秸秆-有机肥育秧基质的配比筛选与成型工艺

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231165

浙江农业学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (8): 1856-1866.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231165

秸秆-有机肥育秧基质的配比筛选与成型工艺

邵亚旭¹^,²(), 刘涛¹^,², 王事成¹^,², 晏磊¹^,²^,^*()

1.黑龙江八一农垦大学生命科学技术学院,黑龙江省寒区环境微生物与农业废弃物资源化利用重点实验室,黑龙江大庆 163319
2.农业农村部东北平原农业绿色低碳重点实验室,黑龙江大庆 163319

收稿日期:2023-10-07 出版日期:2024-08-25 发布日期:2024-09-06
作者简介:*晏磊,E-mail: hekouyanlei@gmail.com
邵亚旭(1997—),男,黑龙江牡丹江人,硕士研究生,从事寒区环境微生物与农业废弃物资源化利用研究。E-mail: shaoyaxu@163.com
通讯作者: 晏磊
基金资助:
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA28030203);中央支持地方高校改革发展资金人才培养支持计划项目(黑财指(教)〔2019〕465号);黑龙江农垦总局科技攻关项目(HKKY190406)

Screening of proportions and molding conditions of seeding substrate with straw and organic fertilizer

SHAO Yaxu¹^,²(), LIU Tao¹^,², WANG Shicheng¹^,², YAN Lei¹^,²^,^*()

1. Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Resource Utilization of Agricultural Waste in Cold Areas, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
2. Key Laboratory of Green and Low Carbon Agriculture in Northeast Plains, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China

Received:2023-10-07 Online:2024-08-25 Published:2024-09-06
Contact: YAN Lei

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基质化是实现农业废弃物资源化利用的有效途径之一,为提升基质的水稻育秧效果,以玉米秸秆和有机肥为主要原料进行混料设计试验,通过考察不同处理水稻秧苗的壮苗指数,获得最佳水稻育秧基质配方;通过响应面实验优化基质成型工艺,以期获得优质育秧基质产品。结果表明,粉碎秸秆可显著(P<0.05)改善基质的总孔隙度和容重,提升秧苗的壮苗指数,有机肥显著(P<0.001)提高秧苗的干重累积。优化后的育秧基质包含24.84%(体积分数)的田园土,65.78%(体积分数)的秸秆和9.38%(体积分数)的有机肥。基质成型工艺优化结果显示,含水率大于40%的基质成型难度较高,压力对基质块品质影响显著。水稻基质成型最优工艺参数为含水率15.099%,压力18.401 kN,保压时间4.719 min。利用上述最佳基质配方获得的水稻基质壮苗指数较常规田园土提高49.02%,利用最优成型工艺获得的基质块跌碎率小于0.3%。

关键词: 农业有机废弃物, 基质化, 水稻育秧基质, 响应面, 基质压块工艺

Abstract:

Substrate is one of the effective ways to realize the resource utilization of agricultural wastes. To improve the rice seedlings raising effect of substrate, the mixture design experiment was carried out with corn straw and organic fertilizer as the main raw materials, the best formula for rice seedling substrate was obtained by assaying the rice seedling index under different treatments; and the substrate molding technology was optimized by response surface experiment to obtain high-quality seedling substrate products. The results showed that crushing straw could significantly (P<0.05) improve the total porosity and bulk density of the substrate, and increase the seedling index, and organic fertilizer could significantly (P<0.001) increase the dry weight accumulation of seedlings. The optimized seedling substrate contained 24.84% (volume fraction) of the garden soil, 65.78% (volume fraction) of the straw, and 9.38% (volume fraction) of the organic fertilizer. The optimization results of the substrate molding technology showed that the matrix with moisture content greater than 40% was more difficult to be formed, and the pressure appeared a significant effect on the quality of the substrate. The optimal parameters of rice substrate molding were moisture content of 15.099%, pressure of 18.401 kN, and pressure holding time of 4.719 min. The seedling index of rice substrate obtained by using the above-mentioned optimal substrate formula was 49.02% higher than that of conventional garden soil, and the breakage rate of substrate obtained by the optimal molding technology was less than 0.3%.

Key words: agricultural organic waste, substrate, rice seedling substrate, response surface, substrate molding technology

中图分类号:

S511

邵亚旭, 刘涛, 王事成, 晏磊. 秸秆-有机肥育秧基质的配比筛选与成型工艺[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2024, 36(8): 1856-1866.

SHAO Yaxu, LIU Tao, WANG Shicheng, YAN Lei. Screening of proportions and molding conditions of seeding substrate with straw and organic fertilizer[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2024, 36(8): 1856-1866.

