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25 February 2025, Volume 37 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Crop Science
Animal Science
Horticultural Science
Plant Protection
Environmental Science
Food Science
Biosystems Engineering
Agricultural Economy and Development
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Contents 2025, 37(2):  0-0.  Abstract ( 31 )   PDF (6249KB) ( 109 )   Related Articles | Metrics

Crop Science

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Effect of irrigation and planting methods on the yield and quality of double-cropping rice WAN Shaoyuan, LIU Xianbo, CAI Shuo, SHI Hong, CHENG Jie 2025, 37(2):  257-268.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240079 Abstract ( 75 )   HTML ( 21 )   PDF (1190KB) ( 117 )   In the present study, double cropping rice was selected as the study object, a field experiment was carried out with four planting methods and two irrigation methods. The four panting methods were hand-planting, mechanical transplanting, seedling throwing and direct seeding, respectively, and the two irrigation methods were flooding irrigation and intermittent irrigation. The effects of different treatments with combinations of planting method and irrigation method were compared on the water use efficiency, yield and rice quality of double cropping rice. It was shown that the water consumption of early rice and late rice under intermittent irrigation was significantly (P<0.05) decreased than that under flooding irrigation with the same planting method, yet the yield of early rice and late rice was increased by 0.79%-2.94%. With the same irrigation method, the lowest yield of both early rice and late rice was found under the direct seeding method, which was significantly lower than the others. Under the same planting method, the milling quality of early rice and late rice with intermittent irrigation was better than that with flooding irrigation. Under the same irrigation method, the head rice rate of direct seeding early rice and late rice was significantly poorer than those with other planting methods. Overall, compared with the flooding irrigation, intermittent irrigation could increase the yield of early rice and late rice, decrease the water consumption, enhance the water use efficiency, improve the milling quality of rice. Compared with transplanting, direct seeding would lower the rice yield and quality of late rice. By comparison, the combination of hand-planting with intermittent irrigation exhibited good effect on water conservation, yield increase, and high quality of double cropping rice. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of nano zinc oxide and nano silicon dioxide on rice seed germination LAN Xuecheng, ZHAO Fengliang, ZHANG Guangxu, LI Yang, GUO Xiaohong 2025, 37(2):  269-277.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240156 Abstract ( 46 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (1078KB) ( 89 )   In the present study, the seeds of rice cultivars Ge68you623, Wudayou No. 1, Daohuaxiang No. 2 and Kongyu131 were used as test materials, and the effects of addition of 10, 100, 200, 500, 1 000 mg·L-1 nano zinc oxide (nZnO) or nano silicon dioxide (nSiO2) on water absorption rate, germination rate, germination vigor, germination time, germination index, root length, shoot length and fresh weight of rice seeds were explored by comparison with the control without addition of nano materials. It was shown that the addition of appropriate mass concentrations of nZnO and nSiO2 could increase the water absorption rate, germination rate, germination vigor, germination index, fresh weight of shoot and root, shoot length and root length of rice seeds, and shorten the germination time, but excessive concentrations of nZnO and nSiO2 may cause a countereffect. The effect of adding the same mass concentration of nanomaterials on the seed germination varied within rice varieties. By comprehensive comparison, it was found that the response of rice variety Wudayou No 1 was obvious to the two nanomaterials. Addition of 100-200 mg·L-1 nZnO or nSiO2 was more favorable for seed germination of the tested rice varieties. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Animal Science

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Current status of juvenile fish resources in Tangjiazhou spawning ground of Qiantang River and their relationship with environmental factors LU Yiping, LIAN Qingping, GUO Aihuan, LUO Kai, XU Qiaoqing, YUAN Julin 2025, 37(2):  278-287.