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    作物科学
    Identification and gene mapping of a rice thermo-sensitive virescent mutant v5
    GUO Peng;SHAO Jian-feng;LIU Hong-jia;*;TAO Yue-zhi
    2011, 23(5):  0-861. 
    Abstract ( 1033 )   PDF (1553KB) ( 1335 )  
    A thermo-sensitive virescent rice mutant was identified from M2 of Nipponbare by 60Coγ radiation, temporarily named as v5(virescent 5). The leaf color of the mutant is yellow at lower temperature (20-24℃) while turning to nearly normal green at higher temperature (26-30℃). The chlorophyll content of the mutants was significantly lower than wild-type plants under lower temperature. The agronomic traits showed that the yield of individual mutant was significantly lower than wild-type. It was revealed from the genetic analysis that it was a single nuclear-encoded recessive gene. It's responsible for the mutation and mapped on chromosome 9. A high-resolution physical map of the chromosomal region around the OsV5 gene was then constructed using F2 population (v5/Kasalath) and the gene was finally located on the region of 166.5 kb between the marker STS1 on the BAC AP005838 and the marker STS5312 on the BAC AP005702.
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    Breeding of high efficient nitrogen utilization transgenic rice through intragenesis technology
    WANG Hong-ling;KAN Guo-shi;LI Shan-shan;MA Xiao-lu;JIA Shi-rong;LIU Yu-hui;*
    2011, 23(5):  0-869. 
    Abstract ( 791 )   PDF (2114KB) ( 1352 )  
    In order to improve rices nitrogen absorption rate, marker\|free, reporter\|free and backbone\|free transgenic rice, (Nitrate Transporter, NAT) was cloned from diatom genome, and three plant expression vectors were constructed: marker-free plant expressing vector pANW2300K-which makes it possible for diatom nitrate transporter-NAT gene to be highly expressed in rice, positive-negative plant expressing vector pCodA1301 which carries a negative selectable marker-CodA and the plant expressing vector pIpt121. Through these vectors we proved that Ipt gene can inhibit the growth of tobacco, while having little effect on rice. We also established a transgenic system based on transient selection and positive-negative selection. Eighteen marker-free and backbone-free rice plants expressing the target gene NAT were identified to be transgenic, representing a transformation rate of 28%. It is the first time in China that intragenesis technology was fully used in rice.
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    Fine mapping of the Gm-lpa-ZC-2 gene in a low phytic acid soybean mutant
    LI Bai-quan;JIANG Ying;FU Xu-jun;ZHU Shen-long;ZHU Dan-hua;YUAN Feng-jie*
    2011, 23(5):  0-875. 
    Abstract ( 1106 )   PDF (1365KB) ( 1240 )  
    Reducing the content of phytic acid (PA, myo\|inositol 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 hexakisphosphate) is important for improvement of the nutritional quality of soybean. By radiation, one novel soybean [(Glycine max L. (Merr.)] mutant with low PA content, Gm-lpa-ZC-2, was isolated and characterized. Classic genetic study has shown that the lpa mutation was determined by a single recessive gene and was mapped on linkage group B2. Following preliminary mapping of Gm-lpa-ZC-2, in this study, we constructed large genetic populations, developed some new position-specific microsatellite markers by using soybean whole genome sequence and bioinformatics tools, and fine mapped the mutant gene based on soybean genomics and methods of traditional mapping. The results showed that the genetic distance between mutant gene Gm-lpa-ZC-2 and SSR marker Satt168 and Satt416 was much larger than the prediction in our previous study, which should be 18.2 cM. Based on these results, 9 pairs of position-specific microsatellite marker which had polymorphism between the two parental lines Zhexiandou 4 and Gm-lpa-ZC-2 were developed in a 4 900-8 200 kb region between target gene and satt168 in LG B2 . The lpa mutation gene was fine mapped on LG B2, closely linked with microsatellite loci psm lpa-224, psm lpa-225 and psm lpa-226, at genetic distances of 0.8cM.
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    Studies on maintaining virus\|free potato plantlets and optimization of microtuber induction
    LIU Yan\|fen;CHEN Cui\|guo;LANG Wei\|ling;BAO Jian\|zhi;HU Ai\|shuang;LI Quan\|hong
    2011, 23(5):  0-879. 
    Abstract ( 817 )   PDF (1101KB) ( 1272 )  
    The effects of exogenous hormone on maintaining of virus\|free potato plantlets and the combined effects of medium, temperature and photoperiod on microtuber induction were studied. The results showed that the optimal medium of maintaining plantlets was MS+CCC 40 mg·L-1+6\|BA 05 mg·L-1+GA3 005 mg·L-1,the optimal media to induce microtubers was MS+6\|BA 60 mg·L-1+sugar 60 g·L-1+active carbon 3 g·L-1, temperature at 18℃, and brightness for 10 h·d-1.
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    动物科学
    Cloning and analysis of full length sequence of STAT1 gene in Chinese Holstein dairy cow
    SONG Xue-mei;ZHANG Lei;JIANG Jun-fang;SHI Fang-xiong;JIANG Yong-qing;*
    2011, 23(5):  0-889. 
    Abstract ( 1208 )   PDF (4741KB) ( 1136 )  
    The full length sequence of STAT1(signal transducers and activators of transcription 1) gene in Chinese Holstein dairy cow was cloned by SMART technology. The primers used for RACE were designed from the sequence of mammalian orthologs of STAT1 genes deposited in GenBank. Sequence analysis revealed that STAT1 gene was selectively spliced in the 5' and 3' untranslated regions. The Chinese Holstein dairy cow STAT1 gene contains the 2250 bp open reading frame, encoding a putative protein with 749 amino acids. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the protein exhibits a high homology with that from sheep (99.6%), rhesus monkey (96.4%), human (95.87%), pongo (95.73%) and pig (95.64%). The results have laid a foundation for further analysis of structure, expression and regulation of STAT1 gene in cow.
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    Prokaryotica expression of rabbit Bordetella bronchiseptica major fimbrial subunit gene fimN
    ZHANG Chun-tao;LIU Yan;WEI Qiang;XIAO Chen-wen;BAO Guo-lian;*;JI Quan-an
    2011, 23(5):  0-893. 
    Abstract ( 698 )   PDF (1316KB) ( 1148 )  
    The full length of fimN from Bordetella bronchiseptica in rabbits was amplified with PCR, and it was cloned into pET-28a(+) vector (named pET28a-fimN). The recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL-21 cells and induced with IPTG.The results of SDS-PAGE showed that the molecular weight of the recombinant protein was about 27 kD. The result of Western blot showed that the recombination protein could be recognized by the specific antibody against Bb, indicating that the protein could be used as antigen.
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    Effects of salinity and temperature on energy budget of juvenile Oplegnathus fasciatus
    LIU Wei-cheng;JI De-wei;SHAN Le-zhou;ZHOU Zhi-ming;ZHENG Chun-fang;CHEN Shao-bo;LI Shang-lu;YAN Mao-cang;WU Jin-gu;XIE Qi-lang*
    2011, 23(5):  0-899. 
    Abstract ( 787 )   PDF (1225KB) ( 1270 )  
