Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

Effects of exogenous salicylic acid on growth and defense-related genes of rice seedlings

LIU Han, DAI Yuanxing, LYU Mingfang, YUAN Zhengjie, LI Jing, YAN Chengqi, ZHANG Hengmu

2021, 33(10): 1789-1796. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.01

Abstract ( 1346 )

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To explore the effects of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) on plant growth and SA-related defense responses at the stage of rice seedlings, gradient concentrations of exogenous SA were used to spray rice seedlings of Nipponbare. Spectrophotometer was applied to measure the content of chlorophyll, a key indicator of rice seedling growth, and qRT-PCR was further used to analyze the expression levels of SA-biosynthesis gene PAL1, SA-receptor gene NPR1, and transcription factors WRKY45/WRKY76 and defense genes PR1a/PR1b at the downstream of SA signal pathway. It was found that different concentrations of exogenous SA exerted varying influences on expression patterns of tested genes, i.e. lower concentrations of exogenous SA promoted chlorophyll accumulation a certain extent and markedly affected on the expression of defense-related genes, while high concentrations of SA inhibited the accumulation of chlorophyll and induced abnormal growth at the stage of rice seedlings. Comprehensive comparison of quantitative results suggested that 2.0 mmol·L ^-1 of SA could be most effective in inducing the expression of defense-related genes by spraying rice seedlings. These results laid the foundation for further investigating roles of exogenous SA in promotion of plant growth and defense responses at the stage of rice seedlings.

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Identification and expression analysis of millet GH5 gene family

MENG Yaxuan, SUN Yingqi, ZHAO Xinyue, WANG Fengxia, WENG Qiaoyun, LIU Yinghui

2021, 33(10): 1797-1807. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.02

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Glycoside hydrolase 5 (GH5) belonged to the largest family of glycoside hydrolyases involved in the cell wall synthesis and degradation in plant. To identify and systematically characterize GH5 gene family, whole genome scan and bio-informatics analysis in millet were performed. In this study, total 18 GH5 genes were identified in millet, which unevenly distributed on eight chromosomes. By the gene structure and evolutionary analysis, SiGH5 proteins had a conserved domain, and overlapping alignment found that GH5 protein structures were highly conserved. Multi-species phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that GH5 proteins had species-specific characteristics. Gene structure analysis showed that the 18 GH5 genes contained exons and introns structure, some gene had the exon shuffling phenomenon. Expression analysis revealed that millet GH5 genes were specifically expressed in one or more organs, and significantly induced under different abiotic stress. In addition, a large number of hormone-responsive elements were identified in promoter region,which implied millet GH5 genes might play important role in response to plant growth and stresses.

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Effects of inoculation method of rhizobia on dry matter accumulation and yield of multiple soybean

XU Yue, XU Yaxin, HUANG Xingjun, WU Shu, CHEN Guodong, WU Quanzhong, ZHAI Yunlong

2021, 33(10): 1808-1816. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.03

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To explore the effects of different modes of rhizobium inoculation on the biomass accumulation and the yield, three isolated, identified and purified rhizobium strains, and multiple soybean varieties of SUINONG35 was selected as materials, the effects of the three rhizobium inoculation application methods of seed dressing, seed fertilizer, and drip application on the rhizobia nodule number, dry weight of root nodules, aboveground dry matter accumulation and distribution, yield and its composition were compared. The results showed that the rhizobium inoculation could promote the nodule formation of soybean roots, among which, seed dressing inoculation method of SN7-2, seed fertilization inoculation method for SMH12 and SN7-2, and drip inoculation for T6 had the best nodule effect. Seed dressing inoculation method of SN7-2, seed fertilization inoculation method for SMH12 and SN7-2, and drip inoculation for T6 coiled significantly promote the dry matter accumulation of soybean. Seed dressing method and seed fertilizer inoculation method of SN7-2, and drip inoculation method for T6 could promote dry matter distribution to reproductive organs. The seed yield of soybean improved by increasing the number of main stem nodes, pod number per plant, grain number per plant and 100 grain weight with different inoculation methods. The seed dressing method and seed fertilizer method were suitable for the SN7-2, whilst, for the T6, the suitable application method was dripping.

