Investigation of pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination characteristics and dietary risk assessment of Myrica rubra in Wenzhou, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231394

Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis ›› 2024, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (10): 2347-2357.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231394

• Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products • Previous Articles Next Articles

Investigation of pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination characteristics and dietary risk assessment of Myrica rubra in Wenzhou, China

LIANG Xiumei¹^,²(), ZHANG Weiyi², CHEN Guanju¹, XIA Haitao¹, GUO Xiuzhu¹, HE Ruyi¹, JIANG Jiaming², LIN Dingpeng²^,^*()

1. Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Wenzhou 325005, Zhejiang, China
2. Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Experimental Station of Agricultural Products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wenzhou 325006, Zhejiang, China

Received:2023-12-12 Online:2024-10-25 Published:2024-10-30

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to investigate the characteristics of pesticide residues and heavy metal pollutants of Myrica rubra in Wenzhou and the risk of dietary, the pollution characteristics and dietary risk of 71 pesticide residues such as carbendazim, pyrimethanil, acetamiprid and 9 heavy metal pollutants such as chromium, nickel, cuprum in Myrica rubra were studied. The results showed that in 121 samples of Myrica rubra, 84 were found to have pesticide residues and 3 were found to be substandard, the detection rate of pesticides in Myrica rubra samples was 69.42%, the qualified rate was 97.52%, and the detection rate of multiple residues was 48.76%. A total of 30 pesticides were detected, 26 pesticides were not registered in Myrica rubra or fruit production. In terms of dietary intake risk assessment of pesticides, based on the evaluation results of the pesticide residue food safety index (IFS), this study found IFS values and $I F S ¯$ values of detected pesticides were all less than one, indicating that dietary intake risk was at an acceptable level. Based on the evaluation results of the point evaluation method, this study found chronic dietary intake risk (%ADI) and acute dietary risk (%ARfD) of detected pesticides were all less than 100%, indicating that chronic and acute dietary intake risk was at an acceptable level. The qualified rate of heavy metal pollutants in Myrica rubra samples was 94.21%, while the unqualified samples were all cadmium exceeding the standard, and the median value of cadmium level was less than the average and the national limits for food contaminants. According to the IFS evaluation results, dietary intake risk of heavy metals is at an acceptable level. And according to the evaluation results of point assessment method, chronic dietary exposure risk of heavy metals is acceptable. These results suggest that, pesticide residues and heavy metal dietary intake of Myrica rubra in Wenzhou is acceptable.

Key words: Myrica rubra, pesticide residue, heavy metal, pollution characteristic, dietary risk

CLC Number:

S481.8

LIANG Xiumei, ZHANG Weiyi, CHEN Guanju, XIA Haitao, GUO Xiuzhu, HE Ruyi, JIANG Jiaming, LIN Dingpeng. Investigation of pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination characteristics and dietary risk assessment of Myrica rubra in Wenzhou, China[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2024, 36(10): 2347-2357.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig.1 The detection rate of 30 kinds of pesticides of Myrica rubra in Wenzhou 1 -30 represents difenoconazole, prochloraz, carbendazim, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, emamectin benzoate, cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos, fenpropathrin, thiamethoxam, procymidone, chlorothalonil, pyrimethanil, bifenthrin, paclobutrazol, triadimefon, dimethomorph, pyridaben, cypermethrin, chlorbenzuron, cyfluthrin, malathion, tebufenozide, indoxacarb, trichlorfon, dichlorvos, omethoate, fluvalinate, deltamethrin and iprodione.