    Using juvenile Oplegnathus fasciatus(initial body weight 5.46 g) as experiment objects, we have studied the effects of different levels of salinities (175‰, 22.5‰, 27.5‰, 32.5‰, 37.5‰ and 42.5‰) and temperatures (18℃, 22℃, 26℃ and 30℃) on the growth and energy budget. The results showed that the specific growth rate (SGR), consumption rate (CR), conversion efficiency (CE) and energy budget of juvenile Oplegnathus fasciatus were affected significantly by salinity and temperature, but the energy absorption efficiency (AE) was not affected. The SGR, CR, CE, AE and growth energy of juvenile Oplegnathus fasciatus reached a maximum level when the salinity was 22.5‰ and temperature 22℃. However, the distribution rate of feces energy, excretion energy and metabolizable energy were all at a lower level under this condition. These results implied that the energy distribution pattern of juvenile Oplegnathus fasciatus was the best under these conditions and it was the best culture environment of juvenile Oplegnathus fasciatus. The optimal energy equation at this level was: 100.00C=7.97F+8.66U+26.47G+56.90R(salinity 225‰);100.00C=11.52F+6.13U+18.96G+63.39R(temperature 22℃). The results demonstrated that juvenile Oplegnathus fasciatus is a type of fish with high metabolism activity but low-growth rate.
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    园艺科学
    Isolation upstream sequence of 6PGDH gene from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) by modified TAIL-PCR
    WEI Yue;CHEN Xiao-yin;WANG Quan-zhi;CHEN Jin-feng;*
    2011, 23(5):  0-904. 
    Abstract ( 1117 )   PDF (1407KB) ( 1164 )  
    The upstream sequence of the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) gene from cucumber (C. sativus L.) was isolated using modified TAIL-PCR method. Compared with the original protocol, the main modifications of the TAIL-PCR were introduced here: (1)among the battery of random 10 bp primers originally developed for RAPD analysis, suitable primers were selected as short arbitrary upstream primers according to the Primer 5.0 software prediction prior to PCR, and the annealing temperatures of two different stringency circles were also adjusted to be optimal accordingly.(2)the asymmetric interlaced thermal cycle was also applied in tertiary PCR so that the target product could be further preferentially amplified over non-target products. A 517 bp sequence upstream to the start codon of the 6PGDH gene of cucumber was successfully isolated after three rounds of amplification. The final result demonstrated that the modified of TAIL-PCR was an instant and efficient method to clone the flanking sequences from known region.
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    Callus induction, differentiation and plant regeneration of bulbs of different cultivars of Fritillaria thunbergii
    YU Chao;SHEN Xiao-xia;WANG Zhong-hua;*;FU Jia-li;ZHEN Fei
    2011, 23(5):  0-913. 
    Abstract ( 1135 )   PDF (1161KB) ( 1168 )  
    The bulbs of narrow-leaf, broad-leaf and multi-seed cultivars of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq were used to investigate the effect of different sterilized methods and culture media with different hormone combinations on the callus induction, differentiation and plantlets regeneration. The results showed that the optimum sterilized method was treated with 0.1% mercuric chloride for 20 min; the callus induction rate was the highest on the medium with MS+NAA 1.5 mg ·L-1+KT 0.5 mg ·L-1 , and the induction rate was 36.7%; the callus differentiation rate was the highest on the medium with MS+NAA 4.0 mg ·L-1+KT 1.0 mg ·L-1 , and the differentiation rate was 80.7%. The results also demonstrated that the genotype had significant effects on callus induction, differentiation and plant regeneration of different cultivars of Fritillaria thunbergii.
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    Effect of different cutting on asexual propagation of feral tea tree
    NIU Su-zhen;SONG Qin-fei;YIN Jie
    2011, 23(5):  0-909. 
    Abstract ( 1095 )   PDF (1111KB) ( 1264 )  
    The effect of two-leaf cutting and one-leaf cutting on asexual propagation was studied for 24 feral tea germplasms in three different periods. The results showed that the cutting survival rate, root length, root mumber, cutting height and number of new leaves significantly increased by using two-leaf cutting. The survival rates of two-leaf cuttings of most of the wild plants were higher than one-leaf cuttings. The cutting survival rate of 20 feral tea plants reached > 90%by using two-leaf cutting , whereas only 3 feral tea plants reached > 90% by using one-leaf cutting in the fifth month. Most of 24 feral tea plants were suitable for two-leaf cutting, such as large-leaf varieties (plant NO.4, NO.6, NO.7, NO.21 etc.) and middle-leaf varieties (plant NO.1, NO.8, NO.11, NO.16,NO.18 etc.).
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    Tissue culture and plant regeneration of Cynanchum auriculatum
    XU Fei;YU Yuan-jie*
    2011, 23(5):  0-923. 
    Abstract ( 1123 )   PDF (1220KB) ( 1134 )  
    Tender stem, leaves, shoot apex ,and stem with axillary bud of Cynanchum auriculatum were used as explants in tissue culture and plant regeneration had been studied. The results indicated that the best explants was stem with axillary bud. The most appropriate medium for the original induction was MS+6-BA 1.0 mg ·L-1+NAA 0.1 mg ·L-1,with the induction rate of 100%. The optimum medium for multiplication of buds was MS+KT 1.5 mg ·L-1+NAA 0.05 mg ·L-1,and the coefficient of multiplication was 5.6. The medium for rooting was 1/2 MS+NAA 0.5 mg ·L-1 and the rooting rate reached 93.3%.
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    植物保护
    Screening and identification of aerobic denitrifiers and the optimization of denitrification conditions
    ZHOU Li;TANG Jiang-wu;WANG Xin;YAO Xiao-hong;WU Yi-fei;GE Xiang-yang;*
    2011, 23(5):  0-947. 
    Abstract ( 713 )   PDF (1379KB) ( 1412 )  
    Aerobic denitrifying bacteria were isolated directly from the aquaculture water, sludge and rural rivers. Following characterizing the phylogeny of the strains with the highest denitrifying capability, the effects of carbon source, C/N ratio, initial pH, inoculation quantity, rotational speed and temperature on the characteristics of denitrification were studied. The results showed that 35 strains of aerobic denitrifiers were obtained by primary screening on plates of Bromothymol Blue medium. One strain named GC5, which had the highest denitrifying capability was identified after secondary screening and was designated as Pseudomonas sp. based on the analysis of 16S rDNA sequence and phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, the optimum conditions for denitrification were as follows: carbon sources ethanol, C/N ratio 15∶1, inoculation quantity 1%, initial pH 7.5,rotational speed 160 r·min-1, and temperature 30℃ .Under such condition, the removal rate of nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen in simulation sewage were 99.19% and 53.83%, respectively.
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    园艺科学
    Preliminary study on physiological indices related to natural senescence in muskmelon
    MIAO Li\|xiang;ZHANG Yu\|chao;YANG Xiao\|fang;JIANG Gui\|hua;ZHANG Ming\|fang;ZHANG Yue\|jian;*
    2011, 23(5):  0-919. 
    Abstract ( 1143 )   PDF (1201KB) ( 1162 )  