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Genetic diversity of Canine parvovirus in Hefei, Anhui Province from 2018 to 2019

JI Kaiyuan, QIU Yueyang, CHENG Ao, JIANG Shudong, PENG Mengling

2021, 33(10): 1817-1825. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.04

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In order to understand the genetic variation of Canine parvovirus (CPV) in Anhui, the whole genome of 10 CPV strains collected in Anhui during 2018—2019 was amplified by PCR, and the genetic evolution characteristics of CPV and the variation of VP2 antigen in Anhui were analyzed by bioinformatics. Genetic evolution analysis showed that the 10 strains of CPV isolated in Anhui were mainly CPV-2c subtypes, originating from CPV-2AB004 (EF011664) and CPV-LZ1 (JQ268283), forming an independent branch. NS1 gene and VP2 gene showed an asynchronous phenomenon in the branch of genetic evolution, which provided the basis for the recombination of CPV gene. Amino acid mutation analysis revealed that VP2 protein of the CPV strain isolated from Anhui Province had some amino acid site mutations, and further research is needed to determine whether it has an impact on the structure and function of VP2 protein.This study provided reference for the study of CPV by analyzing the genetic evolution characteristics of CPV in Anhui Province and the amino acid site mutation characteristics of VP2 protein.

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Protective effects of Glycyrrhiza total flavones on liver injury of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under high fat condition

DU Jinliang, CAO Liping, JIA Rui, GU Zhengyan, HE Qin, XU Pao, JENEY Galina, MA Yuzhong, YIN Guojun

2021, 33(10): 1826-1835. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.05

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In order to evaluate protective effects of Glycyrrhiza total flavones (GTF) on liver of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after fatty liver injury, 180 healthy and uninjured tilapia were randomly divided into six experimental groups. Namely, control group (CK), high-fat diet (HFD) model group and four different concentrations (0.05, 0.10, 0.50, 1.00 g·kg ^-1) of Glycyrrhiza total flavones treatment groups, each group 30 tails. After 90 days of feeding, liver were collected for determination activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), and level of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in liver homogenate. Western blotting method was used to measure the protein levels of nuclear transcription factor-κB C-rel (NF-κB C-Rel) and nuclear transcription factor-κB P 65 (NF-κB P65) in liver. Quantitative real-time PCR method was used to measure mRNA levels of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) and apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100). The results showed that: compared with the control group, contents of TG, TC and MDA in tilapia liver homogenate in high-fat diet group significantly increased (P< 0.01), activities of GSH, SOD and T-AOC level in liver homogenate significantly decreased (P<0.01), and mRNA levels of MTTP, ApoB100 down-regulated (P<0.01 or P<0.05), NF-κB P65 and C-rel protein levels increased. After adding Glycyrrhiza total flavones to the diet, activities of GSH, SOD and T-AOC level in liver were increased in different degrees, contents of TC, TG, MDA, and NF-κB C-Rel, NF-κB P65 protein levels were decreased in different degrees, mRNA levels of MTTP and ApoB100 showed an up-regulated trend, and concentration of Glycyrrhiza total flavones at 0.50 g·kg ^-1 showed the best effects. Overall, these results indicated that Glycyrrhiza total flavones had certain effects on tilapia fatty liver and could alleviate the fatty liver injury caused by high-fat diet.

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Isolation, identification and sensitive drug screening of a pathogenic Proteus cibarius strain from beef cattle

MA Zhiyu, HUANG Fangyuan, WANG Wei, YI Jun, ZUO Zhicai

2021, 33(10): 1836-1843. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.06

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To determine the pathogen causing symptoms such as increased body temperature, salivation, runny nose and dyspnea of beef cattle in a cattle farm, nasal swabs of sick cattle were collected for bacterial isolation and identification and sensitive drug screening. The isolated strain ZZC-JM-1 was identified as Proteus cibarius by determination of swarming motility, biochemical identification and 16S rRNA sequencing. The strain showed swarming motility on the ordinary plate containing 1% and 2% agar, and when the agar concentration reached 3%, the growth was inhibited. Biochemical characteristics were consistent with Proteus cibarius except that maltose and sucrose test showed positive. Similarity between 16S rRNA gene of ZZC-JM-1 and Proteus cibarius reported on Genbank was 99.7%, and ZZC-JM-1 and Proteus cibarius were clustered together by constructing phylogenetic tree.When mice were intraperitoneally injected with 7.35×10 ⁷ CFU·mL^-1 bacterial solution (0.2 mL per mouse), they all died within 7-14 h. Anatomical examination showed hemorrhage and swelling of lung, liver and spleen. Drug sensitivity test showed that ZZC-JM-1 was resistant to common antibiotics, and highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and gentamicin. In conclusion, a strain of Proteus cibarius was isolated from diseased cattle with high body temperature and respiratory symptoms, and Proteus cibarius might be the main pathogen or the secondary pathogen of respiratory tract infection in beef cattle, which should be paid highly attention.

