浙江农业学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (10): 2456-2464.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221792
刘贵阁1,2,3(), 乔勇进3, 陈冰洁3, 王晓3, 张怡3, 钟耀广1,2,*(
)
收稿日期:
2022-12-14
出版日期:
2023-10-25
发布日期:
2023-10-31
作者简介:
刘贵阁(1996—),女,河南洛阳人,硕士,研究方向为农产品保鲜与加工。E-mail:1113212900@qq.com
通讯作者:
*钟耀广,E-mail:基金资助:
LIU Guige1,2,3(), QIAO Yongjin3, CHEN Bingjie3, WANG Xiao3, ZHANG Yi3, ZHONG Yaoguang1,2,*(
)
Received:
2022-12-14
Online:
2023-10-25
Published:
2023-10-31
摘要:
以黄桃为原料,采用热风干燥(HAD)、喷雾干燥(SD)和真空冷冻干燥(VFD)3种方式制备黄桃果粉,对其进行感官评价,并就其色泽、溶解性、流动性、堆积密度、持水力和持油力等物理特性,蛋白质、总可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、总酚等营养成分含量,微观结构,以及香气成分的种类和含量等进行深入分析。结果表明:经HAD处理的黄桃果粉色泽暗淡,黏度较大,组织状态较差。相较于SD,经VFD处理的黄桃果粉含水率[(2.69±0.02)%]、溶解时间[(46.67±0.21)s]、堆积密度[(0.21±0.11)g·mL-1]和休止角[(26.07±0.25)°]显著(P<0.05)降低,水溶性指数[(98.21±0.16)%]、持水力[(2.51±0.19)g·g-1]和持油力[(3.41±0.21)mL·g-1]显著提高,总酚[(82.27±0.21)mg·kg-1]、维生素C[(79.3±1.1)mg·kg-1]和总可溶性固形物[(6.98±0.13)%]含量显著提高,且糖酸比较佳,挥发性醇、醛、酯类物质保留较多,具有更好的果味和香味。在微观结构上,经SD处理的黄桃果粉呈现球形、不规则的收缩状,而经VFD处理的黄桃果粉呈骨架状结构且多孔,易恢复到原结构,冲调性能较好。综上,真空冷冻干燥方式制得的黄桃果粉品质较佳,适宜在高质量黄桃果粉加工业中推广应用。
中图分类号:
刘贵阁, 乔勇进, 陈冰洁, 王晓, 张怡, 钟耀广. 不同干燥方式对黄桃果粉品质的影响[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2023, 35(10): 2456-2464.
LIU Guige, QIAO Yongjin, CHEN Bingjie, WANG Xiao, ZHANG Yi, ZHONG Yaoguang. Effect of drying methods on quality of yellow peach powder[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2023, 35(10): 2456-2464.
指标Index | 评估标准Evaluation standard | 分值Score |
---|---|---|
色泽Color | 色泽鲜亮,粉质细腻Bright color, fine powder | 16~20 |
色泽偏暗,粉质细腻Dark color, fine powder | 10~15 | |
色泽偏暗,粉质粗糙Dark color, coarse powder | 0~9 | |
滋味Taste | 口感柔顺,无颗粒感Soft and grainy | 21~30 |
口感较浓郁,无颗粒感Rich taste and grainy | 10~20 | |
口感过于浓郁或有明显颗粒感Too rich taste or with obvious grain feeling | 0~9 | |
气味Smell | 有浓厚的桃香味,无异味Strong peach flavor, without peculiar smell | 16~20 |
有桃的清香味,无异味Frragrance of peach, without peculiar smell | 10~15 | |
香气不足或存在异味Weak fragrance of peach, or with peculiar smell | 0~9 | |
组织状态Texture | 溶解性好,无沉淀Good solubility, no precipitation | 21~30 |
溶解性良好,有少量沉淀Good solubility, with a small amount of precipitation | 10~20 | |
溶解性较差,有较多沉淀Poor solubility, with a lot of precipitation | 0~9 |
表1 黄桃果粉的感官评分标准
Table 1 Standard for sensory scoring of yellow peach powder
指标Index | 评估标准Evaluation standard | 分值Score |
---|---|---|