    Physiological indices such as contents of soluble protein (Pr), chlorophyll (Chl) and malondialdehyde (MDA), the dynamic changes of activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the changes of root vitality were analyzed in muskmelon during natural senescence using the varieties of Yugu and Xiami grown in plastic greenhouse. Results showed that the leaf senescence of different cultivars and leaf location were quite different. Contents of soluble Pr and Chl increased with leaf age and then decreased. However, the decreasing rate was different. Xiami has more Pr and Chl than Yugu and the functional leaves could sustain for more days. Content of MDA was low at the early development of leaves, and the change was relatively flat. However, MDA content was increased relatively rapidly during late growth stages. SOD activity in leaves has ‘M’ shaped curve, and the time of appearance of the inflection point differed between varieties and leaf locations. Xiami had stronger activity of SOD than Yugu and thus a higher antioxidant capacity and delay of senescence. POD activity increased as leaf gradually aged, and reached the highest value and then began to decrease until the death of the leaf. Because POD continuously increased during the most time of the whole development but decreased within a relatively short period, the POD activity probably has a greater impact on leaf senescence. CAT activity increased with the process of leaf development, reached the maximum at 21-28 days and then declined with the aging of the leaves. The rate of decline of CAT in Xiami was much slower than Yugu during the later stage of leaf development. Root activity reached the highest value in the first flowering, with Xiami showing higher activity of root viability than Yugu. After pollination, root activity began to decline and has the lowest value when fruit maturity.
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    植物保护
    Comparison of feeding behaviors of imidacloprid-resistant and -susceptible brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens Stl) on different rice varieties
    CHEN Li;CHEN Jian-ming;*;HE Yue-ping;ZHANG Jue-feng
    2011, 23(5):  0-931. 
    Abstract ( 828 )   PDF (1639KB) ( 1244 )  
    Feeding behaviors of imidacloprid resistant and susceptible populations of brown planthopper (BPH) on insect resistant (IR36) and susceptible rice (TN1) varieties were compared by electronic penetration graph technique (EPG). The results showed that seven typical waveforms (np, N1, N2, N3, N4-a, N4-b and N5 waveform) of imidacloprid-resistant and-susceptible BPH on different rice varieties were recorded during feeding. Compared with imidacloprid-susceptible population, imidacloprid-resistant population showed higher probe frequency, shorter probe time, longer phloem sap ingestion periods in sensitive rice variety TN1. However, there was no significant difference between imidacloprid-resistant and -susceptible BPH in the xylem sap ingestion periods. In resistant rice variety IR36, imidacloprid-resistant BPH showed lower probe frequency, shorter probe periods and longer xylem sap ingestion periods, but there was no difference of phloem sap ingestion waveform in two BPH populations. After feeding on IR36 for one generation, probe frequency and probe periods decreased, whereas phloem sap ingestion periods increased in the two BPH populations.
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    Enantiomeric separation of tebuconazole by new type of amylose chiral stationary phase
    WANG Xue-song;ZHAO Chang-shan;ZHANG Hu;HE Fu-li;WANG Xiang-yun;XU Hao;WANG Xin-quan;*
    2011, 23(5):  0-936. 
    Abstract ( 736 )   PDF (1355KB) ( 1247 )  
    The separation of tebuconazole enantiomers was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on the amylose-tris (5-chlorine-dimethy-phenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase using reverse phase mode. The effects of different mobile phase compositions (methanol/water, acetonitrile/water) and column temperature (5-45℃) on the chiral separation were investigated. The results showed that tebuconazole enantiomers did not separate using methanol/water as mobile phase with the content of methanol ranging from 100% to 40%. In contrast, baseline separation of enantiomers was achieved using acetonitrile/water as mobile phase with the content of acetonitrile ranging from 100% to 40%. The retention factors (k) and selectivity factor (α) decreased when the temperature increased from 5℃ to 45℃, while the resolution (RS) of enantiomers first increased and then decreased within the same range of temperature (acetonitrile/water,50/50, V/V). Thermodynamical parameters illustrated that separation of tebuconazole enantiomers was driven by enthalpy.
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    Identification and characterization of the pathogen of strawberry anthracnose in Zhejiang Province
    REN hai-Ying;JIANG Gui-hua;FANG Li;ZHANG Yu-chao;YANG Xiao-fang;MIAO Li-xiang;WANG han-rong;*
    2011, 23(5):  0-941. 
    Abstract ( 1337 )   PDF (1193KB) ( 1354 )  
    Morphologic traits, cultural characteristics and rDNA ITS sequences were studied for the pathogens of strawberry anthracnoses collected in Zhejiang Province. The results showed that Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was the predominant pathogen causing the disease in Zhejiang. PDA and PSA culture media were suitable for the growth of C. gloeosporioides and the optimal temperature was 25-30℃. It was found that spore germination rate was the highest in pH 6.0, however, the suitable pH to maintain mycelium growth was 6.0-7.0. The growth rate of mycelium was optimized using sucrose and fructose as carbon source and potassium nitrate as nitrogen source.
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    Nematode trophic group structure in wilted turf soil and its regulation factors
    LIANG Lin-lin;LIU Qi-zhi*;XIE Na;LI Xing-yue;YANG Duan;BIAN Yong;XIE De-yan
    2011, 23(5):  0-954. 
    Abstract ( 1216 )   PDF (1547KB) ( 1317 )  
    To solve the problem of wilted turf, taking the wilted turf in Beijing Yongfeng green belt area as an example, the study analyzed the proportion of soil nematode trophic group structure, validated the effect of regulatory factors on structural adjustment in the field, and screened out environmentally safe and friendly effective regulation agents. The results showed that with the percentage of 88.6% of all the nematodes, the harmful phytophage nematodes were dominant groups in wilted turf soil in Beijing Yongfeng virescence region, meanwhile the percentage of the total number of beneficial nematodes was only 11.4%. Soil amendment (SA) and Rhabiditis (Oscheius) sp. Tumian strain could reform the nematode trophic group structure significantly, reduce the plant parasitic nematode quantity to 48.9% and 50.5% respectively, and increase about 4.5 times of non-plant nematode quantity. They also increased the Wasilewska Index to 1 so as to make the healthy level increase ten times. The 1.8% abamectin in 3 000 and 2 000 times of dilutions only could reduce the plant parasitic nematode quantity by 3.5%, because they reduced both harmful and beneficial nematode population down to 1/2. These results demonstrated that the plant parasitic nematodes were the main group which led the lawn to be wilted. Soil amendment (SA) and Rhabiditis (Oscheius) sp. Tumian strain were the effective agents on improving the soil nematode trophic group structure, as they could reduce phytophage nematode quantity and increase the number of beneficial nematode group, making turf soil restore to a certain level of health ultimately.
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    Effects of some sugars and allelochemicals on biological characteristics of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc and Fusarium oxysporium in Atractylodes macrocephaia Koidz
    FANG Li;WANG Lian-ping;REN Hai-ying;RU Shui-jiang;FENG Zhong-min;WANG Han-rong;*
    2011, 23(5):  0-960. 
    Abstract ( 1050 )   PDF (1137KB) ( 1228 )  