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Dynamic change of nutritional components during fruit development in jabuticaba

QIU Shanlian, LIN Baomei, ZHANG Shaoping, HONG Jiamin, ZHANG Shuai, ZHENG Kaibin

2021, 33(10): 1844-1851. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.07

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Jabuticaba fruits at different development stages were used to study the sensory characteristics and dynamic changes of nutritional components, to provide reference for timely harvest. Results showed that on the 30th day after anthesis, the peel color was green, the single fruit weight was 4.88 g, and the fruit diameter was 2.18 cm. With the growth of the fruit, the peel color changed from green to red, then purple, and finally to purple black. The weight and size of the fruit increased gradually. The single fruit weight was 8.20 g and the fruit diameter was 2.76 cm at full ripe stage. Reducing sugar was the most important nutritional component in the whole development stage of jabuticaba. The dynamic trends of reducing sugar, sucrose and soluble solids content were similar, that was, the contents of the three nutritional substances increased on 30-52 days after anthesis, reached the highest at full ripe stage, and decreased significantly at over ripe stage (P<0.05). The content of reducing sugar increased from 26.58% to 56.47% and then decreased to 53.05%, sucrose increased from 1.51% to 4.55% and then decreased to 1.91%, soluble solid increased from 8.80% to 17.10% and then decreased to 15.83%. The dynamic change trend of starch, protein and crude fiber content was similar, which was contrary to the trend of reducing sugar, that was, their contents decreased first and then increased, exhibited the lowest values at full ripe stage, and increased significantly at over ripe stage (P<0.05). Starch content decreased from 18.92% to 13.48%, protein from 7.24% to 5.63%, crude fiber from 5.62% to 2.60% on 30-52 days after anthesis. The total amino acid content decreased from 5.35% to 3.62% in 30-45 days after anthesis, and then increased. The contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids showed the dynamic change of “down-up-down”, were the highest on 30 days after anthesis, which were 107.63 mg·g^-1 and 48.03 mg·g^-1, respectively, and the lowest on 39 days after anthesis, which were 28.75 mg·g^-1 and 21.05 mg·g^-1, respectively.

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Physiological response and drought resistance evaluation of different Hydrangea varieties under drought stress

REN Qianqian, SUN Jixia, ZHANG Deshun, DING Zhaotang, ZHANG Yingjie, ZHANG Jingwei

2021, 33(10): 1852-1860. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.08

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In order to explore the effects of different drought stresses on the growth of Hydrangea varieties and evaluate their drought resistance, six Hydrangea varieties were used as test materials, and were treated with normal (CK), mild drought stress (T1), moderate drought stress (T2), severe drought stress (T3) and extra severe drought stress (T4) to simulate drought stress. Their biomass, root-shoot ratio, leaf relative water content, cell membrane permeability, chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid (Car), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline (Pro), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), soluble sugar (SS) and soluble protein (SP) were measured. Under drought stress, the biomass and relative water content of each Hydrangea variety showed a downward trend, while the root-shoot ratio, relative conductivity, MDA, Pro and SS showed an upward trend. However, the increase range of each variety was different. SOD, POD and SP showed an upward trend first and then a decreased trend. The change rule of photosynthetic pigment of Hydrangea was not obvious. The order of drought resistance of 6 Hydrangea varieties from strong to weak was as follows: Mangek you>Love You Kiss>Corsage>White Angel>Stockings>Summer Sacrifice.

