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A rapid and accurate PCR method for homozygous lines screening for genetically modified rice containing Cry1Ab ZHANG Huan-chun;WANG Xiao-fu;LI Yue-ying;CHEN Xiao-yun;MIAO Qing-mei;XU Jun-feng;* 2012, 24(4):  0-553.  Abstract ( 757 )   PDF (1408KB) ( 1431 )   Bt22 is a new type of rice that has been genetically modified to express Cry1Ab protein, we explored a new method based on PCR to screen the homozygous transgenic offspring. The primers were designed on the flanking sequence of the exogenous gene and the specificity and sensitivity of the primers were tested by experiment. Then we established multiPCR methods to screen homozygous plant from numerous transgenic offspring. Our results showed that this method is simple, efficient and convenient． Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of Cardiandra moellendorffii and Hydrangea macrophylla JIANG Bo;SHEN Zong-gen;HUANG Si-di;YE Jie;LU Hong-fei;* 2012, 24(4):  0-588.  Abstract ( 663 )   PDF (1189KB) ( 1223 )   The differences of photosynthetic physiological adaptabilities in two different plants, Cardiandra moellendorffii and Hydrangea macrophylla, were described in the present study. Photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured with GFS3000 gas exchange systems (Walz, Germany) and MiniPAM fluorometer (Walz, Germany) in leaves of two different plants under different light, CO2 and temperature environment. Results showed that Hydrangea macrophylla possessed higher levels in LSP, LCP and Pnmax, higher values for Yield and qP in comparison to that of Cardiandra moellendorffii under the increasing light environment. With the increasing of CO2 concentrations, the higher photosynthetic rates Pn were found in Hydrangea macrophylla. The photosynthetic rates Pn increased with the increasing leaf temperature, until the temperature of leaves respectively reached 28℃ in Cardiandra moellendorffii and 36℃ in Hydrangea macrophylla. Moreover, in both species the changes of the stomatal conductance Gs and transpiration rate E were significantly different under different light intensities, CO2 concentrations and leaves temperature. The results indicated that the photosynthetic physiological adaptabilities of different species had a closely relation with their different ecotypes． Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of shoot prunning on photosynthetic characteristics and dry mass distribution in moutainous eggplant JIN Wei-ping;SHAO Yang-feng;HE Yong;* 2012, 24(4):  0-592.  Abstract ( 516 )   PDF (1526KB) ( 1149 )   Shoot prunning is one of the most popular technologies in mountainous eggplant production; however, the physiology mechanism of shoot prunning is not well understood. Thus the effects of shoot prunning on leaf area index, net photosythesis rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, water use efficiency and dry matter distribution in mountainous eggplant were investigated in the present study. Leaf area and leaf area index increased significantly in the shoot prunned plants compared with control plants. The net photosythesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and water use efficiency of middle leaves were similar to those of top functional leaves in shoot prunned plants, while are higher than those of control plants. And thus the shoot dry mass were increased in shoot prunned plants. The ratio of fruit to total dry mass increased from 61.9% to 85.5% in shoot prunned plants. In conclusion, shoot prunning enhanced leaf area index and net photosynthesis rate, improved the sinksource relation, and thus increased the yield. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of sowingdate, density and nitrogen application rates on yield and oil content of Brassica napus L. cv. Zheyou 50 LIN Bao-gang;YU Hua-sheng;ZHANG Yao-feng;DING Hou-dong;HUANG Yin-qi;ZHANG Dong-qing;* 2012, 24(4):  0-544.  Abstract ( 602 )   PDF (1179KB) ( 1231 )   The winter rapeseed cultivar Zheyou 50 was used as test material. The effects of sowingdate, density and nitrogen application amount on yield, economic characteristics and oil content were studied to explore highyield and highefficient cultivation techniques. Results showed that lower yield per hm2, oil content, pods per plant, yield per plant, primary effective branches and density of pods but higher kilograins weight was detected on the later sowingdate during September 20th to October 10th,. The yield per hm2, oil content and effective branch position was significantly lower, but the pods per plant, yield per plant and primary effective branches was significantly higher with the density of 75 000 plants per hm2 than 105 000 and 135 000 plants per hm2. Within the range of 150-450 kg·hm-2 of nitrogen, yield significantly increased with the increased input of nitrogen fertilizer. Increase in the numbers of the primary branch was correlated to increases of pods per plant and yield per plant, whereas decrease of the grains per pod was correlated to decreased oil content. Related Articles | Metrics

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Utilization study on application of tobacco suckercides flumetralin in cotton topping SU Cheng-fu;QIU Xin-mian;*;WANG Shi-lin 2012, 24(4):  0-548.  Abstract ( 699 )   PDF (1104KB) ( 1264 )   Effects of spraying different concentrations of flumetralin solution instead of topping on cotton variety Zhongmiansuo 50 in topping period were studied. The results showed that after using flumetralin, the plants grew vigorously; the leaves showed invisible green and the plant height decreased, and the top leaves became smaller. The seed index, single boll weight and yield of seed cotton all increased. Lint cotton weight increased in the flumetralin concentration of 0.10 or 0.08 g·L-1. There was no significant difference in yield and quality traits of cotton among different treatments. It can be concluded that cotton topping can be replaced by spraying flumetralin solution, which can achieve effects of cotton topping and pruning, avoid physical damage and save labor and time. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of liposome on immune efficacy of hemorrhage disease of grass carp DNA vaccine XU Shi-ying;ZOU Yong;WANG Xi-da;LIU Lin;YANG Jia-xin;CHEN Hui;* 2012, 24(4):  0-558.  Abstract ( 2370 )   PDF (1199KB) ( 1086 )   Recombinant plasmids pFastBac-β-VP71-VP72, which were used as DNA vaccines based on 30 μg dose, were injected into grass carps by dorsal muscles after being enwrapped by liposome. Transcription situation and antibody level were tested respectively on a regular basis from RTPCR and indirect agglutination reaction for evaluating the role of liposome in comparison with no liposome groups, pFastBacTMDual group and control. The results indicated that transcription of target gene was still in process on the 70th day in liposome group, and antibody level was higher than no liposome groups. Therefore, liposome could promote the immune effect of DNA vaccine and should be further studied and put into practice as a kind of DNA vaccine adjuvant． Related Articles | Metrics

