板。H为护种板宽度,单位mm;H1为槽口宽度,单位mm。

Fig.3 Structure of protection guard a, Curved seed protection belt; b, Curved seed protection belt with notch; c,Curved seed protection belt with felted hair in large notch. H was the width of seed protection belt, mm; H1 was the width of notch, mm.3种护种板厚度H均为32 mm,槽口宽度H1长度应满足式(9)要求。

表3 试验结果

Table 3 Test results

护种板类型 Type of protection guard	合格率 Qualified rate/%	重播率 Replay rate/%	漏播率 Missing rate/%	穴距变异系数 Variation coefficient of hole distance
弧形护种板Curved seed protection guard	76.54	16.93	6.53	15.57
开有槽口的弧形护种板Curved seed protection guard with small notch	82.27	12.80	4.93	9.60
槽口内装毡毛的弧形护种板	84.00	11.33	4.67	8.57
Curved seed protection guard with felted hair in large notch

图4 水稻种子充种过程受力分析 Fr为种子的离心力,单位N;F1为舀勺对种子的支持力,单位N;F2为种子群的挤压力,单位N;G为种子自身的重力,单位N;f1为舀勺内壁对种子的摩擦力,单位N;f2为种子群内摩擦力,单位N;α为重力方向与x轴方向的夹角,单位(°);β为F1方向与x轴方向的夹角,单位(°)。

Fig.4 Stress analysis of rice seed in seed-filling process Fr was centrifugal force of seed, N; F1 was support force of scoop to seed, N; F2 was pushing force among seed groups, N; G was gravity of seed, N; f1 was friction force between inner surface of scoop and seed, N; f2 was friction force in seed groups, N; α was the angle between direction of gravity and x axis, (°); β was the angle between direction of F1 and x axis, (°).

表4 材料属性

Table 4 Material properties

项目 Item	剪切模量 Shear modulus/Pa	泊松比 Poisson’s ratio	密度 Density/ (kg·m^-3)
种子Seed	1.15×10⁷	0.30	1 163
不锈钢Stainless steel	7.00×10¹⁰	0.28	7 800
塑料Plastic	1.77×10⁶	0.50	1 180
毡毛Felt	1.00×10⁸	0.40	1 150

图5 水稻模型 a,三轴尺寸;b,EDEM模型。l为水稻种子长度,单位mm;w为水稻种子宽度,单位mm;t为水稻种子厚度,单位mm。

Fig.5 Rice model a, Triaxial size; b, EDEM model. l was length of rice seeds, mm; w was width of rice seeds, mm; t was thickness of rice seeds, mm.

表5 材料接触系数

Table 5 Coefficients of materials

项目 Item	恢复系数 Coefficient of restitution	静摩擦系数 Coefficient of static friction	动摩擦系数 Coefficient of rolling friction
种子-种子Seed-seed	0.30	0.56	0.01
种子-塑料	0.50	0.50	0.01
Seed-plastic
种子-不锈钢	0.60	0.30	0.01
Seed-stainless steel
种子-毡毛	0.45	0.61	0.02
Seed-felt

图6 EDEM排种过程种子运动仿真 a,充种过程;b,排种过程。

Fig.6 EDEM simulation of seed motion of seed-metering process a. Process of seed-filling; b. Process of seed-metering.

图7 评价指标与排种轮转速的关系

Fig.7 Relationship between evaluation index and rotating speed of seeding wheel

图8 评价指标与型孔倾角的关系

Fig.8 Relationship between evaluation index and hole inclination of seeding wheel

图9 不同转速下2种排种器的排种性能 a.不同转速下2种排种器的合格率;b.不同转速下2种排种器的漏播率。

Fig.9 Seeding performance of the two seed-metering devices at different speeds a, Qualified rate of the two seed-metering devices at different speeds; b, Missing rate of the two seed-metering devices at different speeds.

表6 试验因素编码与水平设置

Table 6 Test factors coding and levels setting

编码 Code	X₁:排种轮转速 Rotating speed of seeding wheel/(r·min^-1)	X₂:型孔倾角 Hole inclination of seeding wheel/(°)
1.414	37.50	50.00
1	33.84	45.60
0	25.00	35.00
-1	16.16	24.40
-1.414	12.50	20.00