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Analysis of anthocyanin synthesis and related gene expression in blood orange peel under different PE materials shading during fruit coloring period

YANG Haijian, ZHANG Yungui, ZHOU Xinzhi, HONG Lin, YANG Lei, PENG Fangfang, WANG Wu

2021, 33(10): 1861-1869. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.09

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To explore the relationship between light and anthocyanin synthesis of blood orange peel,some PE bags with different light transmittance was used to perform shading experiments on the fruit during the ripening period. This experiment determined the dynamic content of total anthocyanins and the dynamic expression of 12 anthocyanin synthesis-related genes in blood orange peels under different shading treatments. The results showed that coloring time, coloring area and coloring degree of the blood orange fruit were hindered by different degrees of shading. The degree of obstruction was related to the light transmittance of the PE bags, but the PE bags shading promoted the increase of the brightness of the blood orange fruit surface. In the natural state,the expression of 8 structural genes GST, ANS, CHS, DFR, F3H, UFGT, PAL, 4CL and two regulatory genes Ruby and MYBF1 showed a rapid increase during the color conversion period, and different degrees of shading hindered them. So these 10 genes were the key genes of blood orange peel anthocyanin synthesis regulated by light. After the comprehensive analysis of the dynamic content of total anthocyanins, the dynamic expression of key genes and the corresponding PE bags light transmittance data, it could be inferred that the UVB ultraviolet light might regulate the synthesis of blood orange peel anthocyanins in the light. According to the dynamic determination results of related genes, it was speculated that the critical period of blood orange peel anthocyanin synthesis appeared on 249 d after flowering. For better appearance quality, it was more appropriate to pick blood oranges on 249 d after flowering. Transparent PE film or other films with higher UV transmittance should be used to protect the fruit of blood orange in winter.

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Effects of intercropping with different genotypes of cherry tomato on fruit quality and selenium content

LIANG Le, LIU Juan, LI Xiaomei, LIAO Jichao, LI Huanxiu, TANG Yi

2021, 33(10): 1870-1878. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.10

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In order to study the effect of intercropping on selenium rich cultivation of cherry tomato, pot experiment was used, and the effects of different intercropping modes (red, yellow, purple monoculture, red and yellow intercropping, red and purple intercropping, yellow and purple intercropping, red, yellow and purple intercropping) on fruit quality and selenium content were studied. The results showed that different intercropping patterns decreased the single fruit weight and fruit shape index of red and yellow cherry tomato, increased the single fruit weight and fruit shape index of purple cherry tomato, and increased the selenium content in root, stem, leaf and fruit of three cherry tomato varieties. The contents of lycopene, carotenoid and anthocyanin in purple cherry tomato were increased by yellow and purple intercropping. The contents of vitamin C and carotenoid in red cherry tomato were increased by intercropping three genotypes. Intercropping improved the fruit qualities of red and purple cherry tomatoes, and increased the selenium content in each part of three genotypes of cherry tomato. Therefore, intercropping was conducive to the selenium rich cultivation of cherry tomato.

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Effects of forchlorfenuron on growth and quality of Fujiminori grape under different fertilizer applications

SONG Wen, WANG Qiang, ZHANG Jia, LIU Caixiu, ZHANG Nan, CHEN Liping, NIE Dongxing, YAO Haili, CANG Tao

2021, 33(10): 1879-1888. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.11

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This study investigated effects of forchlorfenuron on growth and quality of Fujiminori grape under different fertilizer applications to explore the preferable treatment. A two-factor randomized block design with three replications was employed. The factors were fertilizer applications and forchlorfenuron concentrations. The results showed that fertilization and forchlorfenuron had significant effects on berry size, 100-berry weight and bunch weight of Fujiminori grape. Nevertheless, high concentration of forchlorfenuron (50 mg·kg^-1) was of limited effect on yield components. Fertilizer application was the main factor increasing the grain size uniformity index. Meanwhile, forchlorfenuron concentrations had the main effect on the stem diameter and stem suberization index, but adequate fertilizers could alleviate the side effect of stem suberization. Both fertilizer and forchlorfenuron could significantly affect fruit quality of Fujiminori grape. Under 50 mg·kg^-1forchlorfenuron treatment, the lowest ratio of sugar to acid was observed in the adequate fertilizer application; the lowest contents of soluble solids and total flavonoids were detected in the no fertilizer application. When Fujiminori grape berries were ripe, the forchlorfenuron residue of grape berries of all the treatments decreased to below the detection limit.The radar chart was drawn with six representative evaluating indicators after dimensionless processed,which showed that treatments of 10 mg·kg^-1 and 20 mg·kg^-1forchlorfenuron based on adequate fertilizer had the strong advantages in grape growth, yield and quality, and their indices were in a good equilibrium. This study indicated that the adequate fertilizer application was more effective than using forchlorfenuron only in grape production. In addition, the applied forchlorfenuron dosage exceeding the maximum registered dosage was not recommended.