Table 1 Residue levels of 30 kinds of pesticides of Myrica rubra in Wenzhou

农药 Pesticide	是否为登记农药 Whether it is registered pesticide		MRL/ (mg· kg^-1)		检出平均值 Average value/(mg· kg^-1)		检出最大值 Detection maximum/ (mg·kg^-1)		合格率 Qualification rate/%	检测标准 Test standard	LOD/ (mg·kg^-1)
多菌灵Carbendazim	已登记Registered		无No		0.017 9		0.562 8		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.000 12
嘧霉胺Pyrimethanil	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.013 2		0.460 0		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.000 17
啶虫脒Acetamiprid	未登记 Not registered		0.2		0.008 9		0.311 6		98.35	GB/T 20769	0.000 36
吡虫啉Imidacloprid	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.013 6		0.320 0		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.005 50
噻虫嗪Thiamethoxam	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.006 7		0.109 5		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.008 25
灭幼脲Chlorbenzuron	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.004 3		0.120 0		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.005 10
哒螨灵Pyridaben	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.001 7		0.007 6		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.003 04
咪鲜胺Prochloraz	已登记Registered		7		0.024 2		0.348 2		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.000 52
烯酰吗啉Dimethomorph	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.004 9		0.170 0		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.000 09
甲维盐Emamectin benzoate	已登记Registered		无No		0.001 7		0.047 9		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.000 08
多效唑Paclobutrazol	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.001 6		0.153 2		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.000 14
虫酰肼Tebufenozide	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.003 9		0.049 4		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.006 95
茚虫威Indoxacarb	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.001 2		0.030 7		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.001 89
敌百虫Trichlorfon	未登记 Not registered		0.2		0.057 0		6.880 0		99.17	GB/T 20769	0.000 28
苯醚甲环唑 Difenoconazole	未登记 Not registered		5		0.025 8		0.350 0		100.00	GB23200.113	0.005 00
敌敌畏Dichlorvos	未登记 Not registered		0.2		0.004 3		0.216 5		99.17	GB23200.113	0.005 00
氧乐果Omethoate	未登记 Not registered		0.02		0.004 0		0.180 4		99.17	GB23200.113	0.005 00
马拉硫磷Malathion	已登记Registered		无No		0.003 6		0.100 1		100.00	GB23200.113	0.005 00
毒死蜱Chlorpyrifos	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.010 8		0.150 0		100.00	GB23200.113	0.005 00
百菌清Chlorothalonil	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.037 2		2.072 5		100.00	NY/T 761	0.000 30
三唑酮Triadimefon	未登记 Not registered	无No		0.005 8		0.091 6		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00
腐霉利Procymidone	未登记 Not registered	无No		0.041 6		2.967 1		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00
联苯菊酯Bifenthrin	未登记 Not registered	无No		0.013 2		0.390 0		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00
甲氰菊酯Fenpropathrin	未登记 Not registered	5		0.017 9		0.360 0		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00
氯氟氰菊酯Cyhalothrin	未登记 Not registered	无No		0.014 0		0.406 7		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00
氟氯氰菊酯Cyfluthrin	未登记 Not registered	无No		0.006 6		0.358 5		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00
氯氰菊酯Cypermethrin	未登记 Not registered	无No		0.010 6		0.420 0		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00
氟胺氰菊酯Fluvalinate	未登记 Not registered	无No		0.046 0		5.269 9		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00
溴氰菊酯Deltamethrin	未登记 Not registered	无No		0.002 9		0.051 0		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00
异菌脲Iprodione	未登记 Not registered	无No		0.002 6		0.011 3		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00

