优化施肥措施对水稻产量和土壤养分平衡的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240132

浙江农业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (2): 438-446.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240132

优化施肥措施对水稻产量和土壤养分平衡的影响

李建强¹(), 魏倩倩², 刘晓霞³, 张均华², 朱春权²^,^*()

1.平湖市植保土肥技术推广中心,浙江平湖 314200
2.中国水稻研究所水稻生物育种全国重点实验室, 浙江杭州 310006
3.浙江省耕地质量与肥料管理总站,浙江杭州 310020

收稿日期:2024-02-19 出版日期:2025-02-25 发布日期:2025-03-20
作者简介:*朱春权,E-mail:zhuchunquan@caas.cn
李建强(1981—),男,湖北枣阳人,学士,高级农艺师,研究方向为土壤肥料、耕地质量保护与提升。E-mail:275279089@qq.com
通讯作者: 朱春权
基金资助:
浙江省重点研发计划(2023C02005);浙江省重点研发计划(2023C02015)

Effects of optimizing fertilization methods on rice yield and soil nutrient balance

LI Jianqiang¹(), WEI Qianqian², LIU Xiaoxia³, ZHANG Junhua², ZHU Chunquan²^,^*()

1. Pinghu Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer Technology Promotion Center, Pinghu 314200, Zhejiang, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
3. Zhejiang Cultivated Land Quality and Fertilizer Administration Station, Hangzhou 310020, China

Received:2024-02-19 Online:2025-02-25 Published:2025-03-20
Contact: ZHU Chunquan

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究适合杭嘉湖地区的新型肥料和适宜肥料用量,本研究选取3种新型肥料,以平湖当地常规施肥为对照,通过田间试验,筛选适合当地水稻优质高产的新型肥料,并进行减氮增效研究。结果表明,与常规施肥相比,施用茂施缓释肥能显著(P<0.05)提高水稻的干重和氮肥利用率,并通过提高水稻穗粒数和结实率进而提高水稻产量。同时,茂施缓释肥显著增加了土壤中有机质和碱解氮含量,提高了脲酶和氨单加氧酶的活性,以及对应功能基因的丰度,增加了土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量。与常规施肥相比,茂施缓释肥减氮10%显著提高了水稻氮素利用率且不影响水稻产量和稻米品质。综上所述,施加茂施缓释肥可在常规氮肥用量的基础上减氮10%,从而达到水稻减氮增效的目的。

关键词: 茂施缓释肥, 减氮增效, 水稻, 氮素利用率, 产量

Abstract:

To explore suitable new fertilizers and the optimal application dosage in the Hangzhou-Jiahu-Hu region, three kinds of news fertilizers were used in present study. Taking the local conventional fertilizer application dosage in Pinghu as the control, the new types of fertilizer which suitable for the high quality and high yield rice production in the local were screened out by a field experiment, and further to explore the method with the purpose of nitrogen reduction and efficiency improvement for new fertilizer. The results showed that compared with the conventional fertilizer application in the local area, the application of Maoshi slow-release fertilizer significantly (P<0.05) increased rice dry weight and nitrogen use efficiency, and increased rice yield via increasing the seed numbers per spike and the seed setting rate. Furthermore, Maoshi slow-release fertilizer significantly increased soil organic matter content and alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen content, increased the activities of urease and ammonia monooxygenase along with abundance of relevant functional genes, and increased soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content. Compared to the conventional nitrogen application amount, reduced 10% of nitrogen when applied Maoshi slow-release fertilizer significantly increased nitrogen use efficiency without compromising rice yield and rice quality. In summary, applying Moshi slow-release fertilizer with a 10% nitrogen reduction from conventional dosage achieves both nitrogen reduction and efficieny enhancement in rice cultivation.

Key words: Maoshi slow-release fertilizer, nitrogen reduction and efficiency enhancement, rice, nitrogen use efficiency, yield

中图分类号:

S511

李建强, 魏倩倩, 刘晓霞, 张均华, 朱春权. 优化施肥措施对水稻产量和土壤养分平衡的影响[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2025, 37(2): 438-446.