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240145 Abstract ( 37 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (1366KB) ( 86 )   In order to clarify the current status of juvenile fish resources in Tangjiazhou spawning ground in the lower reaches of Qiantang River, the juvenile fish resources in Tangjiazhou spawning ground were monitored from April to June, 2022. The species composition, ecological type, temporal variation of abundance and community characteristics of the juvenile fish resources were analyzed, and the relationship between the community characteristics and main environmental factors was analyzed, to provide data support for the protection and utilization of fish resources in Qiantang River. A total of 1 191 juvenile fishes were collected and identified, belonging to 2 orders, 2 families, 17 species, of which there were 5 dominant species and 1 common species. During the survey period, the daily abundance of juvenile fish ranged from 0 to 0.255 3 m-3, and the average daily abundance was 0.041 4 m-3. Most of the juvenile fishes were omnivorous (82.4% of the total species), produced sticky eggs (47.1% of the total species), lived in the bottom layer (53.0% of the total species). The results of redundancy analysis showed that the number of juvenile fishes was significantly (P<0.05) correlated with water temperature, yet had no significant correlation with discharge and transparency. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Horticultural Science

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Comprehensive evaluation system for heat tolerance of seedling-edible Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp.) based on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters TAN Jingru, HU Qizan, YUE Zhichen, TAO Peng, LEI Juanli, LI Biyuan, ZHAO Yanting, ZANG Yunxiang 2025, 37(2):  288-299.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240151 Abstract ( 34 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (1024KB) ( 85 )   The heat tolerance evaluation equations for Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp.) based on antioxidant enzyme activities and physiological indicators such as contents of soluble sugars, malondialdehyde, proline, etc. are complicated, time-consuming and labor-intensive, thus a simple and rapid comprehensive evaluation method need to be established. In the present study, 33 Chinese cabbage germplasm resources were used as materials, treated at 40 ℃ for 20 h, and 11 indexes such as chlorophyll fluorescence parameters [optimal/maximal quantum yield of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm), minimal fluorescence (Fo), maximal fluorescence (Fm), PSII efficiency coefficient (Fq'/Fm'), electron transport rate(ETR), light-adapted maximum fluorescence (Fm'), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), chlorophyll index (Chlidx), total chlorophyll content (Chl)] as well as fresh weight (FW) and relative electrical conductivity (REC) were measured after the high-temperature treatment. The principal component analysis and the membership function analysis were used to evaluate the heat tolerance of the tested Chinese cabbage species. The results obtained by the two comprehensive evaluation methods were consistent, and were consistent with the results of heat tolerance phenotype of Chinese cabbage under high temperature. Finally, the regression equation D4=0.464VETR+0.226VChlidx+0.262VChl+0.191VNPQ+0.192Fm'+0.127mFW for the comprehensive evaluation of heat tolerance of Chinese cabbage based on the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters was established through the stepwise regression analysis. Through the above research, a comprehensive evaluation system for heat tolerance of Chinese cabbage that is simple, fast and convenient for measurement has been established. The research results provide technical support for the subsequent screening of heat-tolerant germplasm, breeding of heat-tolerant germplasm and exploration of heat tolerance mechanisms of Chinese cabbage. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Phenotypic characters and SRAP genetic diversity analysis of 37 pepper germplasm resources GUO Saisai, NIE Zhixing, FU Hongfei, WANG Tonglin, SHAO Zhiyong, WANG Hong, ZHENG Jirong 2025, 37(2):  300-310.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240344 Abstract ( 38 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (1326KB) ( 91 )   Based on 37 pepper germplasm resources,22 characters were analyzed statistically,and genetic diversity was analyzed by SRAP molecular markers. Cluster analysis was conducted based on observed phenotypic characters data and SRAP molecular markers respectively. There were significant differences in 22 phenotypic characters among pepper germplasm, the mean coefficient of variation and Shannon diversity index were 44.49% and 2.00, respectively. Seven principal components could represent 81.48% of genetic information of phenotypic characters. The test germplasm resources could be divided into three groups based on fruit shape, including short sheep horn pepper, long sheep horn pepper and lantern pepper. The average Nei’s gene diversity index, Shannon diversity index and genetic similarity coefficient of the 17 SRAP primers were 0.42, 0.61 and 0.75, respectively. Based on SRAP molecular markers, 37 pepper germplasm resources were divided into 5 groups with a genetic similarity coefficient of 0.86. Thirty-seven pepper germplasm resources exhibit diverse phenotypic characters and rich genetic diversity, but SRAP molecular markers show that the germplasm resources of the tested materials are homogenized. We should introduce other types of germplasm resources for variety breeding. It could improve the selection efficiency of parents and fully utilize hybrid advantages to enhance the breeding accuracy by combining phenotypic characters observation and SRAP molecular markers assisted pepper breeding. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the effects of CPPU and TDZ on the aroma of Tiangong Moyu grape using WGCNA and the exploration of the key genes ZHENG Ting, XIANG Jiang, WEI Lingzhu, WU Jiang, CHENG Jianhui 2025, 37(2):  311-320.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240346 Abstract ( 37 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (8897KB) ( 85 )   In order to study the effect of treatment agents on the aroma of seedless grapes, the early-maturing seedless grape variety Tiangong Moyu was used as the experimental material, and the inflorescence of Tiangong Moyu was treated with forchlorfenuron (CPPU) and thidiazuron (TDZ) combined with gibberellin (GA3). The aroma components in mature grape fruits were determined, and the expression levels of terpenoid metabolism-related genes in fruit development stage were detected. Combined with transcriptome data, the terpenoid components were analyzed by the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and the genes related to grape aroma formation were screened. The results showed that a total of 35 components were detected in the mature Tiangong Moyu grape fruits, including 13 terpenoids. After CPPU and TDZ treatment, the content of characteristic aroma substances, namely, nerol, geraniol and linalool decreased significantly (P<0.05). The expression of HMGR(HMGR1 and HMGR3), the rate-limiting enzyme gene of terpenoid synthesis mevalonate pathway (MVA), decreased after treatment. The methylerythritol phosphate pathway (MEP) rate-limiting enzyme gene DXR showed a downward-upward trend after CPPU treatment, while it was the opposite in TDZ. WGCNA results showed that linalool, nerol and geraniol were clustered together, which were highly correlated with the turquoise module. The MYB44 gene was significantly down-regulated after treatment, especially after TDZ treatment, which was consistent with the content changes of the three substances. The results provide a theoretical basis for the application of CPPU and TDZ in grape fruit production. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and expression analysis of peony PoLPAT2 gene ZHANG Meiying, MO Qian, QI Xiushuang, TONG Ningning, KONG Fan, LIU Zheng’an, LYU Changping, PENG Liping 2025, 37(2):  321-328.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240504 Abstract ( 36 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (3037KB) ( 86 )   Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAT) catalyzes the acylation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) at the sn-2 position to form phosphatidic acid (PA), which is one of the key rate-limiting enzymes in oil synthesis. Peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) is an emerging woody oil plant. Studying the evolution and expression patterns of the peony LPAT gene family is of great significance for further exploring the mechanisms of oil synthesis in peony seeds. In this study, we cloned the PoLPAT2 gene from peony seeds and analyzed its physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, and expression patterns using bioinformatics methods. The results showed that the coding sequence length of PoLPAT2 was 1 194 bp, encoding 397 amino acids, consisting of 20 different amino acids, and located on the plasma membrane. The relative molecular weight of the protein is 44.82 ku, with a molecular formula of C2065H3235N541O544S15, a total of 6 400 atoms, a theoretical isoelectric point of 9.67. It contains 37 phosphorylation sites and exhibits high aliphatic properties. Classified as a hydrophilic protein, it possesses 3 transmembrane regions, lacks signal peptides, and has an instability index of 43.68, indicating it is an unstable protein. Protein structure prediction indicates that PoLPAT2 protein consists of four secondary structures, namely irregular coil, alpha helix, beta helix, and elongation chain. Phylogenetic analysis show that PoLPAT2 in peony is most closely related to homologs in grapes and walnuts. qRT-PCR results showed that the expression level of this gene was peaked at 105 d post-late seed development, and the overall trend showed a decrease followed by an increase, indicating that PoLPAT2 may be related to the stage of seed development. This findings provide reference for the functional verification of the PoLPAT2 gene and the improvement of oil content in peony seeds. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative analysis of karyotype, anther morphology and pollen characteristics for two varieties of tree peony cut flower ZHANG Huanhuan, FAN Tingxiu, GAO Shuangcheng, FAN Bingyou, SHI Guo’an 2025, 37(2):  329-337.