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Egg quality of different ducks LIU Ya-li;WANG De-qian;*;TAO Zheng-rong;SHEN Jun-da;YU Yong-liang;LU Li-zhi;* 2012, 24(4):  0-562.  Abstract ( 507 )   PDF (1089KB) ( 1073 )   Taking Shanxing duck(SX), Jinyun Ma duck(JM), Shanma duck(SM), SX×JM and SM×JM as study objects, egg quality among the different laying ducks and their hybridized combinations were compared. Each strain sampled 30 greenshell eggs randomly. The result showed: all egg shape index of strains showed no significant difference and were up to the standard; shell thickness were the highest in SX×JM green shell eggs, which was significantly different from SX, SM, and SM×JM (P<0.05); shell intensity in SX×JM and SM was the biggest and significantly different from SX (P<0.05); Egg weight in SX was the highest and significantly different from other breeds (P<0.05); albumen height in SX×JM was the highest and significantly different from other breeds (P<0.05); Hough unit in JM were the highest, and significantly different from SX in which Hough unit were the lowest (P<0.05). In total, SX×JM were best in shell thickness, shell strength and albumen height, while egg weight was biggest in SX. Correlation analysis showed a very significantly positive correlation between shell thickness and shell intensity(P<0.01); and that Hough unit was negative correlated with egg weight(P<0.05), and very significantly positive correlated with albumen height (P<0.01). Related Articles | Metrics

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Statistical analysis of some important fruit characters on table grape variety resources and setting of breeding goal ZHANG Yan-yi;SONG Chang-nian;FANG Jing-gui;*;LIU Hong;WANG Xi-cheng;LI Xiao-ying 2012, 24(4):  0-573.  Abstract ( 507 )   PDF (1810KB) ( 1387 )   China is the biggest producing country of table grape in the world where about 80% of viticulture is applied to table grape. The selection and breeding of excellent table grape is basis of sustainable development of grape industry in our country. In order to set scientific and reasonable breeding goal of table grape, the statistical analysis of quality characters data on 450 table grape varieties was carried out, which included seedless character, fragrance character, average weight, shape of fruit cluster and berry, pericarp color of berry, soluble solid and titratable acidity content, et al. And some suggestions for breeding goal were put forward． Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of transport and storage temperature and time on parthenogenetically development ability of sheep oocyte QIAO Li-min;GUO Tong;QIAO Fu-qiang;YAO Hua;*;ZHANG Jing-he;LEI Li-hui;GUAN Wei-jun;*;HOU Yin-xu 2012, 24(4):  0-566.  Abstract ( 589 )   PDF (1110KB) ( 1089 )   The effect of transport and storage temperature and time on parthenogenetically development ability of sheep oocyte was investigated. Ovary were collected and randomly placed in physiological saline at 10-15℃, 20-25℃ and 30-35℃ and transported to the laboratory to culture. They were divided into three groups randomly in optimal transport temperature, respectively kept in 4℃, 14-18℃ and 25-30℃ physiological saline, then oocytes were matured and parthenogenetic activated after 15-17 h. The results showed that the optimal transport temperature of ovaries was 20-25℃, the highest mature rates was 67.44% and blastocysts rates was 35.93%. When the sheep ovaries were kept in 14-18℃ for 15-17 h, it was found that the corresponding maturation rate(61.81%) and blastocysts rates(29.03%) of oocytes had no significant difference (P>0.05). the oocytes mature rates (41.90%, 18.40%) and the rates of cleavage (9.09%, 13.04%) were significantly lower and did not grow to blastocysts when they were kept in 4℃ or 25-30℃. It can be concluded that the optimal transport temperature of the sheep ovaries was 20-25℃, and oocytes of the sheep ovary in vitro had a good growth at 14-18℃ overnight． Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of satellite carrying on genetic mutation in major traits of eggplant progeny and its breeding technology ZHANG Ya;WANG Shi-heng;WANG Hong 2012, 24(4):  0-577.  Abstract ( 501 )   PDF (1088KB) ( 1122 )   Three varieties of eggplant seeds were carried by spaceship and the variation of SP1-SP4 generations were studied. The results showed that the germination rate and germination potential of SP1 generation was affected compared with the earth control but showed no significant difference. Main variations of eggplant were observed in SP2 generation. The plant height, largest leaf area, leaf expansion degree and fruit characteristics of eggplant were affected by satellite carrying. The breeding techniques on spaceinduced mutations of eggplant were proposed as follows: The seed number carried by spaceship should be not less than 500. SP1 generation should be numbered individually, as well as the seed reservation. All SP1 plants not less than 1 000 were kept for the planting of SP2 generation. SP2 was the focal point for breeding and only the seeds of variant plants were reserved. The selected variant materials should be numbered and reserved individually. In SP3 generation and afterward generations, the valuable variant plant seeds should be reserved individually. More than 30 individuals should be planted for the next generation of each group until the superior variant materials was selected. Related Articles | Metrics