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Study on epibrassinolide (EBR) on growth and physiological response of Summer Black grape seedlings

LIAN Huashan, LI Xinxin, LIN Lijin, LIAO Ming’an

2021, 33(10): 1889-1896. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.12

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In order to study the effect of foliar application of epibrassinolide (EBR) on growth of grape seedlings. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of EBR on biomass, photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidant system of Summer Black grape seedlings by foliar spraying with different concentrations of EBR (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg·L^-1).The results showed that foliar application of different concentrations of EBR increased the biomass and root shoot ratio of grape seedlings, and photosynthetic pigment content showed the same trend, but the chlorophyll a/b decreased; In addition to the decrease of vapor pressure deficit at leaf temperature, EBR increased photosynthetic parameters (photosynthetic rate, conductance stomatal, transpiration rate, intercellular CO₂ concentration) of seedling leaves;Activities of antioxidant enzymes, contents of free proline and soluble protein in leaves of Summer Blackgrape seedlings were increased by different concentrations of EBR, the better performance was 1.0 mg·L^-1 and 1.5 mg·L^-1. When EBR concentration reached 1.0 mg·L^-1 and 1.5 mg·L^-1, relative conductivity of the leaves was reduced; When EBR concentration was 1.5 mg·L^-1, soluble sugar content of roots and stems of seedlings was improved; When EBR concentration reached 0.5 mg·L^-1 and 1.0 mg·L^-1, soluble sugar content of seedling leaves was increased. In general, foliar spraying of 1.0 mg·L^-1 EBR could promote growth of Summer Black grape seedlings and increase the antioxidant capacity of the seedlings.

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Synthesis of red imported fire ant alarm pheromone based on Wolff-Kishner-Huangminlon reaction and its electroantennogram analysis

WANG Likun, HUANG Jun, ZHANG Jinming, LI Xiaowei, ZHANG Zhijun, MUHAMMAD Hafeez, LYU Yaobin

2021, 33(10): 1897-1903. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.13

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Alarm pheromone is an important pheromone in the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren). It can arouse a variety of behavioral response such as attracting, avoiding and recruitment. In the present study, the red imported fire ant was used as the research object. The alarm pheromone of the red imported fire ant was synthesized through the Wolff-kishner-Huangminlon reduction method by one step, and its structure was identified and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and standard products. The results showed that the purity of the synthesized compound purity was 90.2%, the synthesis method was reasonable, simple and efficient, the reaction conditions were controllable, there was no hidden safety hazard, and it was suitable for industrial production and application. The electroantennogram (EAG) experiment showed that the synthetic alarm pheromone can cause strong behavioral responses of the red imported fire ant workers, and the EAG response was significantly higher than that of the standard product at a dose of 100 μg (P<0.05).

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Evaluation on soil nutrients and heavy metals pollution risk in main producing areas of rapeseed in Hunan Province, China

XIONG Tinghao, HUANG Yiguo, ZHOU Xuan, LU Yanhong, ZI Tao, HU Yuqian, SONG Haixing

2021, 33(10): 1904-1912. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.14

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In this study, 56 topsoil samples were collected from the main producing areas of rapeseed in Hunan Province, and the contents of main nutrients and available heavy metals in these samples were determined to reveal the spatial distribution characteristics of soil fertility, as well as heavy metals pollution risk. The results showed that the soils in the main producing areas of rapeseed in Hunan Province were mainly mild acid and weak acid, and the deficiency of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, boron, sulfur and molybdenum was common. About half of the soil samples were deficient in calcium and magnesium, yet were rich in iron, manganese, copper and zinc. The soil comprehensive fertility was rated average. Among all the samples, the lightly, moderately and seriously cadmium polluted samples accounted for 16.1%, 1.8% and 1.8%, respectively, and no pollution risk of copper, zinc, lead and nickel was found. Therefore, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, boron should be reasonably supplemented in the main producing areas of rapeseed in Hunan Province, and measures should be taken to reduce the availability of cadmium in certain areas.