色泽Color | 色泽鲜亮,粉质细腻Bright color, fine powder | 16~20 |
色泽偏暗,粉质细腻Dark color, fine powder | 10~15 | |
色泽偏暗,粉质粗糙Dark color, coarse powder | 0~9 | |
滋味Taste | 口感柔顺,无颗粒感Soft and grainy | 21~30 |
口感较浓郁,无颗粒感Rich taste and grainy | 10~20 | |
口感过于浓郁或有明显颗粒感Too rich taste or with obvious grain feeling | 0~9 | |
气味Smell | 有浓厚的桃香味,无异味Strong peach flavor, without peculiar smell | 16~20 |
有桃的清香味,无异味Frragrance of peach, without peculiar smell | 10~15 | |
香气不足或存在异味Weak fragrance of peach, or with peculiar smell | 0~9 | |
组织状态Texture | 溶解性好,无沉淀Good solubility, no precipitation | 21~30 |
溶解性良好,有少量沉淀Good solubility, with a small amount of precipitation | 10~20 | |
溶解性较差,有较多沉淀Poor solubility, with a lot of precipitation | 0~9 |
处理Treatment | 色泽Color | 滋味Taste | 香气Smell | 组织状态Texture | 总分Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HAD | 5.23±0.22 c | 10.82±0.11 c | 6.42±0.19 c | 8.88±0.21 c | 31.35±3.35 c |
SD | 14.74±0.16 b | 23.87±0.15 b | 13.29±0.13 b | 22.25±0.13 b | 74.15±0.57 b |
VFD | 17.93±0.13 a | 26.65±0.12 a | 17.94±0.16 a | 27.73±0.12 a | 90.25±1.14 a |
表2 干燥方式对黄桃果粉感官品质的影响
Table 2 Effects of drying methods on the sensory quality of yellow peach flour
处理Treatment | 色泽Color | 滋味Taste | 香气Smell | 组织状态Texture | 总分Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HAD | 5.23±0.22 c | 10.82±0.11 c | 6.42±0.19 c | 8.88±0.21 c | 31.35±3.35 c |
SD | 14.74±0.16 b | 23.87±0.15 b | 13.29±0.13 b | 22.25±0.13 b | 74.15±0.57 b |
VFD | 17.93±0.13 a | 26.65±0.12 a | 17.94±0.16 a | 27.73±0.12 a | 90.25±1.14 a |
处理Treatment | L* | a* | b* | ΔΕ |
---|---|---|---|---|
鲜果Fresh fruit | 64.38±0.32 c | 8.54±0.13 a | 38.78±0.26 a | — |
SD | 89.76±0.15 a | 4.44±0.23 b | 17.95±0.32 c | 33.09±0.42 a |
VFD | 79.25±0.21 b | 8.44±0.19 a | 29.52±0.16 b | 17.52±0.13 b |
表3 干燥方式对黄桃果粉色泽的影响
Table 3 Effects of drying methods on the color of yellow peach powder
处理Treatment | L* | a* | b* | ΔΕ |
---|---|---|---|---|
鲜果Fresh fruit | 64.38±0.32 c | 8.54±0.13 a | 38.78±0.26 a | — |
SD | 89.76±0.15 a | 4.44±0.23 b | 17.95±0.32 c | 33.09±0.42 a |
VFD | 79.25±0.21 b | 8.44±0.19 a | 29.52±0.16 b | 17.52±0.13 b |
指标Index | SD | VFD |
---|---|---|
出粉率Powder yield/% | 9.98±0.14 a | 7.83±0.12 b |
含水率Water content/% | 3.91±0.05 a | 2.69±0.02 b |
溶解时间Dissolution time/s | 85.33±0.31 a | 46.67±0.21 b |
水溶性指数 | 60.08±0.27 b | 98.21±0.16 a |
Water solubility index/% | ||
结块度Caking degree/% | 1.48±0.21 a | 1.07±0.02 b |