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A rapid and precise SSRbased procedure for bottle gourd seed quality survey LU Zhong-fu;XU Pei;WU Xiao-hua;WANG Bao-geng;WANG Sha;LIU Yong-hua;LI Guo-jing* 2012, 24(4):  0-581.  Abstract ( 792 )   PDF (1287KB) ( 1538 )   Current application of large number of commercial bottle gourd cultivars with very high genetic similarity has caused many disputes on seed quality. To provide a rapid, precise and reliable method for bottle gourd seed purity assay, we developed a set of SSR markers based on DNA sequences obtained from highthroughput sequencing. Eight of these markers were defined as diagnostic markers by genotyping a collection of 44 bottle gourd genotypes. Based on this, a rapid and precise SSRbased procedure as well as standard DNA fingerprints for bottle gourd seed quality survey was established, which will be beneficial for the industrialization of bottle gourd seeds. Related Articles | Metrics

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Regression analysis on microspore in SP1 generation of Impatiens balsamina induced by space flight FAN Kun;FENG Chang-huan;TANG Ze-sheng;YANG Jun;PENG Zheng-song; 2012, 24(4):  0-596.  Abstract ( 444 )   PDF (1101KB) ( 1090 )   In this paper, on the basis of the microspore size in SP1 generation of Impatiens balsamina induced by space flight and on the principle of mathematical statistics, we used SPSS15.0 statistical software to analyze the data, which gave the reasonable theoretical analysis and built the model of linear regression. This model can predict microspore size and number in SP1 generation of Impatiens balsamina induced by space flight including three types of microspore number as large, middle and small in total． Related Articles | Metrics

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Regression analysis on microspore in SP1 generation of Impatiens balsamina induced by space flight FAN Kun;FENG Chang-huan;TANG Ze-sheng;YANG Jun;PENG Zheng-song; 2012, 24(4):  0-596.  Abstract ( 430 )   PDF (1101KB) ( 1064 )   In this paper, on the basis of the microspore size in SP1 generation of Impatiens balsamina induced by space flight and on the principle of mathematical statistics, we used SPSS15.0 statistical software to analyze the data, which gave the reasonable theoretical analysis and built the model of linear regression. This model can predict microspore size and number in SP1 generation of Impatiens balsamina induced by space flight including three types of microspore number as large, middle and small in total． Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of application of different organic materials on the yield and nutrients of purple cabbage LI Chuan-zhang;LI Ji-jin;HUANG Jing;GAO Li-juan;*;LIU Ben-sheng 2012, 24(4):  0-602.  Abstract ( 496 )   PDF (1127KB) ( 1571 )   A field experiment has been conducted to study the effects of different organic materials on soil nutrients, yield and quality of purple cabbage and nutrient utilization. The results showed that application of organic materials enlarged soil nutrient content, increased the yield and quality of purple cabbage. A significant increase in soil organic matter content has been found in the MM and PM treatments, which increased over 36% compared with that of the control. With the application of HM and MM, a remarkable increase has been found in ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium content in soil. A higher yield was also obtained in the treatments of HM and MM, which was 22% more than that of the control. The accumulated amount of nitrate was the smallest in the treatment of SM. The balance index of nitrogen and potassium in the edible part of purple cabbage was lower and its nutrient utilization was higher than that of phosphorus. In all treatments, MM had the lowest nutrient balance index, whose nutrient use efficiency was the highest. Therefore, in the process of organic agriculture, combination of manure and other fertilizers such as mushroom residue, peat, straw material will help to balance the soil fertility, improve nutrient utilization, and further improve crop quality and the comprehensive benefits while the crop production is guaranteed. Related Articles | Metrics