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Effect of acid and alkali pretreatment on anaerobic co-digestion characteristics of pepper straw and sheep manure

MENG Yan, LIU Li, LI Yi, CHEN Laisheng, DU Zhongping, HAN Rui

2021, 33(10): 1913-1920. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.15

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To realize resource utilization of agricultural wastes, batch anaerobic fermentation experiments were performed to compare the effects of H₂SO₄ pretreatment (volume fraction of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%) and Ca(OH)₂ pretreatment (mass fraction of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%) of pepper straw on the characteristics of methane production during anaerobic co-digestion of pepper straw and sheep manure. It was shown that methane yield in the anaerobic fermentation increased with higher Ca(OH)₂ mass fraction in the pretreatment, and the maximum methane yield of 188.56 mL·g^-1 was achieved with 8% Ca(OH)₂ pretreatment, which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of the other treatments, and the methane yield was 61.26% higher than that of control. In contrast, the increased volume fraction of H₂SO₄ in pretreatment resulted in reduced methane yield, all of which were significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of control. The modified Gompertz model could fit the methanogenesis process. The maximum methane yield (V_m) was higher with Ca(OH)₂ pretreatment, which indicated that the pretreatment of pepper straw with Ca(OH)₂ could effectively increase the hydrolysis rate. Moreover, both acid and alkali pretreatment exhibited a certain degradation effect on the lignocellulose of pepper straw, yet Ca(OH)₂ pretreatment showed higher degradation effect.

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Effects of soil amendments on Cd uptake and accumulation in red pepper

CHEN De, ZHAO Shouping, YE Xuezhu, ZHANG Qi, XIAO Wendan, RUAN Yifei, WU Shaofu

2021, 33(10): 1921-1930. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.16

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Field experiment was conducted to investigate effects of soil amendments on uptake and accumulation of Cd in red pepper and to screen out suitable soil amendment that can effectively reduce Cd uptake in red pepper. The results showed that red pepper Yanjiao 425 had a strong ability to absorb Cd from soil, Cd concentrations in different tissues were as follows: stem and leaf>root>fruit. Concentrations of Cd in red pepper fruit ranged from 0.049 to 0.106 mg·kg^-1, Cd concentrations in red pepper fruit were reduced by 25%-54% as a result of application of soil amendments except for biochar, where the highest reduction of Cd was attributed to sepiolite, followed by the composite amendments. Translocation factor and concentration factor were also effectively reduced at the ranges of 26%-44% and 23%-52%, respectively. Decreases of Cd contents in pepper were mainly attributed to the increase of soil pH value and the decrease of soil Cd availability as a result of amendments addition into soil. Compared with the control, soil pH value increased by 0.8-2.4 units, and the available Cd contents decreased by 68%-93% in amended soils. Besides, different amendments also increased the content of soil organic matter and main nutrients. In general, sepiolite and composite amendments could effectively improve soil properties, reduce the uptake, transportation and accumulation of Cd in red pepper, and to ensure the safety of pepper production.

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Acute toxicity and risk assessment of neonicotinoid insecticides to the silkworm, Bombyx mori

LIU Xinju, WU Shenggan, AN Xuehua, JIANG Jinhua, LYU Lu, LI Gang, WANG Feidi, ZHAO Xueping

2021, 33(10): 1931-1938. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.17

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In order to provide a scientific basis for the rational use of neonicotinoid insecticides, the acute toxicity of six neonicotinoid insecticides and other 2 kinds of control insecticides to the silkworm (Bombyx mori) were determined by using leaf dipping method, and the risk assessment was also carried out according to the risk quotient method. Results exhibited that the 96 h-LC₅₀ values of acetamiprid and clothianidin to B. mori were 0.262 and 0.268 mg·L^-1, respectively, which belonged to extremely toxic grade. The 96 h-LC₅₀ values of thiacloprid, imidacloprid, dinotefuran and thiamethoxam to the organisms were 0.582, 1.68, 2.60 and 2.16 mg·L^-1, respectively, which belonged to highly toxic grade. The 96 h-LC₅₀ values of lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos and malathion to the silkworms were 0.009 09, 0.785 and 1 072 mg·L^-1, respectively, which belonged to extremely toxic grade, highly toxic grade and lowly toxic grade, respectively. Risk assessment results indicated that the risk of malathion to the silkworm was acceptable, and the other eight insecticides were unacceptable. Therefore, neonicotinoid insecticides should be used cautiously in integrated pest management to avoid harm for sericulture.