LI Jianqiang, WEI Qianqian, LIU Xiaoxia, ZHANG Junhua, ZHU Chunquan. Effects of optimizing fertilization methods on rice yield and soil nutrient balance[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2025, 37(2): 438-446.

图/表 12

参考文献 21

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基因名称 Gene name	正向引物序列(5'→3') Forward primer sequence(5'→3')	反向引物序列(5'→3') Reverse primer sequence(5'→3')	参考文献 Reference
ureC	AAGSTSCACGAGGACTGGGG	AGGTGGTGGCASACCATSAGCAT	[14]
Arch-amoA	TAATGGTCTGGCTTAGACG	CGGCCATCCATCTGTATGT	[13]
Bact-amoA	GGGGTTTCTACTGGTGGT	CCCCTCKGSAAAGCCTTCTTC	[13]

基因名称 Gene name	正向引物序列(5'→3') Forward primer sequence(5'→3')	反向引物序列(5'→3') Reverse primer sequence(5'→3')	参考文献 Reference
ureC	AAGSTSCACGAGGACTGGGG	AGGTGGTGGCASACCATSAGCAT	[14]
Arch-amoA	TAATGGTCTGGCTTAGACG	CGGCCATCCATCTGTATGT	[13]
Bact-amoA	GGGGTTTCTACTGGTGGT	CCCCTCKGSAAAGCCTTCTTC	[13]

处理 Treatment	穗数 Spike number/(10⁴ hm^-2)	穗粒数 Seed number per spike	结实率 Seed setting rate/%	千粒重 1 000-gain weight/g	产量 Yield/(kg·hm^-2)
CK	206.10±4.80 c	190.78±1.59 c	96.47±0.37 a	23.24±0.02 b	9 094.80±215.55 c
CF	244.35±14.70 ab	184.69±1.15 d	85.92±1.26 c	23.30±0.05 a	9 455.40±195.75 b
MSF	244.50±7.80 ab	194.41±2.19 b	90.75±1.33 b	23.32±0.03 b	9 810.45±207.45 a
JSF	239.25±7.65 b	181.34±2.73 e	89.18±0.52 b	24.19±0.02 a	9 606.15±135.00 b
SSF	245.55±4.20 a	208.31±4.93 a	90.28±1.45 b	23.22±0.04 b	9 724.80±297.60 b

处理 Treatment	穗数 Spike number/(10⁴ hm^-2)	穗粒数 Seed number per spike	结实率 Seed setting rate/%	千粒重 1 000-gain weight/g	产量 Yield/(kg·hm^-2)
CK	206.10±4.80 c	190.78±1.59 c	96.47±0.37 a	23.24±0.02 b	9 094.80±215.55 c
CF	244.35±14.70 ab	184.69±1.15 d	85.92±1.26 c	23.30±0.05 a	9 455.40±195.75 b
MSF	244.50±7.80 ab	194.41±2.19 b	90.75±1.33 b	23.32±0.03 b	9 810.45±207.45 a
JSF	239.25±7.65 b	181.34±2.73 e	89.18±0.52 b	24.19±0.02 a	9 606.15±135.00 b
SSF	245.55±4.20 a	208.31±4.93 a	90.28±1.45 b	23.22±0.04 b	9 724.80±297.60 b