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240096 Abstract ( 40 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (15163KB) ( 87 )   In this study, we examined the post-blooming pollen fertility of two cut tree peony varieties, Fengdan and Huangguan, focusing on its relationship among pollen micro-morphology, metabolism, and viability. We employed the chromosome squash technique to observe nuclear karyotypes, micrometer measurements for anther morphology, and scanning electron microscopy for pollen morphology. Additionally, we used liquid culture and spectrophotometry to assess pollen germination rates and related metabolic indicators. Our results indicated that Fengdan was a diploid karyotype and produced approximately 12.62 million rounded pollen grains per flower, characterized by three fissures and a deformity rate of 97.2%. This variety exhibited over 50% germination at a simulated temperature of 25 ℃. In contrast, Huangguan possessed a triploid karyotype with around 2.88 million abnormally shaped triangular pollen grains per flower, resulting in a zero of germination rate. Relative to Fengdan, Huangguan showed significant reductions in superoxide dismutase activity, ascorbic acid content, and soluble protein levels by 46.7%, 39.3%, and 31.8%, respectively. The abnormal pollen morphology and metabolic disorders in Huangguan likely contribute to its germination failure. Overall, Huangguan variety is characterized by low pollen quantity and viability, minimizing the risk of pollen contamination in cut flower arrangements. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mitigative effect of foliar spraying melatonin on drought stress of cabbage seedlings REN Yuanlong, MA Rong, WANG Xiaozhuo, ZHANG Xueyan 2025, 37(2):  338-348.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240161 Abstract ( 44 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (2443KB) ( 91 )   To investigate the mitigative effect of melatonin (MT) sprayed on leaves and its optimal concentration on drought stress in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) seedlings, this study used the high-altitude cool-weather vegetable variety ‘Zhonggan 21’ as the experimental material. 20% polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG) solution was used as the osmotic agent for simulating drought stress. Different concentrations of MT (50, 100, 150, 200 μmol·L-1) were sprayed onto the leaves, and growth and physiological indicators of the cabbage seedlings were measured. The results showed that drought stress significantly inhibited the growth of cabbage seedlings, and spraying different concentrations of MT on the leaves could mitigate the growth inhibition caused by drought stress, with the most significant mitigative effect observed at 100 μmol·L-1 MT. Under drought stress, after spraying 100 μmol·L-1 MT, compared to the drought stress control (T0 treatment), the relative chlorophyll content (expressed by SPAD), and contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, chlorophyll a+b increased by 28.11%, 67.04%, 80.70%, 46.56%, and 70.79%, respectively; photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), maximum photochemical quantum yield (Fv/Fm), actual photosynthetic efficiency [Y(Ⅱ)], electron transport rate (ETR) and maximum fluorescence yield (Fm') increased by 32.88%, 47.29%, 53.19%, 60.22% and 49.56%, respectively; contents of soluble sugars and soluble proteins increased by 147.36% and 150.02% respectively, while non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ), leaf relative electric conductivity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content decreased by 43.65%, 45.11%, and 51.09%, respectively; activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) were 1.37, 1.34, and 2.75 times higher than those under drought stress in leaves, and 1.89, 1.28, and 2.08 times higher in roots. In conclusion, foliar application of 100 μmol·L-1 MT can significantly promote the growth of cabbage seedlings and effectively mitigate the damage caused by drought stress to the high-altitude cool-weather vegetable variety ‘Zhonggan 21’. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Selection and evaluation of superior germplasm resources of Rubus chingii Hu LI Can, YANG Ting, SUN Yiming, CHEN Hongliang, CUI Qi, SHEN Xiaoxia 2025, 37(2):  349-364.