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Mechanical property of cutting shorten stems of mustard tuber

ZHENG Hang, XUE Xianglei, YU Guohong

2021, 33(10): 1939-1945. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.18

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In order to obtain best parameters for the cutting of shorten stems of mustard tuber, the single-factor experiments and orthogonal tests were carried out on the TMS-Pro texture analyzer. The maximum cutting force and the average cutting force were selected as test indexes, and the effects of cutter type, sliding angle, cutting speed and cutting direction on the cutting force during the cutting process of shorten stems of mustard tuber were analyzed.It was shown that the sliding angle had significant (P<0.05) effect on the maximum cutting force and the average cutting force. The cutter type had significant (P<0.05) influence on the average cutting force, and the sawtooth cutter was more labor-saving than the light cutter. The most labor-saving combination for cutting of shorten stems of mustard tuber was as follows: sawtooth cutter, sliding angle of 20°, and cutting speed of 80 mm·min^-1. Under this circumstance, the maximum cutting force was 86.2 N,and the average cutting force was 53.1 N. These findings could provide references for the design of the cutting device for shorten stems of mustard tuber.

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Design and experiment of double layer flat screen type Pinellia ternate harvester

WANG Feng, ZHANG Fengwei, DAI Fei, ZHANG Luhai, ZHAO Wei, YANG Xiaoping

2021, 33(10): 1946-1955. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.19

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The artificial harvest of Pinellia ternata in hilly and mountainous areas has problems of high labor intensity, low efficiency, long harvest period, high harvest loss rate, etc. Meanwhile, the application of current harvester also has shortcomings of incomplete harvest, poor separation effect, large workload of secondary impurity removal and so on. To overcome these problems, a Pinellia ternata harvester was designed. The prototype is mainly composed of digging device, lifting device, screening device and collection device. Analytical method is used to analyze and determine the lifting speed of the lifting device, hence determine the lifting capacity and power.The conditions of vertical and horizontal movement of Pinellia ternata and soil complex is analyzed, and the eccentric wheel speed is determined in the range of 530-753 r·min ^-1, along with the eccentric distance range of 15-25 mm.By analyzing the motion characteristics of Pinellia ternata from the lifting device to the sieve surface, the height of the top of the lifting device to the sieve surface is determined as 350 mm. EDEM software is used to simulate the screening process to verify the rationality of parameter selection. The simulation results show that when the frequency of the flat screen is 9 Hz and the amplitude is 20 mm, the distribution of the complex particles on the sieve surface is uniform.The complex particles can complete the backward movement, forward movement and throwing movement, without siltation and other screening obstructions.The periodicity of the complex particles and the difference of the total velocity in the vertical direction are obvious, indicating that the design of the screening device with selected parameters are reasonable. The field test of the prototype of Pinellia ternata harvest shows that when the speed is 0.5 m·s ^-1, the digging depth is 83 mm, and the output speed of the tractor is 540 r·min^-1, the net excavation ratio is 97.3%, the damage rate is 3.51%, and the impurity content is 4.97%. The test indexes all meet the technical requirements of quality evaluation and prototype design requirements. This study can provide application examples and technical references for the design and development of Pinellia ternata harvester.

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Research on decomposition of driving factors of chemical fertilizer application intensity in China and control paths