Table 1 Residue levels of 30 kinds of pesticides of Myrica rubra in Wenzhou

农药 Pesticide	是否为登记农药 Whether it is registered pesticide		MRL/ (mg· kg^-1)		检出平均值 Average value/(mg· kg^-1)		检出最大值 Detection maximum/ (mg·kg^-1)		合格率 Qualification rate/%	检测标准 Test standard	LOD/ (mg·kg^-1)
多菌灵Carbendazim	已登记Registered		无No		0.017 9		0.562 8		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.000 12
嘧霉胺Pyrimethanil	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.013 2		0.460 0		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.000 17
啶虫脒Acetamiprid	未登记 Not registered		0.2		0.008 9		0.311 6		98.35	GB/T 20769	0.000 36
吡虫啉Imidacloprid	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.013 6		0.320 0		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.005 50
噻虫嗪Thiamethoxam	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.006 7		0.109 5		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.008 25
灭幼脲Chlorbenzuron	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.004 3		0.120 0		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.005 10
哒螨灵Pyridaben	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.001 7		0.007 6		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.003 04
咪鲜胺Prochloraz	已登记Registered		7		0.024 2		0.348 2		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.000 52
烯酰吗啉Dimethomorph	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.004 9		0.170 0		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.000 09
甲维盐Emamectin benzoate	已登记Registered		无No		0.001 7		0.047 9		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.000 08
多效唑Paclobutrazol	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.001 6		0.153 2		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.000 14
虫酰肼Tebufenozide	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.003 9		0.049 4		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.006 95
茚虫威Indoxacarb	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.001 2		0.030 7		100.00	GB/T 20769	0.001 89
敌百虫Trichlorfon	未登记 Not registered		0.2		0.057 0		6.880 0		99.17	GB/T 20769	0.000 28
苯醚甲环唑 Difenoconazole	未登记 Not registered		5		0.025 8		0.350 0		100.00	GB23200.113	0.005 00
敌敌畏Dichlorvos	未登记 Not registered		0.2		0.004 3		0.216 5		99.17	GB23200.113	0.005 00
氧乐果Omethoate	未登记 Not registered		0.02		0.004 0		0.180 4		99.17	GB23200.113	0.005 00
马拉硫磷Malathion	已登记Registered		无No		0.003 6		0.100 1		100.00	GB23200.113	0.005 00
毒死蜱Chlorpyrifos	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.010 8		0.150 0		100.00	GB23200.113	0.005 00
百菌清Chlorothalonil	未登记 Not registered		无No		0.037 2		2.072 5		100.00	NY/T 761	0.000 30
三唑酮Triadimefon	未登记 Not registered	无No		0.005 8		0.091 6		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00
腐霉利Procymidone	未登记 Not registered	无No		0.041 6		2.967 1		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00
联苯菊酯Bifenthrin	未登记 Not registered	无No		0.013 2		0.390 0		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00
甲氰菊酯Fenpropathrin	未登记 Not registered	5		0.017 9		0.360 0		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00
氯氟氰菊酯Cyhalothrin	未登记 Not registered	无No		0.014 0		0.406 7		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00