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240544 Abstract ( 34 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (18129KB) ( 81 )   In order to screen out the advantageous germplasm resources suitable for the breeding of new varieties, the main agronomic traits and chemical components contents of 20 germplasm resources of Rubus chingii Hu in Zhejiang Province were counted and determined. Diversity analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were carried out. The results revealed significant variability and rich diversity in both agronomic traits and chemical composition contents among the 20 R. chingii samples. Correlation analysis between agronomic traits and chemical composition contents indicated significant positive correlations between traits such as fruit pedicel length, fruit shape, and contents of most chemical components. Positive correlations were also observed between traits like fruit yield, flower diameter, stem branching number, and contents of certain chemical components, while negative correlations were found between traits such as plant diameter, branch diameter, and contents of specific chemical components. Based on the principal component analysis scores for fruit yield and chemical composition contents of R. chingii, two superior germplasm resources, namely Y3 and Y9, were identified. This study provides valuable insights for the breeding of new R. chingii varieties and the evaluation of medicinal quality in authentic medicinal materials. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of leaf and seed quality of different varieties (strains) of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ in Zhejiang Province, China JIANG Zhengchu, HAO Qichun, LI Yi, WANG Junxin, LIAO Longjian, XIE Qiandan, YU Chenliang, YU Weiwu, CHEN Rong 2025, 37(2):  365-380.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240475 Abstract ( 41 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (3469KB) ( 79 )   To explore the differences in leaf and seed quality among different varieties (strains) of Torreya grandis in Zhejiang, this study focused on 12 different varieties (strains) of T. grandi grown under the same environment and site conditions. Physiological indicators such as leaf phenotype, seed and fruit appearance, and nutritional quality were measured. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were conducted on the data, and a quality evaluation model for the seeds of these 12 varieties (strains) was established. The results showed that the leaf length of the 12 T. grandis varieties (strains) ranged from 15.239 mm to 21.322 mm, with Pan’an Changfei having the longest leaves; leaf width ranged from 2.691 mm to 3.775 mm, with Changzi Xiangya having the narrowest leaves. The kernel yield varied from 45.737% to 79.481%, with Xiangya having the highest yield; oil content ranged from 40.702% to 54.284%, with Zaoyuan having the highest oil content. Soluble protein content ranged from 15.321 mg·g-1 to 32.079 mg·g-1, with Longfeng Xifei having the highest content; unsaturated fatty acid content ranged from 83.384% to 90.540%, with Dongfei No.1 having the highest content; linoleic acid content ranged from 41.394% to 48.170%, with Dongfei No.2 having the highest content; and junceic acid content ranged from 7.850% to 12.963%, with Anyuan having the highest content. After principal component analysis, five principal component factors were extracted, and a quality evaluation model for T. grandis seeds was established. Based on all indicators, the ranking among varieties (strains) was: Zaoyuan>Longfeng Xifei>Anyuan>Dongfei No.2>Liqin Xifei>Xiangya>Dongfei No.1>Xiaozi Xiangya>Pan’an Changfei>Yuansu>Changzi Xiangya>Dongbaizhu. The research results can lay the foundation for the selection and breeding of stable and high-yielding new varieties of T. grandis, thereby better protecting and utilizing the germplasm resources of T. grandis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of endogenous hormone changes and gene expression related to walnut apomixis kernels formation CHEN Feng, CHEN Hong, CHEN Bingquan, BAO Chunjie, ZHOU Haoliang, ZHAO Xin, GUO Laizhen 2025, 37(2):  381-393.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231390 Abstract ( 35 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (2282KB) ( 81 )   In order to understand the molecular regulation of apomictic nucleolus development in walnuts, the apomictic kernels and fertilized kernels of ‘Xinxin 2’ walnut were used as the experimental materials in this study. The transcriptome and hormone contents such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin (ZT), gibberellin (GA), brassinosteroid (BR), abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene (ETH) were analyzed. The results showed that at 60 days after flowering, the contents of IAA, ZT, and BR in apomictic kernels were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those in normally fertilized kernels, decreasing by 28.57%, 19.59%, and 12.07%, respectively; the contents of GA, ABA, and ETH in apomictic kernels were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in normally fertilized kernels, increasing by 34.91%, 31.50%, and 19.54%, respectively. At 80 days after flowering, the contents of IAA, ZT, and ETH in apomictic kernels were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in normally fertilized kernels, increasing by 6.58%, 17.80%, and 7.44%, respectively; meanwhile, the contents of GA, BR, and ABA in apomictic kernels were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those in normally fertilized kernels, decreasing by 29.37%, 14.99%, and 10.65%, respectively. At 100 days after