图/表 10

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处理 Treatment	体积分数Volume fraction/%
处理 Treatment	土 Soil	秸秆 Straw	有机肥 Organic fertilizer
T1	30.0	70.0	0
T2	22.5	70.0	7.5
T3	27.5	60.0	12.5
T4	30.0	55.0	15.0
T5	30.0	60.0	10.0
T6	22.5	62.5	15.0
T7	15.0	70.0	15.0
T8	30.0	62.5	7.5
T9	30.0	55.0	15.0
T10	20.0	67.5	12.5
T11	25.0	65.0	10.0
T12	22.5	70.0	7.5
T13	15.0	70.0	15.0
T14	30.0	65.0	5.0
T15	22.5	62.5	15.0
T16	30.0	70.0	0
对照 CK	100	0	0

处理 Treatment	体积分数Volume fraction/%
处理 Treatment	土 Soil	秸秆 Straw	有机肥 Organic fertilizer
T1	30.0	70.0	0
T2	22.5	70.0	7.5
T3	27.5	60.0	12.5
T4	30.0	55.0	15.0
T5	30.0	60.0	10.0
T6	22.5	62.5	15.0
T7	15.0	70.0	15.0
T8	30.0	62.5	7.5
T9	30.0	55.0	15.0
T10	20.0	67.5	12.5
T11	25.0	65.0	10.0
T12	22.5	70.0	7.5
T13	15.0	70.0	15.0
T14	30.0	65.0	5.0
T15	22.5	62.5	15.0
T16	30.0	70.0	0
对照 CK	100	0	0

处理 Treatment	容重 Bulk density/(g·cm^-3)	总孔隙度 Total porosity/%	通气孔隙度 Ventilation porosity/%	持水孔隙度 Water-holding porosity/%	通气/持水 Ventilation/water holding
T1	0.36±0.03 ef	69.68±2.15 c	24.47±0.57 b	45.21±1.76 e	0.54
T2	0.32±0.03 f	71.94±1.69 b	22.12±0.57 cd	49.82±1.49 d	0.44
T3	0.24±0.02 gh	62.44±1.32 fg	18.47±0.89 gh	43.97±1.15 ef	0.42
T4	0.45±0.05 c	56.27±2.46 i	26.31±1.06 a	29.96±2.00 h	0.88
T5	0.39±0.04 de	63.85±1.11 f	20.71±0.94 e	43.14±0.73 f	0.48
T6	0.26±0.02 g	64.17±1.20 f	11.88±0.99 k	52.29±0.54 bc	0.23
T7	0.21±0.02 h	75.28±1.60 a	19.29±1.52 fg	55.99±1.04 a	0.34
T8	0.35±0.04 ef	69.25±1.31 cd	17.53±1.35 hi	51.72±0.69 c	0.34
T9	0.41±0.03 cd	52.28±1.87 j	22.71±0.70 c	29.57±1.43 h	0.77
T10	0.26±0.03 g	67.70±1.44 de	11.52±1.03 k	56.18±1.12 a	0.21
T11	0.28±0.04 g	66.64±1.93 e	13.18±1.42 j	53.46±1.03 b	0.25
T12	0.25±0.03 gh	73.49±1.56 ab	17.77±1.24 fg	55.72±1.02 a	0.32
T13	0.26±0.04 g	74.32±0.95 a	23.18±0.97 c	51.14±0.75 cd	0.45
T14	0.32±0.03 f	61.79±1.67 g	21.06±0.99 de	40.73±1.28 g	0.52
T15	0.32±0.04 f	59.63±1.82 h	17.08±1.25 i	42.55±0.98 f	0.40
T16	0.59±0.05 b	72.13±1.05 b	20.32±0.90 ef	51.81±0.43 c	0.39
对照 CK	0.82±0.05 a	45.85±1.55 k	4.94±0.43 l	40.91±1.64 g	0.12