氟氯氰菊酯Cyfluthrin	未登记 Not registered	无No		0.006 6		0.358 5		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00
氯氰菊酯Cypermethrin	未登记 Not registered	无No		0.010 6		0.420 0		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00
氟胺氰菊酯Fluvalinate	未登记 Not registered	无No		0.046 0		5.269 9		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00
溴氰菊酯Deltamethrin	未登记 Not registered	无No		0.002 9		0.051 0		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00
异菌脲Iprodione	未登记 Not registered	无No		0.002 6		0.011 3		100.00		GB23200.113	0.005 00

Table 2 Safety indexes of pesticide residues of Myrica rubra in Wenzhou

农药 Pesticide	R/(mg·kg^-1)		ADI/ (mg· kg^-1· bw)	EDI/(mg·d^-1)		IFS		$I F S ¯$
农药 Pesticide	检出平均值 Detection average	检出最大值 Detection maximum	ADI/ (mg· kg^-1· bw)	平均 Average	最大 Maximum	平均 Average	最大 Maximum	平均 Average	最大 Maximum
多菌灵Carbendazim	0.017 9	0.562 8	0.03	0.000 134	0.004 2	0.000 070 98	0.002 233	0.000 27	0.022 28
嘧霉胺Pyrimethanil	0.013 2	0.460 0	0.2	0.000 099	0.003 5	0.000 007 85	0.000 274
啶虫脒Acetamiprid	0.008 9	0.311 6	0.07	0.000 067	0.002 3	0.000 015 11	0.000 530
吡虫啉Imidacloprid	0.013 6	0.320 0	0.06	0.000 102	0.002 4	0.000 027 06	0.000 635
噻虫嗪Thiamethoxam	0.006 7	0.109 5	0.08	0.000 051	0.000 8	0.000 010 03	0.000 163
灭幼脲Chlorbenzuron	0.004 3	0.120 0	1.25	0.000 032	0.000 9	0.000 000 41	0.000 011
哒螨灵Pyridaben	0.001 7	0.007 6	0.01	0.000 012	0.000 1	0.000 019 73	0.000 090
咪鲜胺Prochloraz	0.024 2	0.348 2	0.01	0.000 182	0.002 6	0.000 288 18	0.004 146
烯酰吗啉Dimethomorph	0.004 9	0.170 0	0.2	0.000 037	0.001 3	0.000 002 91	0.000 101
甲维盐Emamectin benzoate	0.001 7	0.047 9	0.000 5	0.000 013	0.000 4	0.000 407 78	0.011 398
多效唑Paclobutrazol	0.001 6	0.153 2	0.1	0.000 012	0.001 1	0.000 001 85	0.000 182
虫酰肼Tebufenozide	0.003 9	0.049 4	0.02	0.000 029	0.000 4	0.000 022 94	0.000 294
茚虫威Indoxacarb	0.001 2	0.030 7	0.01	0.000 009	0.000 2	0.000 014 18	0.000 366
敌百虫Trichlorfon	0.057 0	6.880 0	0.002	0.000 427	0.051 6	0.003 392 76	0.409 524
苯醚甲环唑 Difenoconazole	0.025 8	0.350 0	0.01	0.000 193	0.002 6	0.000 306 77	0.004 167
敌敌畏Dichlorvos	0.004 3	0.216 5	0.004	0.000 032	0.001 6	0.000 127 04	0.006 443
氧乐果Omethoate	0.004 0	0.180 4	0.000 3	0.000 030	0.001 4	0.001 575 49	0.071 586
马拉硫磷Malathion	0.003 6	0.100 1	0.3	0.000 027	0.000 8	0.000 001 44	0.000 040
毒死蜱Chlorpyrifos	0.010 8	0.150 0	0.01	0.000 081	0.001 1	0.000 128 48	0.001 786
百菌清Chlorothalonil	0.037 2	2.072 5	0.02	0.000 279	0.015 5	0.000 221 52	0.012 336
三唑酮Triadimefon	0.005 8	0.091 6	0.03	0.000 044	0.000 7	0.000 023 10	0.000 364
腐霉利Procymidone	0.041 6	2.967 1	0.1	0.000 312	0.022 3	0.000 049 49	0.003 532
联苯菊酯Bifenthrin	0.013 2	0.390 0	0.01	0.000 099	0.002 9	0.000 157 20	0.004 643
甲氰菊酯Fenpropathrin	0.017 9	0.360 0	0.03	0.000 134	0.002 7	0.000 071 14	0.001 429
氯氟氰菊酯Cyhalothrin	0.014 0	0.406 7	0.02	0.000 105	0.003 1	0.000 083 46	0.002 421
氟氯氰菊酯Cyfluthrin	0.006 6	0.358 5	0.04	0.000 049	0.002 7	0.000 019 50	0.001 067
氯氰菊酯Cypermethrin	0.010 6	0.420 0	0.02	0.000 079	0.003 2	0.000 062 99	0.002 500
氟胺氰菊酯Fluvalinate	0.046 0	5.269 9	0.005	0.000 345	0.039 5	0.001 096 00	0.125 473
溴氰菊酯Deltamethrin	0.002 9	0.051 0	0.01	0.000 022	0.000 4	0.000 034 53	0.000 607
异菌脲Iprodione	0.002 6	0.011 3	0.06	0.000 019	0.000 1	0.000 005 10	0.000 022