堆积密度 | 0.45±0.31 a | 0.21±0.11 b |
Bulk density/(g·mL-1) | ||
休止角Angle of repose (θ)/(°) | 32.48±0.17 a | 26.07±0.25 b |
持水力 | 0.69±0.23 b | 2.51±0.19 a |
Water holding capacity/(g·g-1) | ||
持油力 | 1.26±0.17 b | 3.41±0.21 a |
Oil holding capacity/(mL·g-1) |
表4 干燥方式对黄桃果粉物理特性的影响
Table 4 Effects of drying methods on physical properties of yellow peach powder
指标Index | SD | VFD |
---|---|---|
出粉率Powder yield/% | 9.98±0.14 a | 7.83±0.12 b |
含水率Water content/% | 3.91±0.05 a | 2.69±0.02 b |
溶解时间Dissolution time/s | 85.33±0.31 a | 46.67±0.21 b |
水溶性指数 | 60.08±0.27 b | 98.21±0.16 a |
Water solubility index/% | ||
结块度Caking degree/% | 1.48±0.21 a | 1.07±0.02 b |
堆积密度 | 0.45±0.31 a | 0.21±0.11 b |
Bulk density/(g·mL-1) | ||
休止角Angle of repose (θ)/(°) | 32.48±0.17 a | 26.07±0.25 b |
持水力 | 0.69±0.23 b | 2.51±0.19 a |
Water holding capacity/(g·g-1) | ||
持油力 | 1.26±0.17 b | 3.41±0.21 a |
Oil holding capacity/(mL·g-1) |
处理 Treatment | 蛋白质 Protein/% | 维生素C Vitamin C/ ( mg·kg-1) | 总酚 Total phenols/ (mg·kg-1) | TSS/% | 可滴定酸 Titratable acid/ (g·kg-1) | 糖酸比 Ratio of sugar to acid |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SD | 0.32±0.02 a | 45.2±2.1 b | 56.82±0.34 b | 5.18±0.04 b | 3.2±0.1 b | 16.18±0.15 a |
VFD | 0.33±0.01 a | 79.3±1.1 a | 82.27±0.21 a | 6.98±0.13 a | 6.9±0.4 a | 10.12±0.39 b |
表5 干燥方式对黄桃果粉营养成分的影响
Table 5 Effects of drying methods on the nutritional composition of yellow peach powder
处理 Treatment | 蛋白质 Protein/% | 维生素C Vitamin C/ ( mg·kg-1) | 总酚 Total phenols/ (mg·kg-1) | TSS/% | 可滴定酸 Titratable acid/ (g·kg-1) | 糖酸比 Ratio of sugar to acid |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SD | 0.32±0.02 a | 45.2±2.1 b | 56.82±0.34 b | 5.18±0.04 b | 3.2±0.1 b | 16.18±0.15 a |
VFD | 0.33±0.01 a | 79.3±1.1 a | 82.27±0.21 a | 6.98±0.13 a | 6.9±0.4 a | 10.12±0.39 b |
化合物种类 Compound type | 化合物 Compound | 保留时间 Retention time/min | 不同干燥方式下的含量 Contents under varied drying methods/(μg·kg-1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SD | VFD | |||
烷烃Alkanes | 十二烷Dodecane | 17.920 | 7.98±1.22 b | 49.76±2.20 a |
十三烷Tridecane | 22.609 | 7.86±1.31 b | 42.35±2.87 a | |
烯烃Alkenes | 苯乙烯Styrene | 20.972 | 6.22±1.56 b | 42.82±1.99 a |
醇Alcohols | 正己醇N-Hexanol | 25.259 | — | 17.80±2.22 |
(E)-2-己烯醇(E) 2-Hexenol | 27.214 | — | 41.82±2.38 | |
2-乙基己醇2-Ethylhexanol | 29.967 | 35.74±2.22 b | 462.98±33.78 a | |