    In this study, the effects of sugars, amino acids, phenolic acids, organic acids and the extract and powder of Atractylodes macrocephaia Koidz on the growth and replication of S.rolfsii and F. oxysporium were studied. The results showed that the growth of hypha was promoted by sucrose, glucose, maltose, rhamnose and mannose, but was inhibited by lactose, D (-)-fructose and xylose. The growth of hypha was also promoted by L-histidine, L-isoleucine, tyrosin, arginine, serine, proline and potassium nitrate, but was inhibited strongly by aspartic acid, cysteine. The growth of S. rolfsii was inhibited by caffeic acid, ethyl ester and vanillin but was promoted by catechin and affeic acid. The study also found that most allelochemicals had little influences on the growth of the two pathogens. Finally the growth of pathogen grown on the medium with different concentrations of extract and powder of A. macrocephaia was similar with those on 5% or 10% potato dextrose Agar. In conclusion, different carbon and nitrogen source and allelochemicals had different effects on the growth of the two pathogens.
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    Dynamic analysis of total flavonoids in Solidago canadensis L.
    TANG Xiao;QIU Cong-ping;JIA Juan;LIN Wei;PAN Feng;YANG Ying-zhen
    2011, 23(5):  0-966. 
    Abstract ( 1170 )   PDF (1216KB) ( 1179 )  
    This paper investigated dynamic changes of total flavonoids in Solidago canadensis L. to exploit this plant at the best time. NaNO2-Al (NO3)3-NaOH colorimetry assay and HPLC was used to determine total flavonoids concentration and ingredients, respectively. The results showed that all parts of Solidago canadensis L. contained total flavonoids. During its germination peak from April to June, total flavonoids concentration increased apparently and maximized in June in leaves, while it dropped gradually in branches and stems, roots and rhizomes. In this period, flavonoid ingredients were lower in all organs, which were mainly chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. After July, total flavonoids concentration in leaves dropped and minimized in October. In branches and stems, roots and rhizomes, it increased after July and maximized in September and October, respectively. From July to August, flavonoid ingredients were with the most types including flavonoid glycosides, especially quercetin glycosides in all organs compared with other months. In Octobor, flavonoid ingredients in leaves decreased apparently. Therefore, collection of flavonoids from Solidago canadensis L. during its germination peak and hot summer could make full use of the plant and control its further expansion. The flowers could also be collected for total flavonoids after its anthesis in October.
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    环境科学
    Effects of high arsenic pollution in soil on growth of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rape (Brassica napus)
    LIU Quan-ji;ZHENG Chuang-mu TAN Qi-ling SUN Xue-cheng HU Cheng-xiao;*
    2011, 23(5):  0-971. 
    Abstract ( 1084 )   PDF (1276KB) ( 1260 )  
    A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of high soil arsenic pollution on the growth, biomass accumulation and productivity in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rape (Brassica napus) . The accumulation pattern of phosphorus and arsenic in different parts of plant was also studied in the two species. The results indicated that arsenic significantly inhibited wheat height, root biomass, shoot biomass and yield compared with the control, with reductions of 17%, 52.2%, 60.6% and 46.8%, respectively. However, arsenic did not affect the growth and biomass in rape, and the yield was only decreased by 15.4% compared with the control. Arsenic concentration in different parts of wheat and rape showed the same pattern: roots>shoots>husk (legumen)>seeds. Arsenic in roots of wheat and rape were 74.86 mg·kg-1 and 57.76 mg·kg-1, respectively when soil arsenic concentration was 200 mg·kg-1. However, there was no difference of arsenic content in the shoot between wheat and rape. Seeds of winter wheat contained more arsenic than rape seed, however, arsenic contents of both seeds did not exceed the maximum levels of contaminants in foods (0.7 mg·kg-1 total arsenic). Arsenic did not significantly affect P concentration of roots and shoots in both wheat and rape, but significantly decreased P concentration of husk or pod peel. Therefore, winter wheat was more sensitive to arsenic compared with rape and it is more suitable for rape growth in arsenic contaminated soil in winter.
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    Effects of application of gypsum from flue gas desulphurization and irrigation on soil salt contents and oil sunflower yields
    FAN Li-qin;YANG Jian-guo;XU Xing;SUN Zhao-jun;SHANG Hong-ying
    2011, 23(5):  0-976. 
    Abstract ( 1079 )   PDF (1188KB) ( 1124 )  
    This field experiment studied the effects of flue gas desulphurization by-product gypsum and irrigation on soil salt content and oil sunflower yield. The results showed that the treatment with 10 t flue gas desulphurization by-product gypsum per hm2 and 3 900 m3 water per hm-2 had best desalination effect, and the desalination rate of upper layer of soil increased with increased irrigation amount. Under the conditions of application of 10 t flue gas desulphurization by-product gypsum per hm2 and 3 900 m3 per hm-2 of irrigation amount, soil salt content in the soil was the lowest, and germination rate and yield of oil sunflower were the highest.
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    Effects of different tpyes of fertilizers on heavy metal contents in the soil and navel orange fruits
    XU Qing-xian;GUAN Xue-fang;LIN Bi-fen;LIN Bin
    2011, 23(5):  0-982. 
    Abstract ( 1111 )   PDF (1165KB) ( 1333 )  
    In order to study the changes of content of heavy metals in the soil and navel orange fruits after application of different types of fertilizers, the contents of Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and As were measured and the correlation analysis was carried out after the application of organic manure, chemical fertilizer and biogas waste fertilizer in 1997 and 2002. The results showed that the As content in 2002, and the Cu and Pb contents in 1997 were increased significantly by application of organic manure in the soil. Similarly, the Pb content in 2002 were significantly increased by application of biogas waste fertilizer. Only the heavy elements of As and Cu showed significant difference (P<0.05) in the navel orange fruits as compared to the control. The order of the As accumulation was organic manure>chemical fermical>biogas waste fertilizer, and the Cu accumulation order was chemical fermical>organic manure=biogas waste fertilizer. There was no significant difference of heavy metal contents of the soil and navel orange fruits in 1997 and 2002. All heavy elements did not exceed the limitation of related standard in the soil and navel orange fruits. The correlation analysis showed that there were significant positive correlation between Cu and Zn in the soil and navel orange fruits (R2>0.9), whereas there was no significant relathionship among As,Cr,Pb,Cd (R2<0.7).
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    食品科学
    Analysis of the technical efficiency on citrus production\|empirical study by stochastic frontier production function
    CHEN Xin-jian;ZENG Ji-wu;JIN Yan;YI Gan-jun
    2011, 23(5):  0-1043. 
    Abstract ( 821 )   PDF (1170KB) ( 1276 )  