Table 2 Safety indexes of pesticide residues of Myrica rubra in Wenzhou

农药 Pesticide	R/(mg·kg^-1)		ADI/ (mg· kg^-1· bw)	EDI/(mg·d^-1)		IFS		$I F S ¯$
农药 Pesticide	检出平均值 Detection average	检出最大值 Detection maximum	ADI/ (mg· kg^-1· bw)	平均 Average	最大 Maximum	平均 Average	最大 Maximum	平均 Average	最大 Maximum
多菌灵Carbendazim	0.017 9	0.562 8	0.03	0.000 134	0.004 2	0.000 070 98	0.002 233	0.000 27	0.022 28
嘧霉胺Pyrimethanil	0.013 2	0.460 0	0.2	0.000 099	0.003 5	0.000 007 85	0.000 274
啶虫脒Acetamiprid	0.008 9	0.311 6	0.07	0.000 067	0.002 3	0.000 015 11	0.000 530
吡虫啉Imidacloprid	0.013 6	0.320 0	0.06	0.000 102	0.002 4	0.000 027 06	0.000 635
噻虫嗪Thiamethoxam	0.006 7	0.109 5	0.08	0.000 051	0.000 8	0.000 010 03	0.000 163
灭幼脲Chlorbenzuron	0.004 3	0.120 0	1.25	0.000 032	0.000 9	0.000 000 41	0.000 011
哒螨灵Pyridaben	0.001 7	0.007 6	0.01	0.000 012	0.000 1	0.000 019 73	0.000 090
咪鲜胺Prochloraz	0.024 2	0.348 2	0.01	0.000 182	0.002 6	0.000 288 18	0.004 146
烯酰吗啉Dimethomorph	0.004 9	0.170 0	0.2	0.000 037	0.001 3	0.000 002 91	0.000 101
甲维盐Emamectin benzoate	0.001 7	0.047 9	0.000 5	0.000 013	0.000 4	0.000 407 78	0.011 398
多效唑Paclobutrazol	0.001 6	0.153 2	0.1	0.000 012	0.001 1	0.000 001 85	0.000 182
虫酰肼Tebufenozide	0.003 9	0.049 4	0.02	0.000 029	0.000 4	0.000 022 94	0.000 294
茚虫威Indoxacarb	0.001 2	0.030 7	0.01	0.000 009	0.000 2	0.000 014 18	0.000 366
敌百虫Trichlorfon	0.057 0	6.880 0	0.002	0.000 427	0.051 6	0.003 392 76	0.409 524
苯醚甲环唑 Difenoconazole	0.025 8	0.350 0	0.01	0.000 193	0.002 6	0.000 306 77	0.004 167
敌敌畏Dichlorvos	0.004 3	0.216 5	0.004	0.000 032	0.001 6	0.000 127 04	0.006 443
氧乐果Omethoate	0.004 0	0.180 4	0.000 3	0.000 030	0.001 4	0.001 575 49	0.071 586
马拉硫磷Malathion	0.003 6	0.100 1	0.3	0.000 027	0.000 8	0.000 001 44	0.000 040
毒死蜱Chlorpyrifos	0.010 8	0.150 0	0.01	0.000 081	0.001 1	0.000 128 48	0.001 786
百菌清Chlorothalonil	0.037 2	2.072 5	0.02	0.000 279	0.015 5	0.000 221 52	0.012 336
三唑酮Triadimefon	0.005 8	0.091 6	0.03	0.000 044	0.000 7	0.000 023 10	0.000 364
腐霉利Procymidone	0.041 6	2.967 1	0.1	0.000 312	0.022 3	0.000 049 49	0.003 532
联苯菊酯Bifenthrin	0.013 2	0.390 0	0.01	0.000 099	0.002 9	0.000 157 20	0.004 643
甲氰菊酯Fenpropathrin	0.017 9	0.360 0	0.03	0.000 134	0.002 7	0.000 071 14	0.001 429
氯氟氰菊酯Cyhalothrin	0.014 0	0.406 7	0.02	0.000 105	0.003 1	0.000 083 46	0.002 421
氟氯氰菊酯Cyfluthrin	0.006 6	0.358 5	0.04	0.000 049	0.002 7	0.000 019 50	0.001 067
氯氰菊酯Cypermethrin	0.010 6	0.420 0	0.02	0.000 079	0.003 2	0.000 062 99	0.002 500
氟胺氰菊酯Fluvalinate	0.046 0	5.269 9	0.005	0.000 345	0.039 5	0.001 096 00	0.125 473
溴氰菊酯Deltamethrin	0.002 9	0.051 0	0.01	0.000 022	0.000 4	0.000 034 53	0.000 607
异菌脲Iprodione	0.002 6	0.011 3	0.06	0.000 019	0.000 1	0.000 005 10	0.000 022