芳樟醇Linalool | 31.629 | — | 21.53±1.92 | |
醛Aldehydes | 正己醛N-Hexanal | 13.319 | 105.81±10.14 b | 148.20±19.87 a |
(E)2-己烯醛(E) 2-Hexenal | 19.317 | 5.74±1.52 b | 32.98±2.10 a | |
壬醛Nonanal | 26.674 | 101.03±26.65 b | 693.13±30.98 a | |
苯甲醛Benzaldehyde | 31.105 | 7.99±1.76 b | 38.32±2.22 a | |
2-壬烯醛2-Nonenal | 31.400 | 5.81±1.61 b | 19.00±2.64 a | |
酯Esters | 乙酸己酯Hexyl acetate | 21.711 | — | 526.80±28.27 |
乙酸顺式-3-己烯酯Cis-3-Hexene acetate | 23.685 | — | 317.99±27.76 | |
(E)-乙酸-2-己烯-1-醇酯Trans-2-Hexenyl acetate | 24.357 | — | 329.27±21.23 | |
γ-己内酯γ-Caprolactone | 36.108 | 2.58±0.31 b | 11.47±1.12 a | |
丁位癸内酯5-Decanolide | 46.676 | — | 8.98±1.93 | |
酮Ketones | 甲基庚烯酮Methyl heptanone | 24.549 | 10.58±1.20 b | 42.69±22.87 a |
大马酮Damascenone | 38.909 | 1.56±0.34 b | 36.60±1.23 a | |
香叶基丙酮Geranyl acetone | 39.463 | 9.50±1.62 b | 37.01±3.76 a |
表6 干燥方式对黄桃果粉主要香气成分的影响
Table 6 Effects of drying methods on main aroma components in yellow peach powder
化合物种类 Compound type | 化合物 Compound | 保留时间 Retention time/min | 不同干燥方式下的含量 Contents under varied drying methods/(μg·kg-1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SD | VFD | |||
烷烃Alkanes | 十二烷Dodecane | 17.920 | 7.98±1.22 b | 49.76±2.20 a |
十三烷Tridecane | 22.609 | 7.86±1.31 b | 42.35±2.87 a | |
烯烃Alkenes | 苯乙烯Styrene | 20.972 | 6.22±1.56 b | 42.82±1.99 a |
醇Alcohols | 正己醇N-Hexanol | 25.259 | — | 17.80±2.22 |
(E)-2-己烯醇(E) 2-Hexenol | 27.214 | — | 41.82±2.38 | |
2-乙基己醇2-Ethylhexanol | 29.967 | 35.74±2.22 b | 462.98±33.78 a | |
芳樟醇Linalool | 31.629 | — | 21.53±1.92 | |
醛Aldehydes | 正己醛N-Hexanal | 13.319 | 105.81±10.14 b | 148.20±19.87 a |
(E)2-己烯醛(E) 2-Hexenal | 19.317 | 5.74±1.52 b | 32.98±2.10 a | |
壬醛Nonanal | 26.674 | 101.03±26.65 b | 693.13±30.98 a | |
苯甲醛Benzaldehyde | 31.105 | 7.99±1.76 b | 38.32±2.22 a | |
2-壬烯醛2-Nonenal | 31.400 | 5.81±1.61 b | 19.00±2.64 a | |
酯Esters | 乙酸己酯Hexyl acetate | 21.711 | — | 526.80±28.27 |
乙酸顺式-3-己烯酯Cis-3-Hexene acetate | 23.685 | — | 317.99±27.76 | |
(E)-乙酸-2-己烯-1-醇酯Trans-2-Hexenyl acetate | 24.357 | — | 329.27±21.23 | |
γ-己内酯γ-Caprolactone | 36.108 | 2.58±0.31 b | 11.47±1.12 a | |
丁位癸内酯5-Decanolide | 46.676 | — | 8.98±1.93 | |
酮Ketones | 甲基庚烯酮Methyl heptanone | 24.549 | 10.58±1.20 b | 42.69±22.87 a |
大马酮Damascenone | 38.909 | 1.56±0.34 b | 36.60±1.23 a | |
香叶基丙酮Geranyl acetone | 39.463 | 9.50±1.62 b | 37.01±3.76 a |
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