    The cost-benefit panel data of citrus of the five provinces in South China from 2001 to 2009 was used in this paper, and the stochastic production frontier was used to analyze the technical and productive efficiency of citrus farmers in each study region. The results showed that the technical efficiency of Chinas citrus production fluctuated with the time variations and the technical efficiency was different in each province, but the average technical efficiency was on rising trend; the citrus technical efficiency of Hunan, Guangdong and Zhejiang was much higher than other regions; labor cost, natural disaster and citrus pests and diseases are the main factors affecting the technical efficiency of citrus.

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    环境科学
    Effects of application of controlled\|releasing bulk blending urea on yield, quality and nitrogen utilization efficiency of rice
    WU Shao-fu;HAN Ke-feng;WU Liang-huan;*;SHI Qi-wei;ZHOU Yong-liang;SHEN Jing;GAO Xing-you;GU Hao-nan
    2011, 23(5):  0-987. 
    Abstract ( 785 )   PDF (1278KB) ( 1164 )  
    Effects of application of controlled\|releasing bulk blending urea on rice yield, quality and nitrogen utilization efficiency were studied under the field conditions. At the same N rate, the differences of rice yield between each treatment were not significantly except for the treatment of CRBU+PU and PU1. Under the condition of reducing 30% N rate, rice yield of 70% CRBU was significantly deceased, but not for 70% (CRBU+PU). Nitrogen use efficiencies of CRBU, CRBU+PU, 70% CRBU and 70% (CRBU+PU) were 30.9%, 39.6%, 24.0% and 38.1%, respectively. Difference of nitrogen use efficiency between the treatments of CRBU+PU and 70% (CRBU+PU) were significant, but not between the treatments of CRBU and 70% CRBU. More economic benefits of rice and higher crude protein in the rice and brown rice rate were found in the treatment of CRBU+PU.
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    Effects of water stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics in two genotypic Rhododendron
    LI Bo;WU Yue-yan;*;CUI Peng;
    2011, 23(5):  0-994. 
    Abstract ( 1077 )   PDF (1193KB) ( 1274 )  
    A series of experiments were conducted using Rhododendron hybridum and Rhododendron pulchrum to understand the effects on physiological and biochemical characteristics under different water stress. The results indicated that leaves relative water content and chlorophyll concentration of both decreased significantly and leaves appeared senescence even death with the increase of drought stress; The concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and leaves relative conductivity increased significantly;The concentration of solube sugar increased while soluble protein decreased, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD),peroxidase (POD)and catalase (CAT) activity increased at first then decreased; But SOD activity increased to the highest level in moderate drought while CAT and POD activity under mild water stress; Comparison of various physiological indicators showed that Rhododendron hybridum is more drought tolerant than Rhododendron pulchrum. Under waterlogging stress, two kinds of Rhododendron did not damaged seriously and the physiological indicators varied gently, and there were little significant changes compared with the control. But as the moisture stress increased, Rhododendron hybridum chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzymes activity decreased more significantly than Rhododendron pulchrum, which indicated that Rhododendron pulchrum was more water\|wet tolerant than Rhododendron hybridum. This study showed that Rhododendron plants were suitable for growing in the water sufficient soil.
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    Relationship between plant community diversity and water quality of the Yangtze riverine wetland in Changshu
    ZHONG Fei;TIAN Miao-miao;ZHAO Yan-wen;*;XU Jian-zhong;GU Li-qing;TAO Hong
    2011, 23(5):  0-1000. 
    Abstract ( 1242 )   PDF (1221KB) ( 1153 )  
    In order to investigate the plant community diversity status and its interaction with water quality in a riverine wetland, a two-year study was carried out in five different bayous along the Yangtze riverine wetland in Changshu, Jiangsu, using sampling method to survey the plant communities species composition and diversity status. The results showed: there were five major kinds of plant communities in the wetland, including Form. Phragmites australis, Form. Scirpus validus, Form. Scirpus planiculmis, Form. Sagittaria trifolia and Form. Vicia sepium, the community structures of which were simple. The α diversity indices significantly differed from each other in five observing areas. The Changhuhe area had the highest α diversity indices, while the indices in Baimaotang area were the lowest. Shannon-Wiener index and PIE index of 2010 in all observing areas were higher than those of 2009, except the Baimaotang area. While the Pielou evenness index of 2010 in all observing areas were higher than those of 2009, except the Wangyuhe area. The three α diversity indices increased with the increase of NH3-N, CODMn, BOD5, TN and TP pollutants in the wetland water, while had no significant correlation with pH.
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    Spatial distribution with different sampling numbers of soil nutrient using Cokriging
    LI Nan;XU Dong-rui*;WU Yang-jie
    2011, 23(5):  0-1006. 
    Abstract ( 1186 )   PDF (2002KB) ( 1539 )  