表7 仿真试验结果

Table 7 Results of simulation experiments

试验号 No.	排种轮转速 Rotating speed of seeding wheel	型孔倾角 Hole inclination of seeding wheel	Y₁:合格率 Qualified rate/%	Y₂:重播率 Replay rate/%	Y₃:漏播率 Missing rate/%
1	1	1	81.60	7.60	10.80
2	1	-1	83.60	12.80	3.60
3	-1	1	82.00	12.40	5.60
4	-1	-1	81.20	16.00	2.80
5	1.414	0	82.00	9.20	8.80
6	-1.414	0	78.40	19.20	2.40
7	0	1.414	83.60	6.40	10.00
8	0	-1.414	82.00	12.80	5.20
9	0	0	86.00	9.60	4.40
10	0	0	87.20	10.00	2.80
11	0	0	88.40	9.60	2.00
12	0	0	89.20	9.20	1.60
13	0	0	88.40	8.80	2.80
14	0	0	86.80	11.20	2.00
15	0	0	86.80	10.80	2.40
16	0	0	87.20	10.80	2.00

表8 回归方程方差分析结果

Table 8 Variance analysis of regression equations

差异来源 Source of variation	合格率Qualified rate
差异来源 Source of variation	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Degree of freedom	F	P	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Degree of freedom	F	P	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Degree of freedom	F	P
模型Model	145.10	5	25.60	**	139.72	5	27.87	**	125.67	5	26.63	**
X₁	6.29	1	5.54	*	61.28	1	61.13	**	28.32	1	30.01	**
X₂	0.14	1	0.12		39.83	1	39.73	**	35.23	1	37.33	**
X₁X₂	1.96	1	1.73		0.64	1	0.64		4.84	1	5.13	*
$X 1 2$	97.99	1	86.54	**	37.85	1	37.75	**	14.04	1	14.88	**
$X 2 2$	38.71	1	34.14	**	0.13	1	0.12		43.24	1	45.82	**
残差	11.34	10			10.03	10			9.44	10
Residual
失拟	3.42	3	1.01	0.444 4	4.91	3	2.24	0.171 6	4.08	3	1.77	0.239 3
Lack of fit
误差	7.92	7			5.12	7			5.36	7
Pure error
总和Total	156.44	15			149.75	15			135.11	15

表8 回归方程方差分析结果

Table 8 Variance analysis of regression equations

差异来源 Source of variation	合格率Qualified rate
差异来源 Source of variation	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Degree of freedom	F	P	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Degree of freedom	F	P	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Degree of freedom	F	P
模型Model	145.10	5	25.60	**	139.72	5	27.87	**	125.67	5	26.63	**
X₁	6.29	1	5.54	*	61.28	1	61.13	**	28.32	1	30.01	**
X₂	0.14	1	0.12		39.83	1	39.73	**	35.23	1	37.33	**
X₁X₂	1.96	1	1.73		0.64	1	0.64		4.84	1	5.13	*
$X 1 2$	97.99	1	86.54	**	37.85	1	37.75	**	14.04	1	14.88	**
$X 2 2$	38.71	1	34.14	**	0.13	1	0.12		43.24	1	45.82	**
残差	11.34	10			10.03	10			9.44	10
Residual
失拟	3.42	3	1.01	0.444 4	4.91	3	2.24	0.171 6	4.08	3	1.77	0.239 3
Lack of fit
误差	7.92	7			5.12	7			5.36	7
Pure error
总和Total	156.44	15			149.75	15			135.11	15

图10 排种轮转速与型孔倾角对排种性能指标的影响

Fig.10 Response surface of rotation speed and hole inclination of seeding wheel on seeding performance index

图11 台架试验图 1,种床带;2,油泵;3,固定支架;4,控制台;5,照明装置;6,电机;7,排种器。

Fig.11 Diagram of bench test 1, Seed bed belt; 2, Oil pump; 3, Fixed bracket; 4, Control console; 5, Lighting installation; 6, Motor; 7, Seed-metering device.

表9 台架试验结果

Table 9 Results of bench tests

品种 Variety	合格率 Qualified rate/%	重播率 Replay rate/%	漏播率 Missing rate/%	穴距 Hill distance/mm	穴距变异系数 Variation coefficient of hill distance/%
丰两优3948	84.40	8.27	7.33	205.32	7.98
Fengliangyou 3948
冈优898	84.53	10.67	4.80	206.34	8.32
Gangyou 898
冈优3551	83.74	12.13	4.13	208.84	9.22
Gangyou 3551

表10 田间试验结果

Table 10 Results of field test

品种 Variety	合格率 Qualified rate/%	重播率 Replay rate/%	漏播率 Missing rate/%	穴距 Hill distance/mm	穴距变异系数 Variation coefficient of hill distance/%
丰两优3948	81.34	10.93	7.73	209.57	15.36
Fengliangyou 3948
冈优898	82.13	11.87	6.00	209.12	16.48
Gangyou 898
冈优3551	80.67	13.73	5.60	212.73	18.36
Gangyou3551

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舀勺型孔轮式水稻精量排种器设计与试验

Design and experiment on scoop hole-wheel precision seed-metering device for rice

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