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A comparative study between wild ancient tea and tea garden tea BAO Xiao-hua;DONG Xu-an;PAN Si-yi 2012, 24(4):  0-608.  Abstract ( 503 )   PDF (1129KB) ( 1415 )   The appearance, liquor color, taste and aroma of wild ancient tea and tea garden tea were evaluated and determined by sensory evaluation and chemical analysis method. Both of the appearances were stripy. The color of dried wild ancient tea was redyellow and liquor color is yellowred, while the dried tea garden tea was greenblack and liquor color was greenyellow. The wild ancient tea tasted soft, sweet, and a little bitter, while the tea garden tea was much bitter and slightly sweet at the beginning. The contents of tea polyphenols and flavonoid compounds of both were the same, which were about 28.9% and 7%. The five kinds of catechins which were determined in wild ancient tea were two times more of that in tea garden tea. The tea garden teas caffeine content was nearly two times more than wild ancient tea. The content of free amino acids (AAs) in wild ancient tea was higher, while the tea garden tea had a higher content (4.60%) than wild ancient tea (3.82%) in soluble sugar. Fifty-eight kinds of aroma compounds were measured in wild ancient tea and 74 kinds of aroma compounds in tea garden tea, and there were 12 common components in both. In all, the wild ancient tea was far superior to the tea garden tea, but the effects of catechins and aroma compounds on the human body needed to be further studied. Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and identification of antagonistic bacteria to Magnaporthe grisea LIU Shi-yin;JIANG Hua;ZHANG Zhen;CHAI Rong-yao;MAO Xue-qin;QIU Hai-ping;WANG Jiao-yu;DU Xin-fa;WANG Yan-li;*;SUN Guo-chang;* 2012, 24(4):  0-614.  Abstract ( 560 )   PDF (1236KB) ( 1120 )   A total of 486 bacterial isolates were obtained from different rice rhizosphere soil samples. Twelve out of them showed antagonistic activities against Magnaporthe grisea using both in vitro dual culture method and microculture method. In particular, strains B4, B8, B18, B31, B34, B73 and B74 showed more than 80% inhibition in the hyphal growth of M. oryzae, while spores germination of M. grisea were completely inhibited by the supernatants of these antagonistic bacteria. Furthermore, these antagonistic bacteria were able to inhibit the hyphal growth of Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium graminearum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum and were identified as Bacillus subtilis. In addition, strains B1, B43 and B44 of Bacillus pumilus showed a moderate inhibition in the hyphal growth and spores germination of M. grisea and a slight inhibition in the hyphal growth of R. solani, while strains B48 and B59 of Streptomyces showed strong inhibition in the hyphal growth and slight inhibition in spore germination and appressorium formation of M. grisea. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of nematodes in edible mushroom substance on hypha growth of Auricularia auricular and its quantity threshold XIE Fei;LIU Qi-zhi*;LIANG Lin-lin;YANG Dao-wei 2012, 24(4):  0-619.  Abstract ( 509 )   PDF (1729KB) ( 1126 )   Based on the former study related to the reproduction and impact on hypha growth of three dominant nematode species isolated from edible mushroom growing substance, the effect of nematode density (5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 individuals per tube) on hypha growth of Auricularia auricular was investigated to find out the quantity threshold. The results showed that there was no obvious difference in hypha appearance of Auricularia auricular, compared with the control with the nematodes, Mesorhabditis sp. at the density of 5 and 10 individuals per tube after 2 weeks of inoculation. The amount of reproduction were 40 and 255 individuals per tube, respectively. The hypha appearance of A. auricular was slightly different after 3 weeks of inoculation. With the nematodes of Acrobeloides sp. and Aphelenchoides composticola Franklin at the density of 5 individuals per tube after 2 weeks of inoculation, the hypha appearance became yellow. The amount of reproduction were 55 and 93 individuals per tube, respectively. After 3 weeks, the hypha became brown, and half of it was bitten. The hypha was seriously affected at the tested densities of more than 20 individuals per tube of all the three species of nematodes. The hypha was bitten up almost after 3 weeks of inoculation. Therefore, for mushroom production, the amount of above 3 nematodes should be less than 5 individuals per tube (about 8 individuals per 100 g) in mushroom growing substance． Related Articles | Metrics

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The black rot disease of Hedera nepalensis and its pathogen identification XU Feng-xian;HU Xiao-qian;MA Jie;LOU Xiao-ming;LOU Bing-gan;* 2012, 24(4):  0-623.  Abstract ( 468 )   PDF (1425KB) ( 1127 )   Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis (Araliaceae) is an ornamental plant that is widely planted in gardens in southern China. Black rot were observed on H. nepalensis in autumn of 2009 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. The disease was usually found to be common from September to November. Black watersoaked spots initially appeared in the edge of the leaves, on the base of leaf petioles and creeping young stems, followed by irregular large lesions in the infected leaves and black constriction in the infected petiole. During long wet periods, the surface of the infected plants showed white mycelium while the inside become soft and watery. At last the disease resulted in the whole vines death. The occurence of disease in fields had obvious center and spread rapidly, and showed contiguous serious disease. The strain was isolated from the boundary between the diseased and healthy part by using tissue isolation technique. The morphological observations showed that the conidia wall was thin, nonseptate, spindleshaped to narrow oval, and the size was (18-25) μm× (4-5) μm, average of 193 μm× 47 μm. The ascus had double wall, eight ascospores in each ascus, ascospores monospores, colorless, transparent, smoothwalled, and the size was (19-28) μm× (7-9) μm, average of 223 μm× 75 μm. The strain rDNA ITS sequence is 557 bp. The isolated strain was identified as Botryosphaeria dothidea de Not (anamorph is Fusicoccum aesculi Corda) based on its morphological characteristics, pathogenicity tests and rDNA ITS sequence analyses. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of biological control strain MT06 for managing cucumber powdery mildew by pot tests and its colonization measurement on cucumber PENG Zhirong;MAO Xueqin;#;JIANG Hua;CHAI Rongyao;ZHANG Zhen;WANG Yanli;WANG Jiaoyu;QIU Haiping;SUN Guochang;* 2012, 24(4):  0-629.  Abstract ( 529 )   PDF (1273KB) ( 1158 )   The evaluation was carried out to determine the ability of Talaromyces flavus, MT-06based products in management of cucumber powdery mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea. The results showed that the effectiveness of strain MT-06 was dependent on its concentration in pot tests. In particular, 10fold dilution of mycelium mixed liquid have the best effect, with the preventive effects of 87.86% and the curative effects of 84.89% compared to the control after spraying 11 days, while the effect of the other treatments of strain MT-06 are similar to the chemical fungicide triadimefon. The effect of fermented liquid decreased with the prolonging of time; however, the effect of mycelium mixed liquid and spore suspension kept stable for a long time. The colonization test of strain MT-06 on cucumber plants showed that petiole colonization rate is higher than that of the leaves. The petiole colonization rate of mycelium mixed liquid and spore suspension was 100%, except when sprayed the spore suspension at the concentration of 1×105 mL-1 was 85%, while the highest colonization rate on cucumber leaves was 40%. Therefore, the biocontrol efficiency of strain MT06 may be partially attributed to the ability of colonization on cucumber plants. Overall, these results showed that strain MT-06 played an important role in managing powdery mildew on cucumber plants． Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular identification and phenotypic analysis of a Botrytis cinerea mutant defective in cell wall integrity ZHANG Weihong;ZHU Tingheng;WANG Kun;CUI Zhifeng* 2012, 24(4):  0-636.  Abstract ( 488 )   PDF (1883KB) ( 1110 )   To study the cell wall related genes in Botrytis cinerea, TDNA insertion mutants of Botrytis cinerea were screened by using Calcofluor White(CFW), and a cell wall integrity defective mutant named D-59 was obtained. Compared with the wildtype strain, sensitivity of the D-59 mutant to CFW increased 28 times. The flanking sequence of T-DNA insertion site was amplified by TAIL-PCR and the sequences were analyzed. It revealed that the TDNA inserted in the extron part of a predicted protein coding gene (BC1G_00770-1) in B. cinerea genome. As expected, no expression of BC1G_00770-1 in the mutant was detected by RTPCR experiment. It was found that D-59 showed sparse hyphae, khaki colonies, decreased spores, abnormal spore germination, decreased pathogenic ability, and the cell wall chitin content decreased by 48%． Related Articles | Metrics