    Spatial interpolation is a main method for obtaining the spatial distribution of soil nutrient which is an important part in agricultural research field. There are many different methods for spatial interpolation with different results. Taking three kinds of soil nutrient elements including total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in Shijiazhuang rurbania as main variables, soil organic matter as auxiliary variable. We obtained the spatial distribution of soil nutrient content by using two types of representative interpolation method, including Ordinary Kriging and Cokriging. There were 85 samples used for spatial interpolation and we used cross validation to analyze and appraise the results. The results showed that compared with the ordinary Kriging under the same sampling numbers the Cokriging is more suitable for spatial interpolation of soil nutrients. The interpolation accuracy of original data reduced to 70 using Cokriging was still higher than original 85 data using ordinary Kriging and their spatial distributions were quite similar. The results showed that the Cokriging was more suitable for spatial interpolation of soil nutrients. We proposed scientific management measures of soil nutrient content based on the spatial distribution of soil nutrient. It provided scientific theoretical guidance to use and protect land resources rationally and improve economic efficiency of crops.

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    食品科学
    Application of sulfur dioxide content detection in mushrooms based on the back-propagation neural networks
    WANG Wei;ZHANG Yu;WU Ying-miao;XU Li-hong;WANG Jian-qing
    2011, 23(5):  0-1016. 
    Abstract ( 719 )   PDF (1216KB) ( 1223 )  