处理 Treatment	容重 Bulk density/(g·cm^-3)	总孔隙度 Total porosity/%	通气孔隙度 Ventilation porosity/%	持水孔隙度 Water-holding porosity/%	通气/持水 Ventilation/water holding
T1	0.36±0.03 ef	69.68±2.15 c	24.47±0.57 b	45.21±1.76 e	0.54
T2	0.32±0.03 f	71.94±1.69 b	22.12±0.57 cd	49.82±1.49 d	0.44
T3	0.24±0.02 gh	62.44±1.32 fg	18.47±0.89 gh	43.97±1.15 ef	0.42
T4	0.45±0.05 c	56.27±2.46 i	26.31±1.06 a	29.96±2.00 h	0.88
T5	0.39±0.04 de	63.85±1.11 f	20.71±0.94 e	43.14±0.73 f	0.48
T6	0.26±0.02 g	64.17±1.20 f	11.88±0.99 k	52.29±0.54 bc	0.23
T7	0.21±0.02 h	75.28±1.60 a	19.29±1.52 fg	55.99±1.04 a	0.34
T8	0.35±0.04 ef	69.25±1.31 cd	17.53±1.35 hi	51.72±0.69 c	0.34
T9	0.41±0.03 cd	52.28±1.87 j	22.71±0.70 c	29.57±1.43 h	0.77
T10	0.26±0.03 g	67.70±1.44 de	11.52±1.03 k	56.18±1.12 a	0.21
T11	0.28±0.04 g	66.64±1.93 e	13.18±1.42 j	53.46±1.03 b	0.25
T12	0.25±0.03 gh	73.49±1.56 ab	17.77±1.24 fg	55.72±1.02 a	0.32
T13	0.26±0.04 g	74.32±0.95 a	23.18±0.97 c	51.14±0.75 cd	0.45
T14	0.32±0.03 f	61.79±1.67 g	21.06±0.99 de	40.73±1.28 g	0.52
T15	0.32±0.04 f	59.63±1.82 h	17.08±1.25 i	42.55±0.98 f	0.40
T16	0.59±0.05 b	72.13±1.05 b	20.32±0.90 ef	51.81±0.43 c	0.39
对照 CK	0.82±0.05 a	45.85±1.55 k	4.94±0.43 l	40.91±1.64 g	0.12

处理组 Treatment	叶龄 Leaf age	株高 Plant height/cm	茎粗 Stem diameter/mm	百株地上干重 Aboveground dry weight of 100 plants/g
T1	3.5	18.56±1.98 ab	1.94±0.13 bc	1.81±0.06 d
T2	4.0	20.11±1.39 a	2.03±0.11 abc	2.06±0.10 c
T3	4.0	19.35±1.86 ab	2.02±0.13 abc	2.50±0.10 a
T4	3.5	19.83±1.33 a	2.01±0.12 abc	2.07±0.07 c
T5	4.0	19.78±1.82 a	1.95±0.11 abc	1.59±0.06 e
T6	3.0	18.83±1.38 ab	2.08±0.15 ab	1.50±0.10 ef
T7	3.5	19.07±1.59 ab	2.02±0.12 abc	1.60±0.06 e
T8	4.0	19.62±1.47 a	1.93±0.14 c	1.43±0.07 f
T9	3.0	19.34±1.61 ab	2.01±0.14 abc	2.45±0.08 a
T10	3.5	20.26±1.20 a	1.96±0.13 abc	2.32±0.08 b
T11	3.5	19.11±1.90 ab	2.06±0.12 abc	2.48±0.07 a
T12	3.5	19.22±1.69 ab	2.00±0.14 abc	2.45±0.11 a
T13	4.0	19.54±1.64 a	2.06±0.11 abc	2.04±0.06 c
T14	3.5	19.37±1.92 ab	2.05±0.15 abc	2.03±0.06 c
T15	3.0	19.21±1.71 ab	1.98±0.12 abc	2.30±0.08 b
T16	4.0	19.35±1.55 ab	2.09±0.14 a	2.28±0.13 b
对照 CK	3.0	17.58±0.53 b	1.94±0.08 abc	2.24±0.15 b

秸秆-有机肥育秧基质的配比筛选与成型工艺

Screening of proportions and molding conditions of seeding substrate with straw and organic fertilizer

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处理 Treatment	含水率 Moisture content/%	压力 Pressure/kN	保压时间 Pressing time/min
1	10	15	5.0
2	20	5	5.0
3	20	25	5.0
4	15	5	3.0
5	20	15	4.0
6	10	25	4.0
7	5	5	5.0
8	0	20	3.0
9	10	15	3.0
10	15	20	3.5
11	0	5	4.0
12	10	15	5.0
13	5	10	3.5
14	15	10	4.5
15	10	25	4.0
16	10	25	4.0

处理 Treatment	含水率 Moisture content/%	压力 Pressure/kN	保压时间 Pressing time/min
1	10	15	5.0
2	20	5	5.0
3	20	25	5.0
4	15	5	3.0
5	20	15	4.0
6	10	25	4.0
7	5	5	5.0
8	0	20	3.0
9	10	15	3.0
10	15	20	3.5
11	0	5	4.0
12	10	15	5.0
13	5	10	3.5
14	15	10	4.5
15	10	25	4.0
16	10	25	4.0