flowering, the contents of IAA, ZT, GA, BR, and ETH in apomictic kernels were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in normally fertilized kernels, increasing by 18.87%, 30.12%, 16.96%, 3.70%, and 20.57%, respectively; the content of ABA in apomictic kernels was significantly (P<0.05) lower than those in normally fertilized kernels, decreasing by 44.85%. Transcriptome sequencing result showed that 62 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in plant hormone signal transduction pathways were identified. Among them, auxin influx carrier gene (AUX1 LAX_2), B-class cytokinin response factor gene (ARR-B1), abscisic acid receptor gene (PYL2), BAK family gene (BAK1), and phosphotransferase gene (AHP4) were upregulated in apomictic kernels, whereas F-box protein gene (GID2_SLY1_2) and E3 ubiquitin ligase genes (EBF1/2_1, EBF1/2_2) were downregulated. Eight genes that related to differentially metabolites were verified by qRT-PCR and the results were consistent with the finding in transcriptome analysis. It was concluded that during the oil conversion period of walnuts, high contents of IAA, ZT, BR, ETH could promote the development of apomictic kernels. Genes such as AUX1 LAX_2, ARR-B1, PYL2, BAK1, AHP4, GID2_SLY1_2, and EBF1/2 which connect with plant hormone signal transduction pathways were participating in regulating the development of apomictic kernel development. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Plant Protection

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Effect of growth-promoting bacteria on the degradation of thiamethoxam in Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis HU Rui, MA Liya, WAN Qun, WANG Ya, CAO Yaoyao, SHAO Sicheng, GE Jing, WU Xiangwei, YU Xiangyang 2025, 37(2):  394-404.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240093 Abstract ( 30 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (3226KB) ( 82 )   To explore the impact of plant growth-promoting bacteria and their combined consortia on the degradation of thiamethoxam in Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis, this study used Pseudomonas sp. (NS6), Enterobacter sp. (NS54 and NS62), and Aeromonas hydrophila(NS69) as materials. Antagonistic tests were conducted to determine the compatibility between the strains, and based on plant growth-promoting characteristics experiments, the strains for constructing the composite microbial community were screened. Through pot experiments, the effects of single plant growth-promoting bacterium and the best-performing microbial consortium on the growth, quality, and thiamethoxam degradation in B. rapa subsp. chinensis were studied. The results showed that there was no antagonistic relationship among the strains, and the NS54+NS62+NS69 microbial consortium exhibited the best plant growth-promoting performance. The pot experiment results revealed that both the single strain treatments and the optimal microbial consortium treatment could improve the plant height, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, and chlorophyll content of B. rapa subsp. chinensis. They effectively reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content after thiamethoxam treatment and increased the contents of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and vitamin C in B. rapa subsp. chinensis, with the microbial consortium treatment being superior to that of the single strain treatments. Additionally, the NS54+NS62+NS69 microbial consortium upregulated the expression of stress-responsive plant hormones (salicylic acid and jasmonic acid) related genes in B. rapa var. chinensis, thereby promoting the degradation of thiamethoxam. In summary, the NS54+NS62+NS69 microbial consortium not only promoted the growth and improved the quality of B. rapa subsp. Chinensis, but also effectively reduced the residual amount of thiamethoxam in the plant. This study result could provide an important theoretical foundation for ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products and developing functional microbial agents Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and identification of Bacillus altitudinis strain CY1 and its control effects against tobacco black shank GAO Qiang, WANG Lili, ZHANG Jianlong, YANG Bo, LI Feng, ZHU Xianzhi, LIU Aixin, HAN Chao, TIAN Lei 2025, 37(2):  405-416.