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Susceptibility of three rice planthoppers to insecticides in Zhejiang province HE Yue-ping;ZHANG Jue-feng;XIAO Peng-fei;CHEN Lie-zhong;CHEN Jian-ming* 2012, 24(4):  0-646.  Abstract ( 535 )   PDF (1254KB) ( 1264 )   To investigate the current status of the resistance to insecticides of rice planthoppers in Zhejiang province, rice stemdipping method was used for detecting the susceptibilities to insecticides of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(St-l), collected from Jiaxing city, and whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera(Horv-th), collected from Hangzhou city, and small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus(Fallén), collected from Jiaxing city and Changxing city. The results showed that the Jiaxing population of N. lugens had developed a high level of resistance to imidacloprid with 615.9-814.2 fold, and to thiamethoxam with 66.2 fold, and to buprofezin with 13.0 fold, and still susceptible to nitenpyram. The susceptibility of the Hangzhou population of S. furcifera to chlorpyrifos was dropped 9.5 times from 2008 to 2010, which suggested a rapid evolution of resistance of S. furcifera to chlorpyrifos. The susceptibilities of the Changxing population of L. striatellus to thiamethoxam, chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid were reduced 1.6, 2.5 and 2.3 fold, respectively, from 2007 to 2010 or 2011, and toxicities of thiamethoxam and chlorpyrifos against the Changxing population of L. striatellus were slightly higher than those against the Jiaxing population. Based on the bioassay data, strategies of the application of insecticide in field and insecticide resistance management for the control of rice planthoppers were also proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Intraspecific and interspecific competition between Sitophlus zeamais and Rhizopertha dominica at two temperatures ZHOU Rui;CUI Jin-bo;DENG Yong-xue;WANG Jin-jun 2012, 24(4):  0-641.  Abstract ( 582 )   PDF (1143KB) ( 1059 )   Intraspecific and interspecific competition of Sitophilus zeamais and Rhizopertha dominica were studied at 28℃ and 33℃ according to the method of Giga in laboratory. The results showed that the reproductive curves of S.zeamais and R.dominica under single rearing condition were quadratic curves, and the competition types belonged to resource competition type. Hence the intensity of intraspecific competition was affected by initial density. Population numbers of S. zeamais and R. dominica under mixture rearing condition were less than those of single rearing condition, there was remarkable competition between the two species for limited resources, and the intensity of interspecific competition was affected by initial density and temperature. The S. zeamais with convex reproduction curve was stronger competitor and would be the dominant species for a long period at 28℃; the competition ability of R. dominica became stronger at 33℃ than that at 28℃, the reproduction curve changed from concave at 28℃ to convex at 33℃, it would be the dominant species, but the reproduction curve of S. zeamais was also convex at higher density, so that coexistence was possible finally． Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer rates on nitrate leaching characteristics and wheat yield in paddy field in dry period NI Xiong-wei;LIANG Xin-qiang;TIAN Guang-ming;HUANG Jin-fa;SHI Yan-ping 2012, 24(4):  0-675.  Abstract ( 525 )   PDF (1371KB) ( 1279 )   The effect of ureaN application rates on crop yield and nitrate (NO3\|N) leaching were investigated during two winterwheat growing seasons using undisturbed lysimeters in the Taihu Lake Basin of China. The results showed that there was a polynomial rather than a linear relationship between wheat yield and N rates, and the maximum wheat yield was 4.62×103 kg·hm-2 at the N rate of 280 kg·hm-2. However, a significantly positive linear relationship was found between seasonal NO3\|N leaching and N rates, and the seasonal NO3\|N leaching mean values ranged from 4.6 kg·hm-2 NO3-N to 17.1 kg·hm-2 NO3\|N in the five N treatments. It was recommended that the 195 kg·hm-2 N rate was adopted as the optimum ecological application rate of N for wheat in this region, because at that rate, 95% of the maximum yield was ensured while 19.9% of leaching NO3-N reduced compared to that of the maximum yield. Related Articles | Metrics