处理 Treatment	根长 Root length/cm	根数 Number of roots/piece	百株地下干重 Underground dry weight of 100 plants/g
T1	9.54±1.44 a	8.4±1.4 a	1.61±0.14 cdef
T2	9.54±0.96 a	9.1±1.3 a	1.55±0.17 def
T3	9.30±0.91 a	9.0±1.5 a	1.55±0.11 def
T4	9.77±0.80 a	9.1±1.0 a	1.67±0.06 bcd
T5	9.14±1.04 a	8.9±1.5 a	1.49±0.15 f
T6	9.31±1.20 a	9.3±1.1 a	1.51±0.12 f
T7	9.62±1.17 a	9.4±1.6 a	1.82±0.17 ab
T8	9.42±0.89 a	8.3±1.3 a	1.82±0.13 a
T9	9.15±1.07 a	9.2±1.5 a	1.48±0.17 f
T10	9.74±1.02 a	8.6±1.4 a	1.53±0.13 def
T11	9.48±1.24 a	8.5±1.4 a	1.86±0.09 a
T12	9.44±1.22 a	8.8±1.6 a	1.52±0.12 ef
T13	9.27±0.76 a	8.3±1.1 a	1.71±0.08 abc
T14	9.24±1.05 a	9.5±1.2 a	1.66±0.06 cde
T15	9.36±0.96 a	9.0±1.6 a	1.61±0.11 cdef
T16	9.44±0.93 a	9.3±1.3 a	1.73±0.09 abc
对照 CK	9.29±0.13 a	8.3±1.3 a	1.51±0.15 ef

差异源 Source of difference	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Degrees of freedom	方差 Variance	F值 F value	P值 P value
模型Model	2.380 0	9	0.264 1	75.68	<0.000 1
A含水率Water retention	0.143 9	1	0.140 0	41.24	<0.000 1
B压力Pressure	1.660 0	1	1.660 0	474.36	<0.000 1
C保压时间Pressing time	0.004 9	1	0.004 9	1.40	0.264 1
AB	0.071 8	1	0.071 8	20.57	0.001 1
AC	0.015 4	1	0.015 4	4.40	0.062 3
BC	0.020 1	1	0.020 1	5.75	0.037 5
A²	0.000 1	1	0.000 1	0.04	0.856 3
B²	0.325 6	1	0.325 6	93.32	<0.000 1
C²	0.003 5	1	0.003 5	1.01	0.339 7
残差Residuals	0.034 9	10	0.003 5
失拟项Missing items	0.018 0	5	0.003 6	1.06	0.473 4
误差Error	0.016 9	5	0.003 4
总和Sum	2.410 0	19

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处理 Treatment	含水率 Moisture content/%	压力 Pressure/kN	保压时间 Pressing time/min
1	10	15	5.0
2	20	5	5.0
3	20	25	5.0
4	15	5	3.0
5	20	15	4.0
6	10	25	4.0
7	5	5	5.0
8	0	20	3.0
9	10	15	3.0
10	15	20	3.5
11	0	5	4.0
12	10	15	5.0
13	5	10	3.5
14	15	10	4.5
15	10	25	4.0
16	10	25	4.0

处理 Treatment	含水率 Moisture content/%	压力 Pressure/kN	保压时间 Pressing time/min
1	10	15	5.0
2	20	5	5.0
3	20	25	5.0
4	15	5	3.0
5	20	15	4.0
6	10	25	4.0
7	5	5	5.0
8	0	20	3.0
9	10	15	3.0
10	15	20	3.5
11	0	5	4.0
12	10	15	5.0
13	5	10	3.5
14	15	10	4.5
15	10	25	4.0
16	10	25	4.0

处理 Treatment	含水率 Moisture content/%	压力 Pressure/kN	保压时间 Pressing time/min
1	10	15	5.0
2	20	5	5.0
3	20	25	5.0
4	15	5	3.0
5	20	15	4.0
6	10	25	4.0
7	5	5	5.0
8	0	20	3.0
9	10	15	3.0
10	15	20	3.5
11	0	5	4.0
12	10	15	5.0
13	5	10	3.5
14	15	10	4.5
15	10	25	4.0
16	10	25	4.0

处理 Treatment	含水率 Moisture content/%	压力 Pressure/kN	保压时间 Pressing time/min
1	10	15	5.0
2	20	5	5.0
3	20	25	5.0
4	15	5	3.0
5	20	15	4.0
6	10	25	4.0
7	5	5	5.0
8	0	20	3.0
9	10	15	3.0
10	15	20	3.5
11	0	5	4.0
12	10	15	5.0
13	5	10	3.5
14	15	10	4.5
15	10	25	4.0
16	10	25	4.0