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240188 Abstract ( 33 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (3168KB) ( 89 )   To obtain efficient antagonist strains against tobacco black shank, the rhizosphere soil samples of healthy tobacco plants were collected from tobacco field with tobacco black shank, and the bacterial strain against Phytophthora parasitica was screened out by confrontation culture method. This strain was identified based on morphological, physiological and molecular biology characteristics. The fermentation condition was optimized by single factor experiment, and the available application concentration and antimicrobial mechanism of fermentation broth were explored. Additionally, the control effect of CY1 on tobacco black shank was determined by both indoor pot and field trials. The results showed that a total of 135 soil microbial strains were isolated from the collected rhizosphere soil samples of tobacco, of which a bacterial strain CY1 displayed excellent antagonistic effect against Phytophthora parasitica with an inhibitory rate of 68.6%, and it had a broad spectrum of antifungal function. Based on morphological, physiological and 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences analysis, the strain CY1 was identified as Bacillus altitudinis. Its optimal fermentation conditions were as follows: YSP cultural medium with an initial pH value of 7, rotation speed of 220 r·min-1, at 30 ℃ for 48 h. The fermentation broth with a concentration range from 1×104 CFU·mL-1 to 1×108 CFU·mL-1 inhibited mycelial growth, caused mycelial terminal deformity and swell, and induced granular contents in the mycelial tube of Phytophthora. Parasitica. The indoor pot and field control efficacies of the fermentation broth of CY1 with 1×106 CFU·mL-1 concentration were 71.7% and 74.7%, respectively, which was comparable to those of mancozed, but significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of propamocarb and lower than those of oxathiapiprolin. To sum up, the Bacillus altitudinis strain CY1 has promising biocontrol potential and application prospect, which provided biological control resources of tobacco black shank. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and fungicide sensitivity of the pathogen causing root rot on strawberry SHEN Lan, YANG Xiaofang, ZHANG Guofang 2025, 37(2):  417-425.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240138 Abstract ( 29 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (8058KB) ( 78 )   Root rot is one of the most serious diseases on strawberry. To identify the pathogen causing root rot on strawberry in Ningbo, Zhejiang, China, diseased crown and rot were collected, and the pathogen was obtained by the tissue method and pathogenicity test. The pathogen was further identified by the morphological observation, ITS and TEF1-α sequence analysis and phylogenetic trees. Meanwhile, the toxicity of seven fungicides (prochloraz, pyraclostrobin, bromothalonil, prochloraz, azoxystrobin, tebuconazole, fluazinam) against this pathogen was determined in vitro. It was shown that the pathogen causing crown and root rot on strawberry in Ningbo was identified as Macrophomina phaseolina, which could also cause the leaf and petiole withered. Laboratory toxicity tests of 7 fungicides showed that fluazinam, tebuconazole, imazalil, prochloraz were the most virulent fungicides with median effective concentration (EC50) of 0.000 178, 0.568, 0.959, 1.179 μg·mL-1, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. phaseolina causing root rot on strawberry in Zhejiang, China. Fluazinam, tebuconazole, imazalil, prochloraz are potential fungicides for the control of this disease caused by M. phaseolina on strawberry. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of yellow rot disease of Pleurotus pulmonarius and analysis of its pathogenicity-related transcriptome LU Na, WANG Weike, LIN Jiayao, ZHOU Zufa 2025, 37(2):  426-437.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240034 Abstract ( 34 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (5727KB) ( 81 )   Yellow rot disease has a serious impact on the yield and quality of Pleurotus pulmonarius in the factory production mode. In the present study, pathogenic bacteria were isolated and purified from diseased samples. The pathogenicity of pathogenic bacteria were determinated by Koch postulates. Morphological characteristics and 16S rRNA sequences were used for pathogen identification, and their characteristic properties were analyzed by mycelium growth rate and transcriptome. It was shown that the isolated strains CAJ01-D, CAJ06-C, TXX01 and LAD07 could cause yellow rot disease, which were different species of Pseudomonas spp. The treatment using different Pseudomonas strains impacted the growth rate of P. pulmonarius mycelia, but there was no significant difference in mycelium growth vigor. There was difference in the expression of pathogenicity-related genes when P. pulmonarius was infected by Pseudomonas strains, but most of the differentially expressed genes under the infection of strains LAD07 and CAJ06-C were down-regulated. The clustering and enrichment of GO and KEGG functions showed that the cytochrome c reductase was down-regulated and mitochondrial respiration was weakened by the infection of LAD07 strain. The CAJ06-C strain caused down-regulation of glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, tyrosine metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism. It was speculated that the LAD07 and CAJ06-C strains hindered the growth and development of the fruiting body of P. pulmonarius, which was consistent with the observed severe disease symptoms, including yellowing, water stain and developmental arrest of the fruiting body under infection. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Environmental Science