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Occurrence and control of citrus melanose caused by Diaporthe citri JIANG Li-ying;XU Fa-sa;HUANG Zhen-dong;HUANG Feng;CHEN Guo-qing;LI Hong-ye;* 2012, 24(4):  0-653.  Abstract ( 651 )   PDF (1445KB) ( 1290 )   Melanose, caused by Diaporthe citri, has become a serious disease on citrus fruits in citrusgrowing region of Zhejiang, Jiangxi provinces etc. It deteriorates exterior quality and brings down sale price of citrus fruits for fresh marketing. We have been involved in the investigation of the symptoms, prevalence and control methods of this disease since 2008. It was demonstrated that citrus fruits are susceptible to this disease in whole developmental stage, and especially susceptible during the enlarging stage. The order of melanose severity was closely associated with citrus age, times of fertilization and fungicide application. The best control efficiency could be obtained by application of protective fungicides such as mancozeb (followed the instruction of manufactory) 20 days interval after fruitsetting. Superior efficiency would be even achieved when 0.25% to 0.5% mineral oil (SK spray oil) was mixed with mancozeb. Inter and intranational information regarding the symptoms, characteristics of pathogen, epidemic factors and disease control of melanose was elaborately integrated in this paper. Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and analysis of miRNAs in Echinococcus granulosus HAO Li-li;LI Rui;LI Bi-fu 2012, 24(4):  0-657.  Abstract ( 478 )   PDF (1109KB) ( 1128 )   There exists complicated pattern of genes regulation in Echinococcus granulosus, which have distinct characteristics in definitive and intermediate hosts. miRNAs play important role of genes regulation in eukaryotic animals. There are one hundred and eight miRNAs were identified in this experiment and among of them twenty miRNAs belong to conserved miRNA families and eighty two are novel miRNAs in Echinococcus granulosus G1 strain. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of different drainage times during yellow ripening stage of rice on soil salt contents and rice yields on a coastal saline soil GUO Bin;FU Qing-lin*;LIN Yi-cheng;DING Neng-fei;LIU Chen;LI Hua;LI Ning-yu 2012, 24(4):  0-662.  Abstract ( 486 )   PDF (1126KB) ( 1125 )   A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different drainage times during yellow ripening stage of rice on soil salt contents,Na contents in rice shoot, and rice grain yields on a coastal saline soil in Zhejiang province. The results showed that during yellow ripening stage of rice, the soil salt contents increased with soil depth. After drainage, salt contents in 0-80 cm soil depth showed a rising trend, which was resulted from the earlier drainage. However, change in salt contents in 80-100 cm depth was not great. Na contents in shoots of rice in earlier drainage treatment were higher than that in later drainage treatments. Compared to the treatment of conventional drainage time (October 7th), rice grain yield in the treatment of advancing drainage for 12 days decreased by 8.2%. Rice grain yield in treatment of delaying drainage for 14 days increased by 18%, and number of filled grains per panicle and grain weight of rice also significantly increased. However, there was no significant difference in rice grain yields between the treatments of delaying drainage for 29 d and 14 d. Therefore, delaying drainage for 14 days during yellow ripening stage of rice was an effective way to conform the stable yield of rice on a coastal saline soil. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary study on surface runoff nitrogen and phosphorus loss in the West Lake tea plantation ecosystem WANG Jing-wen;SUN Ji-lin;ZHANG Qi-chun;YANG Wen-ye 2012, 24(4):  0-679.  Abstract ( 514 )   PDF (1107KB) ( 1305 )   The effect of the conventional fertilization on runoff and nutrient losses in field conditions was investigated through setting runoff plots in tea plantation ecosystem in West Lake. The results showed that total nitrogen (TN)and total phosphorus (TP) concentration were 5.47 mg·L-1and 0.48 mg·L-1,respectively, in the period from July 2010 to June 2011, which indicated that surface runoff into the water would result in water entrophication. The results also suggested that soluble nitrogen was the main form of runoff nitrogen loss in the tea plantation system. The runoff and total nitrogen phosphorus losses were highly correlated with the precipitation during the period, suggesting that it can reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loss in the surface soil in the condition of less fertilizer, avoiding fertilization before raining, and trenching fertilization． Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of irrigation with saline aquaculture wastewater on growth and quality of Suaeda salsa and Salicornia bigelovii ZHENG Chun-fang;CHEN Chen;PENG Yi-quan;JI De-wei;YU Jun-qi;CHEN Shao-bo;XIE Qi-lang;ZENG Guo;*;LIU Wei-cheng;* 2012, 24(4):  0-669.  Abstract ( 671 )   PDF (2281KB) ( 1223 )   The effects of agricultural use of saline aquaculture wastewater for irrigation of Suaeda salsa and Salicornia bigelovii on growth and quality in a fieldtrial were studied. The results showed that plant height, stem width and shoot biomass of Suaeda salsa and plant height of Salicornia bigelovii significantly decreased by irrigation with saline aquaculture wastewater, but not significantly affected biomass of Salicornia bigelovii in midtolate July. Contents of protein, total soluble sugars and free amino acid in Suaeda salsa significantly decreased under irrigation with saline aquaculture wastewater, while total soluble sugars and free amino acid in Salicornia bigelovii increased. On July 15th, contents of Na+in Suaeda salsa and Ca2+ in Salicornia bigelovii significantly decreased under irrigation with saline aquaculture wastewater, while contents of K+and Mg2+ in Suaeda salsa and Na+and K+in Salicornia bigelovii increased. On July 28th, contents of Na+in Suaeda salsa and Mg2+ in Salicornia bigelovii increased under irrigation with saline aquaculture wastewater, while absorption of Na+and Mg2+ were inhibited in Suaeda salsa. Thus, aquaculture wastewater irrigation was more suitable for Salicornia bigelovii than Suaeda salsa. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on spatial distribution and correlation of soil organic matter in surface soils of Huzhou CHEN Jiang;CHANG Yan-chun;TONG Li-hua 2012, 24(4):  0-685.  Abstract ( 581 )   PDF (1765KB) ( 1189 )   The spatial distribution character of soil organic matter(SOM) content in surface soils of Huzhou was investigated, utilizing combined method of geostatistical and GIS techniques. Results showed that SOM content followed a normal distribution with arithmetic mean of 22.3 g·kg-1 and variation coefficient of 044. Based on the results of ANOVA and geostatistics, the best model for semivariogram of SOM was spherical model. The SOM content exhibited anisotropy and the degree of spatial autocorrelation was moderate. A contour map of SOM content was obtained using ordinary Kriging interpolation. Analysis of correlation showed that the relationship between SOM content and TN content was remarkable． Related Articles | Metrics