    A three-layer BP network model was constructed with Qingyuan 9015 as the experimental material, and the mushroom growth days and the SO2-3 content in mushrooms, the SO2 content in fresh mushroom samples and the mushroom producing time (days) in picking period were used as the four input parameters, and the SO2 content in dried mushroom was used as output parameter. After 356 times of training process, the model converged with satisfying predictive ability.

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    环境科学
    Study on landscape ecology compensatory design of old urban riverside area
    ZHENG Ya-hui;LIU Lan;XU Li;LIU Tao;YU Wei
    2011, 23(5):  0-1011. 
    Abstract ( 649 )   PDF (1112KB) ( 1226 )  

    Regarded reuse of Chinese old urban riverside was taken as research object, and the difference between normal design and ecology compensatory design of riverside old zone was compared. According to the large numbers of internal and external empirical researches and methods of contrast and analysis, Three strategies about the ecology compensatory design of riverside old zone was put forward as following: First, beforehand measure of the river ecological compensation including the use of engineering measures to compensate the natural morphology of the river channel, stratification to compensate riparian buffer morphology zones, natural prototype embankment to compensate riparian habitat, biological conservation measures to compensate wetland systems of river channel; Second, compensation for riparian old historical context including protection for historical relics buildings and dynamic function replacement, “Facadism” protection for the traditional old building, compensation for the local customs; Third, supplement to the road traffic facilities. In a word, the application of ecological compensation design strategy may reduce the interference to environment in a maximum degree, and provide a fire-new thoughts for landscape design.

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    Optimization of fermentation technology for an anamorphic strain from Shiraia bambusicola with high free radical scavenging activity
    XIA Geng-shou
    2011, 23(5):  0-1022. 
    Abstract ( 625 )   PDF (1352KB) ( 1101 )  

    Using single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment with six factors and three levels, the submerged culture medium and fermentation conditions for optimization of fermentation of strain ZHLS-03 from Shiraia bambusicola were selected based on high free radical scavenging activity and biomass. The results suggested that the optimum medium components and culture conditions were as follows: K2HPO4 0.3%, KCl 0.15%, MgSO4·7H2O 0.1%, FeSO4·7H2O 0.05%, yeast extract 1.5%, glucose 3%, pH 7.0, culture temperature 30℃. This study will provide a basis for further development and utilization of strain ZHLS-03.

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    生物系统工程
    A preliminary study on differentiation of pear cultivars using electronic nose
    LI Guo-peng;JIA Hui-juan;LI Hong-xu;TENG Yuan-wen;*
    2011, 23(5):  0-1033. 
    Abstract ( 1117 )   PDF (1150KB) ( 1450 )  

    In this study, volatile compounds of pear cultivars originating from different species were detected using an electronic nose. The results showed that 18 sensors of the electronic nose responded differently to the volatile compounds of pear cultivars from different species. Likewise, different cultivars resulted in different responses toward these sensors. The eight cultivars could be clustered into two groups by principal component analysis (PCA). One group contained a high concentration of some volatile compounds and exhibited higher response values to sensors, whereas another group contained a low concentration of some volatiles and showed lower response values to sensors. In addition, these cultivars could be clearly differentiated on the basis of their origin and producing area using discrimination factor analysis (DFA). Our results demonstrated that the detection of volatile compounds using electronic nose combining with appropriate mathematic analysis could differentiate pear cultivars.