TAO Yuan, ZHOU Yuxi, HU Jilian

2021, 33(10): 1956-1970. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.20

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Since the 1990s, the application of chemical fertilizers in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, the same as below) has shown a trend of continuous growth. In 2016, there was a negative growth for the first time, but the application intensity of chemical fertilizers did not substantially decrease. Currently, the application intensity of chemical fertilizers in China is still higher than the international safety standard. Based on the analysis of the current status of chemical fertilizer application in China, a factor decomposition model was introduced to scientifically analyze the relationship within structure share, efficiency share and changes in chemical fertilizer application intensity from two aspects of high-fertilizer crops and high-intensity areas. The results showed that the application amount and intensity of chemical fertilizer in China were on the rise as a whole in 1990-2018. The difference in planting structure within regions was one of the important reasons for the regional differences in chemical fertilizer application intensity. At the aspects of high-fertilizer crops, the biased planting structure toward fruits and vegetables was the leading factor for the increase of chemical fertilizer application intensity, and the structure drive rate reached 66.74%. At the aspect of high-intensity areas, the structure share and efficiency share both contributed to the increase of chemical fertilizer application intensity. However, the efficiency drive effect has increased since 2017. Factors, such as the level of economic development, agricultural labor transfer, and the urbanization development level had significant (P<0.1) impact on the chemical fertilizer application intensity. Therefore, more efforts should be devoted to the adjustment and optimization of planting structure by reducing the sowing area of high-fertilizer crops, as well as the improvement in the utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizers via promotion of fertilizer-saving technologies, to reduce chemical fertilizer application intensity in the future.

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Analysis of farmers’ participation in e-commerce of agricultural products from perspective of social network: based on 349 household survey data from Hubei, Shandong, Anhui and Gansu in China

HU Yueli, XIA Chunpinga, JIA Cheng, WANG Cuicui

2021, 33(10): 1971-1981. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.21

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Based on 349 household survey data collected from Hubei, Shandong, Anhui and Gansu in China, a theoretical analysis of farmers’ participation in the e-commerce of agricultural products was conducted from the perspective of social network. The effect of social network and its four dimensions on farmers’ participation in the e-commerce of agricultural products was revealed by using the Binary Logistic model. On the basis, group regressions were conducted according to the gender, education, and e-commerce training status of the interviewed farmers, to examine the influences of the social network in different groups.The results showed that the social network and its two dimensions, namely, network interaction and network learning, had significant (P<0.01) impact on farmers’ participation in the e-commerce of agricultural products, and the impact of network learning was greater than that of network interaction. Compared with the male farmers and highly-educated farmers, the promotion effect of social network, network interaction and network learning was stronger for female farmers and lowly-educated farmers. In addition, other factors such as the farmland quality, and the e-commerce promotion level of government or e-commerce platform, also had significant (P<0.1 at least) impact on farmers’ participation in the e-commerce of agricultural products.

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Application progress of gene editing techniques in rice disease-resistant genes and breeding research

TAN Xiaojing, WANG Zhonghua, WU Yueyan, ZHENG Ersong, XU Rumeng, CHEN Jianping, WANG Xuming, YAN Chengqi

2021, 33(10): 1982-1990. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.22

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Rice is one of the important food crops in China, and it is also the main food source for more than 3 billion people in the world. In recent decades, crop disease caused by various plant pathogens, climate change and other environmental problems seriously threaten global food security. There is an urgent need for rice plants with high yield and disease resistance, but the traditional breeding methods are complicated and inefficient. On the other hand, the numerous emerging gene editing techniques, such as CRISPR, zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), base editing (BE) and prime editing (PE), have shown great potential to accelerate rice breeding with increased yield, quality and disease resistance. They are also useful tools of fundamental research of gene function. In this review, we summarized the principles and developments of gene editing technologies, and their application progresses in rice disease resistance genes mining and breeding. Finally, we discussed the prospective applications of gene editing technologies in rice breeding for disease resistance.

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Research progress on mechanism of plant roots response to salt-alkali stress

MAO Shuang, ZHOU Wanli, YANG Fan, DI Xiaolin, LIN Jixiang, YANG Qingjie

2021, 33(10): 1991-2000. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.10.23

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As one of the serious environmental factors, soil salinization has severely restricted plant growth and development worldwide. Root system plays significant role in the regulation of plant responded to stress. However, most previous studies about plant stress tolerance focused on the aboveground. As the first organ to perceive and response to the environmental stress, stress tolerance of root system was still unclear. For this reason, the mechanism of plant roots responded to soil saline-alkali stress was summarized from the perspectives of root system architecture, structure, growth, physiology and molecular biology, and shortcomings and prospects were also put forward in this manuscript. The aim was to provide a scientific basis for further revealing the function of plant root system and its saline-alkali stress tolerance mechanism.

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