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Ecological footprint and ecological sustainable development analysis in Wencheng County from 2000 to 2009 HU Qing-yu;LU You-you;GONG Shi-dong;YANG Bing;CHEN Chang-qing;* 2012, 24(4):  0-692.  Abstract ( 493 )   PDF (1136KB) ( 1118 )   Characteristics of the ecological footprint and ecological sustainable development in Wencheng from 2000 to 2009 was analyzed and evaluated using ecological footprint model and data aggregation and other analytical methods. The results showed that: the ecological footprint per capita of Wencheng increased from 0.5918 hm2 per person in 2000 to 0.6352 hm2 per person in 2009. Additionally, the ecological capacity per capita of Wencheng reduced from 0.6189 hm2 per person in 2000 to 0.5281 hm2 per person in 2009. The ecological deficit per capita showed a gradually increasing trend in Wencheng in recent 10 years. From 2000 to 2009, the sustainable development index of arable land resources per capita decreased from 0.5112 to 0.4540 and showed a state from lowly sustainable to lowly unsustainable. The model predicts that ecological footprint per capita of Wencheng will reach 0.6519 hm2 per person, while the ecological capacity of arable land per capit. will drop to 0.4917 hm2 per person by 2019. Then ecological deficit will increase to 0.1602 hm2 per person and sustainable development index will decrease to 0.4300. The ecological stress of Wencheng will more and more serious. To inhibit the upward trend of ecological footprint, increase the ecological capacity and then maintain the ecologically sustainable development of Wencheng, we should control population, change the traditional concept of consumption, curb the ecological environment, improve the utilization rate per unit land and take other measures etc． Related Articles | Metrics

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Distribution characteristics and mechanical properties of Betula platyphylla roots in North China mountainous area SONG Heng-chuan;CHEN Li-hua*;LU Chun-juan;GAI Xiao-gang;WANG Ping-hua 2012, 24(4):  0-698.  Abstract ( 540 )   PDF (1289KB) ( 1187 )   The roots of Betula platyphylla, one of common tree species in the rocky mountain area of northern China was selected as the research object. The full excavation method was used to compare root length, root diameter and soil depth, and the root morphology model was established by using Sketchup Pro 8 software. The root tensile strength and shear strength of the soilroot composites was tested in the laboratory. The results showed that roots of Betula platyphylla vertical distribution was concentrated in the soil depth of 0-60 cm, playing an important role on slope shallow soil and water conservation. The root morphology simulated using software was closer to the actual. The root tensile strength and the diameter were proportional to the tensile strength, and decreased with the increasing diameter. The root system of Betula platyphylla can significantly enhance soil shear strength, and roots crossed in different ways, the shear strength of the root soil complex was also different． Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation on quality grades of smoked and cooked ham by using cluster analysis with texture parameters YANG Hua-huan;ZHAO Gac-ming*;ZHANG Jian-wei;LI Miao-yun;HAO Hongtao;LIU Yan-xia;HUANG Xian-qing;ZHANG Qiu-hui 2012, 24(4):  0-710.  Abstract ( 488 )   PDF (1105KB) ( 1233 )   The texture characteristics values including hardness, fracturability, adheresiveness, springiness, cohesiveness and chewiness of smoked and cooked ham with different grades from three brands were measured, and the values of texture characteristics were performed by cluster analysis. The results showed that the higher of the smoked ham grade, the better of the texture characteristics. Eighteen samples were clustered reasonably into three groups by cluster analysis. The first cluster was considered as general grade which included all the general grade with A and B brand. All the excellent grade and no starch grade except sample 7 were gathered to the second cluster, which was considered to be the excellent grade. The last group was premium grade, which included sample 7. The grade classified by cluster analysis with texture parameters was consistent with the enterprise classification. Related Articles | Metrics

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Antibiotic residues in waste waters from main livestock farms in Zhejiang Province WU Li-qin;QIAN Ming-rong;LU Li\|zhi;TAO Zheng-rong;LI Guo-qin;FENG Shang-lian;CHEN Zhi-min;LI Rui;FANG Li-zhen 2012, 24(4):  0-705.  Abstract ( 552 )   PDF (3604KB) ( 1151 )   Analytical methods for the determination of 29 antibiotic residues including sufonamides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicals and fluoroquinolones in waste waters were developed. Samples were adjusted into pH=6, centrifugated and cleaned\|up through solid phase extraction column. HPLC\|MS/MS with electrospray was used to determine sufonamides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones in positive ion scan mode and chloramphenicals in negative scan mode. The fortified recoveries of antibiotic residues in surface water were 68.6%-91.5% at fortification levels ranging from 0.02-1.0 μg·L-1 for sufonamides and fluoroquinolones and 0.04-1.0 μg·L-1 for tetracyclines and chloramphenicals. Relative standard deviations(RSDs) were 2.8%-12.3% (n=5). The limit of quantization(LOQ)were 002-004 μg·L-1. The method was applied to determine residues in 20 waste water samples from livestock and poultry farms or rivers near farms. As a result, five kinds of sufonamides and florfenicol were detected. Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of allicin in dietary supplement by HPLC XU Li-hong;WANG Jian-qing;ZHANG Qiao-yan;LI Xiao-min;QIU Cheng-hai;YUAN Li-wen 2012, 24(4):  0-717.  Abstract ( 707 )   PDF (1348KB) ( 1205 )   Solid, liquid and semisolid dietary supplement were chosen as study subjects. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to determine main active components, diallyl trisulfide (DATS) and diallyl disulfide (DADS), in dietary supplement. Effects of extract solvents, volume fraction of ethanol, temperature and chromatographic column on detection were studied. Samples were extracted with ethanol by ultrasonic, isolated by C18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm); V(acetonitrile)∶V(H2O)=68∶32 as mobile phase; The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1 and the UV wavelength was 240 nm. The results indicated that the standard curves of allicin showed good linearity in the range ration of 6.26-6262.24 mg·L-1 (r=0.9999), and the detection limits were 2.0 mg·kg-1 for DATS, 1.5 mg·kg-1 for DADS. The mean recoveries of two samples standard addition test for three matrices at high and low levels were 97.6%-105.8% for DADS and 95.3%-105.4% for DATS. The relative standard deviations of test repeatability were 1.5%-2.7%, and the relative standard deviations of test reproducibility were 3.8%-5.6%. Comparing the results by HPLC and gas chromatography, there was no significant difference. This method is rapid and accurate for the determination of allicin in dietary supplement． Related Articles | Metrics