处理 Treatment	有机质含量 Organic matter content/%	总氮含量 Total nitrogen content/(g·kg^-1)	碱解氮含量 Alkali hydrolyzed content N/(mg·kg^-1)	有效磷含量 Available P content/(mg·kg^-1)	速效钾含量 Available K content/(mg·kg^-1)
CK	2.57±0.27 b	1.32±0.07 b	146.35±5.31 c	62.09±2.96 a	58.36±2.86 b
CF	2.54±0.13 b	1.33±0.05 ab	155.26±7.69 b	54.06±5.67 b	63.96±6.39 ab
MSF	3.08±0.21 a	1.42±0.08 a	167.28±8.72 a	55.92±4.83 b	68.52±4.13 ab
JSF	2.66±0.32 b	1.39±0.09 ab	151.82±12.73 b	68.31±8.04 a	72.03±9.22 a
SSF	2.48±0.22 b	1.35±0.10 ab	159.26±15.46 b	64.49±3.26 a	66.31±1.99 ab

优化施肥措施对水稻产量和土壤养分平衡的影响

Effects of optimizing fertilization methods on rice yield and soil nutrient balance

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参考文献 21

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处理 Treatment	干重Dry weight
处理 Treatment	叶Leaf	茎Stem	穗Spike
CK	6.03±0.53 d	17.55±1.39 b	44.31±1.12 c
T1	7.43±0.52 a	17.94±0.95 ab	54.61±1.85 a
T2	6.64±0.33 b	17.38±0.69 b	53.23±0.39 a
T3	6.24±0.10 c	18.45±0.46 a	47.69±0.62 b

处理 Treatment	穗数 Spike number/ (10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Seed number per spike	结实率 Seed setting rate/%	千粒重 1 000-grain weight/g	产量 Yield/(kg·hm^-2)
CK	207.15±4.65 b	190.23±1.66 c	86.62±0.26 a	23.24±0.02 b	9 059.25±240.75 b
T1	265.20±12.45 a	213.63±2.54 a	84.83±1.04 a	23.22±0.07 b	9 397.95±377.55 a
T2	259.65±15.30 a	210.66±3.18 a	81.27±1.55 b	23.21±0.04 b	9 268.65±297.60 a
T3	211.35±6.75 b	195.75±3.11 b	85.85±0.98 a	23.51±0.07 a	8 448.45±289.35 c

处理 Treatment	糙米率 Husked rice rate	整精米率 Head rice yield	直链淀粉含量 Amylose content	精米率 Milled rice rate	蛋白质含量 Protein content
CK	83.1±2.51 a	63.2±2.15 b	17.2±3.21 a	74.4±1.36 a	6.67±0.35 b
T1	83.1±3.25 a	69.8±1.35 a	16.8±1.36 a	74.3±2.14 a	8.04±0.48 a
T2	82.2±2.66 a	71.4±1.11 a	17.1±2.14 a	74.2±2.25 a	7.78±0.55 a
T3	83.0±1.85 a	70.5±1.26 a	17.2±2.16 a	74.1±1.34 a	8.04±0.39 a

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处理 Treatment	氮含量Nitrogen content/(g·kg^-1)			氮肥利用率 Nitrogen use efficiency/%
处理 Treatment	叶Leaf	茎Stem	穗Spike	氮肥利用率 Nitrogen use efficiency/%
CK	7.86±0.38 c	4.75±0.13 b	10.04±0.50 b	—
T1	9.65±0.48 a	8.45±0.71 a	13.70±0.47 a	46.51±1.47 b
T2	9.77±0.33 a	8.67±0.35 a	14.02±0.15 a	50.51±1.21 a
T3	9.05±0.10 b	8.42±0.36 a	14.37±0.52 a	47.37±1.80 b

处理 Treatment	氮含量Nitrogen content/(g·kg^-1)			氮肥利用率 Nitrogen use efficiency/%
处理 Treatment	叶Leaf	茎Stem	穗Spike	氮肥利用率 Nitrogen use efficiency/%
CK	7.86±0.38 c	4.75±0.13 b	10.04±0.50 b	—
T1	9.65±0.48 a	8.45±0.71 a	13.70±0.47 a	46.51±1.47 b
T2	9.77±0.33 a	8.67±0.35 a	14.02±0.15 a	50.51±1.21 a
T3	9.05±0.10 b	8.42±0.36 a	14.37±0.52 a	47.37±1.80 b