Table 3 Dietary risk assessment of pesticides of Myrica rubra in Wenzhou

农药 Pesticide	慢性风险评估 Chronic risk assessment			急性风险评估 Acute risk assessment
农药 Pesticide	STMR/ (mg·kg^-1)	ADI/ (mg·kg^-1)	%ADI	HR/ (mg·kg^-1)	ARfD/ (mg·kg^-1)	ESTI/ (mg·kg^-1)	%ARfD	SM/ (mg·kg^-1)
多菌灵Carbendazim	0.017 9	0.03	0.007 10	0.562 8	0.5	0.010 0	1.99	28.28
嘧霉胺Pyrimethanil	0.013 2	0.2	0.000 78	0.460 0	不需要No need	0.008 1	/	/
啶虫脒Acetamiprid	0.008 9	0.07	0.001 51	0.311 6	0.1	0.005 5	5.51	5.66
吡虫啉Imidacloprid	0.013 6	0.06	0.002 71	0.320 0	0.4	0.005 7	1.41	22.62
噻虫嗪Thiamethoxam	0.006 7	0.08	0.001 00	0.109 5	1	0.001 9	0.19	56.55
灭幼脲Chlorbenzuron	0.004 3	1.25	0.000 04	0.120 0	尚未规定Not yet	0.002 1	/	/
哒螨灵Pyridaben	0.001 7	0.01	0.001 97	0.007 6	尚未规定Not yet	0.000 1	/	/
咪鲜胺Prochloraz	0.024 2	0.01	0.028 82	0.348 2	0.1	0.006 2	6.16	5.66
烯酰吗啉Dimethomorph	0.004 9	0.2	0.000 29	0.170 0	0.6	0.003 0	0.50	33.93
甲维盐Emamectin benzoate	0.001 7	0.000 5	0.040 78	0.047 9	0.02	0.000 8	4.23	1.13
多效唑Paclobutrazol	0.001 6	0.1	0.000 19	0.153 2	尚未规定Not yet	0.002 7	/	/
虫酰肼Tebufenozide	0.003 9	0.02	0.002 29	0.049 4	0.9	0.000 9	0.10	50.90
茚虫威Indoxacarb	0.001 2	0.01	0.001 42	0.030 7	0.1	0.000 5	0.54	5.66
敌百虫Trichlorfon	0.057 0	0.002	0.339 28	6.880 0	尚未规定Not yet	0.121 7	/	/
苯醚甲环唑 Difenoconazole	0.025 8	0.01	0.030 68	0.350 0	0.3	0.006 2	2.06	16.97
敌敌畏Dichlorvos	0.004 3	0.004	0.012 70	0.216 5	尚未规定Not yet	0.003 8	/	/
氧乐果Omethoate	0.004 0	0.000 3	0.157 55	0.180 4	0.02	0.003 2	15.95	1.13
马拉硫磷Malathion	0.003 6	0.3	0.000 14	0.100 1	2	0.001 8	0.09	113.11
毒死蜱Chlorpyrifos	0.010 8	0.01	0.012 85	0.150 0	0.1	0.002 7	2.65	5.66
百菌清Chlorothalonil	0.037 2	0.02	0.022 15	2.072 5	尚未规定Not yet	0.036 6	/	/
三唑酮Triadimefon	0.005 8	0.03	0.002 31	0.091 6	0.08	0.001 6	2.03	4.52
腐霉利Procymidone	0.041 6	0.1	0.004 95	2.967 1	0.1	0.052 5	52.47	5.66
联苯菊酯Bifenthrin	0.013 2	0.01	0.015 72	0.390 0	0.01	0.006 9	68.96	0.57
甲氰菊酯Fenpropathrin	0.017 9	0.03	0.007 11	0.360 0	0.03	0.006 4	21.22	1.70
氯氟氰菊酯Cyhalothrin	0.014 0	0.02	0.008 35	0.406 7	0.02	0.007 2	35.95	1.13
氟氯氰菊酯Cyfluthrin	0.006 6	0.04	0.001 95	0.358 5	0.04	0.006 3	15.85	2.26
氯氰菊酯Cypermethrin	0.010 6	0.02	0.006 30	0.420 0	0.04	0.007 4	18.57	2.26
氟胺氰菊酯Fluvalinate	0.046 0	0.005	0.109 60	5.269 9	尚未规定Not yet	0.093 2	/	/
溴氰菊酯Deltamethrin	0.002 9	0.01	0.003 45	0.051 0	0.05	0.000 9	1.80	2.83
异菌脲Iprodione	0.002 6	0.06	0.000 51	0.011 3	0.4	0.000 2	0.05	22.62