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A predictive method for polymerase chain reactions based on the template DNA FAN Xiujing;LI Nan;LI Chun 2012, 24(4):  0-720.  Abstract ( 444 )   PDF (1086KB) ( 1066 )   By means of assigning (0,0,1),(0,1,0),(-1,-1,0),(1,0,0) to the four bases A, G, C and T, a DNA sequence is transformed into a 24dimensional vector. Based on this and the Fisher linear discriminant algorithm, we proposed a computational method to predict success for PCR. Our report is based on 189 amplicons randomly selected from human exons, and our method achieves an accuracy of 90%. Related Articles | Metrics

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An image edge detection algorithm of plant roots based on support vector machine〖BT)〗 WU Peng;SONG Wenlong 2012, 24(4):  0-726.  Abstract ( 425 )   PDF (1637KB) ( 1135 )   Considering the disadvantages in the traditional image edge detection methods, such as the rough edge, noise of the edge and inaccurate edge location, in the study of plant roots, using the traditional image edge detection method to detect the edge cant obtain satisfactory result. A new efficient image edge detection algorithm method based on support vector machine (SVM) was proposed to solve above problems. Based on least squares SVM with Gaussian radial basis function kernel, a set of the new gradient operators and the corresponding second derivative operators are obtained. The performance of the presented edge detection algorithm is compared with Canny and Prewitt detectors. The experimental result demonstrated that, compared with conventional detection methods, the proposed edge detection could not only improve edge detection properties, but also could overcome the noise interference to a certain degree． Related Articles | Metrics

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he technological paths and support systems of low carbon agricultural development in China KE Fuyan;HUANG Wei;MAO Xiaobao 2012, 24(4):  0-732.  Abstract ( 508 )   PDF (1366KB) ( 1254 )   Based on the main problems existing in lowcarbon agriculture in China, this paper proposed that promoting the uses of 3R technologies (reduce, reuse and recycle) can effectively reduce the carbon emissions from agricultural production system. From the perspective of reducing carbon emissions, this paper discussed the contents of lowcarbon agriculture and the main problems of lowcarbon agricultural development; finally we proposed the technology paths of lowcarbon agricultural development and also constructed the support systems including the technologies and corresponding policies & systems． Related Articles | Metrics

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Network of regulation and metabolism of indole glucosinolate in plants WANG Jiansheng;GU Hong\|hui*;YU Huifang;ZHAO Zhen;SHENG Xiaoguang 2012, 24(4):  0-747.  Abstract ( 694 )   PDF (1211KB) ( 1280 )   Indole glucosinolates derived from tryptophan is one of the important metabolites in most species of the Brassicaceae. To date, the biosynthesis and modification of indole glucosinolates has been elucidated. Various transcriptors are directly or indirectly involved in the metabolism of indole glucosinolates, which is also mediated by environmental factors and some plant hormones such as jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and ethylene. The breakdown of indole glucosinolates can be carried out by glucosinolate\|myrosinase system upon tissue damage or in some unknown pathways, and through a typical myrosinase pathway in live cell. Here we reviewed current status of studies on the metabolism, regulation and breakdown of indole glucosinolates. The cross\|talks between indole glucosinolate and other metabolic pathways such as camalexin biosynthesis and sulfur assimilation were also discussed． Related Articles | Metrics

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Diet exposure assessment methods in food WANG Xiangwei;QIU Houyuan;ZHANG Zhiheng;WU Liyu;YUAN Yuwei;WANG Qiang;* 2012, 24(4):  0-738.  Abstract ( 478 )   PDF (1177KB) ( 1650 )   Taking the diet exposure assessment models and methods of the European Union, the United States and the related international organizations as reference, this paper mainly compared and analyzed the similarities and differences, advantages and disadvantages of point assessment and probability assessment, and analyzed the key factors of diet exposure assessment model including assessment software, processing factor, database, et al on the basis of review on the evolution and development history of diet exposure assessment model, combined with the present situation of diet exposure assessment in China. Finally, the opinions and suggestions can be used for reference were proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research advances in tomato root knot nematode disease LI Xuqing;ZHENG Jingwu;ZHENG Jirong;RUAN Songlin 2012, 24(4):  0-752.  Abstract ( 750 )   PDF (1119KB) ( 1469 )   This paper briefly reviewed the research progresses in tomato nematode species, pathogen, damage suymptom, biological characteristics, classification methods, resistance evaluation, control measurement, resistance breeding and Mi gene． Moreover, the future development trend was prospected. Related Articles | Metrics