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    Design of ZPXG-18 photoelectric instrument to automatically count and weigh up to 1 000 granules
    SONG Reng-su;LAN Jing-zhen;XIA Shi-feng;HUA Jiao
    2011, 23(5):  0-1028. 
    Abstract ( 1139 )   PDF (1651KB) ( 1169 )  

    This article set forth the principles for automatically arranging and separating granules via an inclined turntable, the foundations of which had been established through the design and manufacture of a turntable-inclined scratch style photoelectric apparatus that could count granules or weigh up to 1 000 of them. The unorganized granules entered an inclined trough and onto a turntable, the bottom of which automatically migrated, sorted and arranged the granules into space from each other, to get the reliable light-trough gaps, at which point a photoelectric apparatus accurately preset, counted and verified the collection of granules. This type of instrument provided several advantages over other designs: (1) the counting mechanism is extremely precise, for every round, the preset counting error is less than 1-2 granules, and the re-examination counting error rate is less than 0.04%; (2) the counting speed is as high as 50 granules per second; (3)applicable to a wide range of diameters, from 0.5 mm to 18 mm;(4) No damaged seed is found during tests; (5) the structure is simple and reliable and there is no electromagnetic vibration or noise; (6) the principles underlying the device have a wide range of potential applications and exploitation beyond precise counting and sorting granules, especially for some devises need no-damage counting.

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    Optimization of DEH control system based on DCS steam turbine
    LIU Yuan-jie;PIAO Zai-lin;*
    2011, 23(5):  0-1037. 
    Abstract ( 1021 )   PDF (1115KB) ( 1277 )  

    Construction of power plants with certain levels of informatization and intelligence is required in Xinjiang agricultural region according to the local electric load characteristics.Digital Electric Hydraulic Pressure Control System (DEH) is a typical form of Distributed Control System (DCS) used in the steam turbine control. Its use in cogeneration power plant improved the overall control unit and realized AGC control. Use of DCS not only effectively optimizes the control function and operation level of the power plant, but also fulfills the real-time balance of supply and demand and thus improves the rural power quality and operational efficiency.

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    农业经济
    Study on the models of using advanced and practical information technology to promote the informalization of rural areas
    DONG Yue-yong;GUAN Xiao-feng;ZHU Ying;TAO Zhong-liang
    2011, 23(5):  0-1052. 
    Abstract ( 990 )   PDF (1824KB) ( 1440 )  

    By analyzing the successful case of Wancun network in Zhejiang Province, we studied the effectiveness and characteristics of website cluster technology in promoting informalization in rural areas and we also learned the experiences and lessons from the construction of networks. From 2007-2010, the Wancun networking project of Zhejiang Province set the provincial standard of informalization program for new countryside and the Wancun networking model, constructed the multiple system of informalized network service between the government and countryside, established the platform of public information service for the electronic administration in countryside, provided electronic business service for agricultural entrepreneur and farmer\|home entertainment, and ultimately realized the share of information resources. Using data analysis and mining technology, distributed parallel computing and load balancing technology, and semantic segmentation and recognition technology, the system developed intelligent networking template, classified site search and full-text search functions, solved the problem of differential application of multiple users, high concurrent flow and speed of access, and increased the reliability and stability of the system. The program established 1 487 township websites and 26 211 administrative village websites, with a coverage rate above 90%, and also established 7 178 websites for main agricultural economies and 1 365 farmer-home entertainment websites. To date, the network released 1 160 000 pieces of information, with the daily click-through rate above 1 000 000, and achieved significant economic and social benefits.

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    Analysis of innovation for the model of rural mutual\|help funds for the poor in Zhejiang
    ZHU Xian-yue;CHEN Xu-tang
    2011, 23(5):  0-1057. 
    Abstract ( 642 )   PDF (1179KB) ( 1336 )  

    The rural mutual-help fund for the poor is a new financial innovation mode. It effectively solved the bottleneck problem of capital of the development of agriculture industry for farmers in the less developed areas. The principle of organizing the Zhejiang rural mutual-help funds for the poor was based on community and non-profit capital mutual-support organization. Supporting the poor, joint contribution, democratic management and mortgage innovation are the basic features of the funds. This article precisely described the causes and the functions of the funds. Finally, the article gave some proposals to advance three-party linkage, to guide non-governmental funding to participate, to improve the operational mechanism, and to establish and improve rules and regulations in order to realize the sustainable development of this fund.

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    综述
    A review on the effects of the marine cultural elements on coastal tourism
    TANG Xue-min;HU Mai-xiu*
    2011, 23(5):  0-1062. 
    Abstract ( 640 )   PDF (1128KB) ( 1207 )  

    This paper emphasized the effects of the marine cultural elements on the coastal tourism, which had been paid close attention by researchers all over the world. Measure the effects that the cultural elements on the coastal tourism were very essential to the researchers. One method was from the perspective of demand; the other was from the perspective of supply. The cultural elements were viewed as a kind of productive factors in the second method. This paper reviewed relevant literatures and proposed the direction of future research on reasonable exploitation and application of marine cultural elements in coastal tourism.

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    Recent advances on senescence mechanism of cut flower petals
    WANG Feng-lan;ZHANG Zhao-qi
    2011, 23(5):  0-1068. 
    Abstract ( 754 )   PDF (1138KB) ( 1349 )  

    There are a series of physiological and biochemical changes in the senescence process of cut flower petals, including the decline of soluble protein content, changes of sugar content, synthesis of large quantity of ethylene , and increase of free radicals, etc. We reviewed the physiological mechanism of cut flower petals senescence from metabolism of protein and amino acid, metabolism of sugars, endogenous hormones and membrane lipid peroxidation. Future research direction was also discussed.

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