Table 3 Dietary risk assessment of pesticides of Myrica rubra in Wenzhou

农药 Pesticide	慢性风险评估 Chronic risk assessment			急性风险评估 Acute risk assessment
农药 Pesticide	STMR/ (mg·kg^-1)	ADI/ (mg·kg^-1)	%ADI	HR/ (mg·kg^-1)	ARfD/ (mg·kg^-1)	ESTI/ (mg·kg^-1)	%ARfD	SM/ (mg·kg^-1)
多菌灵Carbendazim	0.017 9	0.03	0.007 10	0.562 8	0.5	0.010 0	1.99	28.28
嘧霉胺Pyrimethanil	0.013 2	0.2	0.000 78	0.460 0	不需要No need	0.008 1	/	/
啶虫脒Acetamiprid	0.008 9	0.07	0.001 51	0.311 6	0.1	0.005 5	5.51	5.66
吡虫啉Imidacloprid	0.013 6	0.06	0.002 71	0.320 0	0.4	0.005 7	1.41	22.62
噻虫嗪Thiamethoxam	0.006 7	0.08	0.001 00	0.109 5	1	0.001 9	0.19	56.55
灭幼脲Chlorbenzuron	0.004 3	1.25	0.000 04	0.120 0	尚未规定Not yet	0.002 1	/	/
哒螨灵Pyridaben	0.001 7	0.01	0.001 97	0.007 6	尚未规定Not yet	0.000 1	/	/
咪鲜胺Prochloraz	0.024 2	0.01	0.028 82	0.348 2	0.1	0.006 2	6.16	5.66
烯酰吗啉Dimethomorph	0.004 9	0.2	0.000 29	0.170 0	0.6	0.003 0	0.50	33.93
甲维盐Emamectin benzoate	0.001 7	0.000 5	0.040 78	0.047 9	0.02	0.000 8	4.23	1.13
多效唑Paclobutrazol	0.001 6	0.1	0.000 19	0.153 2	尚未规定Not yet	0.002 7	/	/
虫酰肼Tebufenozide	0.003 9	0.02	0.002 29	0.049 4	0.9	0.000 9	0.10	50.90
茚虫威Indoxacarb	0.001 2	0.01	0.001 42	0.030 7	0.1	0.000 5	0.54	5.66
敌百虫Trichlorfon	0.057 0	0.002	0.339 28	6.880 0	尚未规定Not yet	0.121 7	/	/
苯醚甲环唑 Difenoconazole	0.025 8	0.01	0.030 68	0.350 0	0.3	0.006 2	2.06	16.97
敌敌畏Dichlorvos	0.004 3	0.004	0.012 70	0.216 5	尚未规定Not yet	0.003 8	/	/
氧乐果Omethoate	0.004 0	0.000 3	0.157 55	0.180 4	0.02	0.003 2	15.95	1.13
马拉硫磷Malathion	0.003 6	0.3	0.000 14	0.100 1	2	0.001 8	0.09	113.11
毒死蜱Chlorpyrifos	0.010 8	0.01	0.012 85	0.150 0	0.1	0.002 7	2.65	5.66
百菌清Chlorothalonil	0.037 2	0.02	0.022 15	2.072 5	尚未规定Not yet	0.036 6	/	/
三唑酮Triadimefon	0.005 8	0.03	0.002 31	0.091 6	0.08	0.001 6	2.03	4.52
腐霉利Procymidone	0.041 6	0.1	0.004 95	2.967 1	0.1	0.052 5	52.47	5.66
联苯菊酯Bifenthrin	0.013 2	0.01	0.015 72	0.390 0	0.01	0.006 9	68.96	0.57
甲氰菊酯Fenpropathrin	0.017 9	0.03	0.007 11	0.360 0	0.03	0.006 4	21.22	1.70
氯氟氰菊酯Cyhalothrin	0.014 0	0.02	0.008 35	0.406 7	0.02	0.007 2	35.95	1.13
氟氯氰菊酯Cyfluthrin	0.006 6	0.04	0.001 95	0.358 5	0.04	0.006 3	15.85	2.26
氯氰菊酯Cypermethrin	0.010 6	0.02	0.006 30	0.420 0	0.04	0.007 4	18.57	2.26
氟胺氰菊酯Fluvalinate	0.046 0	0.005	0.109 60	5.269 9	尚未规定Not yet	0.093 2	/	/
溴氰菊酯Deltamethrin	0.002 9	0.01	0.003 45	0.051 0	0.05	0.000 9	1.80	2.83
异菌脲Iprodione	0.002 6	0.06	0.000 51	0.011 3	0.4	0.000 2	0.05	22.62

Table 4 Detection results of heavy metal pollution of Myrica rubra in Wenzhou

重金属 Heavy metal	限量 Limit/ (mg·kg^-1)	中值 Median/ (mg·kg^-1)	检出平均值 Average value/ (mg·kg^-1)	检出最大值 Detection maximum/ (mg·kg^-1)	合格率 Qualify rate/%	检测标准 Test standard	LOD/ (mg· kg^-1)
铬Cr	无No	0.025 0	0.069 3	0.360 0	100.00	GB 5009.268	0.050
镍Ni	无No	0.100 0	0.143 0	0.600 0	100.00		0.200
铜Cu	无No	0.350 0	0.338 2	1.720 0	100.00		0.100
锌Zn	无No	0.660 0	0.983 6	6.250 0	100.00		0.500
砷As	无No	0.001 0	0.002 7	0.020 0	100.00		0.002
镉Cd	0.05	0.002 4	0.011 6	0.420 0	94.21		0.002
锡Sn	无No	0.012 0	0.016 5	0.100 0	100.00		0.010
汞Hg	无No	0.000 5	0.002 3	0.135 7	100.00		0.001
铅Pb	0.1	0.010 0	0.011 6	0.061 0	100.00		0.020

Fig.2 The detection rate of heavy metal of Myrica rubra in Wenzhou

Table 5 Safety indexes of heavy metal pollution of Myrica rubra in Wenzhou

重金属 Heavy metal	R/(mg·kg^-1)		ADI/ (mg· kg^-1· bw)	EDI/(mg·d^-1)		IFS		$I F S ¯$
重金属 Heavy metal	检出平均值 Detection average	检出最大值 Detection maximum	ADI/ (mg· kg^-1· bw)	平均 Average	最大 Maximum	平均 Average	最大 Maximum	平均 Average	最大 Maximum
铬Cr	0.069 3	0.360 0	0.006 7	0.000 52	0.002 7	0.008 618	0.044 78	0.001 6	0.015 1
镍Ni	0.143 0	0.600 0	0.035	0.001 07	0.004 5	0.003 404	0.014 29
铜Cu	0.338 2	1.720 0	3.5	0.002 54	0.012 9	0.000 081	0.000 41
锌Zn	0.983 6	6.250 0	7	0.007 38	0.046 9	0.000 117	0.000 74
砷As	0.002 7	0.020 0	0.015	0.000 02	0.000 2	0.000 148	0.001 11
镉Cd	0.011 6	0.420 0	0.007	0.000 09	0.003 2	0.001 382	0.050 00
锡Sn	0.016 5	0.100 0	14	0.000 12	0.000 8	0.000 001	0.000 01
汞Hg	0.002 3	0.135 7	0.005	0.000 02	0.001 0	0.000 378	0.022 62
铅Pb	0.011 6	0.061 0	0.025	0.000 09	0.000 5	0.000 388	0.002 03

Table 5 Safety indexes of heavy metal pollution of Myrica rubra in Wenzhou

重金属 Heavy metal	R/(mg·kg^-1)		ADI/ (mg· kg^-1· bw)	EDI/(mg·d^-1)		IFS		$I F S ¯$
重金属 Heavy metal	检出平均值 Detection average	检出最大值 Detection maximum	ADI/ (mg· kg^-1· bw)	平均 Average	最大 Maximum	平均 Average	最大 Maximum	平均 Average	最大 Maximum
铬Cr	0.069 3	0.360 0	0.006 7	0.000 52	0.002 7	0.008 618	0.044 78	0.001 6	0.015 1
镍Ni	0.143 0	0.600 0	0.035	0.001 07	0.004 5	0.003 404	0.014 29
铜Cu	0.338 2	1.720 0	3.5	0.002 54	0.012 9	0.000 081	0.000 41
锌Zn	0.983 6	6.250 0	7	0.007 38	0.046 9	0.000 117	0.000 74
砷As	0.002 7	0.020 0	0.015	0.000 02	0.000 2	0.000 148	0.001 11
镉Cd	0.011 6	0.420 0	0.007	0.000 09	0.003 2	0.001 382	0.050 00
锡Sn	0.016 5	0.100 0	14	0.000 12	0.000 8	0.000 001	0.000 01
汞Hg	0.002 3	0.135 7	0.005	0.000 02	0.001 0	0.000 378	0.022 62
铅Pb	0.011 6	0.061 0	0.025	0.000 09	0.000 5	0.000 388	0.002 03

Table 6 Dietary risk assessment of heavy metal pollution of Myrica rubra in Wenzhou

重金属 Heavy metal	C/( mg·kg^-1)		PTWI/ (μg·kg^-1)	EXP/(μg·kg^-1)		MOS
重金属 Heavy metal	检出平均值 Detection average	检出最大值 Detection maximum	PTWI/ (μg·kg^-1)	平均 Average	最大 Maximum	平均 Average	最大 Maximum
铬Cr	0.069 3	0.360 0	6.7^[26]	0.06	0.30	116.0	22.3
镍Ni	0.143 0	0.600 0	35^[27]	0.12	0.50	293.8	70.0
铜Cu	0.338 2	1.720 0	3 500^[26]	0.28	1.43	12 417.2	2 441.9
锌Zn	0.983 6	6.250 0	7 000^[26]	0.82	5.21	8 539.7	1 344.0
砷As	0.002 7	0.020 0	15^[28]	0.00	0.02	6 766.3	900.0
镉Cd	0.011 6	0.420 0	7^[26]	0.01	0.35	723.8	20.0
锡Sn	0.016 5	0.100 0	14 000^[27]	0.01	0.08	1 015 384.6	168 000.0
汞Hg	0.002 3	0.135 7	5^[28]	0.00	0.11	2 645.8	44.2
铅Pb	0.011 6	0.061 0	25^[29]	0.01	0.05	2 578.1	491.8

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Investigation of pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination characteristics and dietary risk assessment of Myrica rubra in Wenzhou, China

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