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Effects of optimizing fertilization methods on rice yield and soil nutrient balance LI Jianqiang, WEI Qianqian, LIU Xiaoxia, ZHANG Junhua, ZHU Chunquan 2025, 37(2):  438-446.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240132 Abstract ( 67 )   HTML ( 14 )   PDF (928KB) ( 89 )   To explore suitable new fertilizers and the optimal application dosage in the Hangzhou-Jiahu-Hu region, three kinds of news fertilizers were used in present study. Taking the local conventional fertilizer application dosage in Pinghu as the control, the new types of fertilizer which suitable for the high quality and high yield rice production in the local were screened out by a field experiment, and further to explore the method with the purpose of nitrogen reduction and efficiency improvement for new fertilizer. The results showed that compared with the conventional fertilizer application in the local area, the application of Maoshi slow-release fertilizer significantly (P<0.05) increased rice dry weight and nitrogen use efficiency, and increased rice yield via increasing the seed numbers per spike and the seed setting rate. Furthermore, Maoshi slow-release fertilizer significantly increased soil organic matter content and alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen content, increased the activities of urease and ammonia monooxygenase along with abundance of relevant functional genes, and increased soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content. Compared to the conventional nitrogen application amount, reduced 10% of nitrogen when applied Maoshi slow-release fertilizer significantly increased nitrogen use efficiency without compromising rice yield and rice quality. In summary, applying Moshi slow-release fertilizer with a 10% nitrogen reduction from conventional dosage achieves both nitrogen reduction and efficieny enhancement in rice cultivation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of phosphorus accumulation and critical value of phosphorus leaching in vegetable soils of Hangzhou Bay, China LI Dan, LOU Ling, ZHANG Mingkui, YUAN Hangjie, WANG Jingwen 2025, 37(2):  447-455.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230636 Abstract ( 34 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF (930KB) ( 83 )   The soils of vegetable fields in the Hangzhou Bay has high sand content, low clay content and weak nutrient retention capacity. In order to understand the accumulation characteristics and phosphorus leaching risk in the soil under long-term vegetable plantation in Hangzhou Bay, China, 12 soil profiles with different phosphorus accumulation and 136 surface soil samples were collected, the changes of available phosphorus, microbial biomass phosphorus content and phosphorus chemical forms in the soil profiles were identified, and the critical value of soil available phosphorus in the case of obvious phosphorus loss from soil was discussed. The results showed that the phosphorus accumulated in the soil profiles was mainly inorganic phosphorus, and more specifically, HCl extractable inorganic phosphorus. With the accumulation of phosphorus, the contents of available phosphorus and microbial biomass phosphorus in the soil increased, the proportion of water extractable inorganic phosphorus and NaHCO3 extractable inorganic phosphorus in the total phosphorus increased rapidly, yet the proportion of residual phosphorus decreased. The phosphorus in the soil samples exhibited obvious vertical migration characteristics. The accumulation of phosphorus weakened the adsorption capacity of soil to phosphorus. Application of organic fertilizers could increase the contents of soil available phosphorus and microbial biomass phosphorus. The risk of soil phosphorus loss in the study area was great. The critical available phosphorus content for soil phosphorus leaching was about 21 mg·kg-1, which was lower than that of other soils. This study suggested that the application amount of phosphate fertilizer should be controlled in the sandy coastal vegetable soils, and countermeasures regarding reasonal application of phosphorus fertilizer were put forward. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Food Science

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Isolation and identification of main postharvest pathogens of four edible fungi GONG Xinxin, LIU Ruiling, HAN Yanchao, MENG Xianghong, GAO Haiyan, CHEN Hangjun 2025, 37(2):  456-465.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240313 Abstract ( 35 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (3409KB) ( 85 )   In this paper, Lentinus edodes, Agaricus bisporus, Auricularia auricula, and Pleurotus pulmonarius were chosen as test materials to explore the main postharvest pathogens of edible fungi in Zhejiang Province of China. The pathogens were isolated and purified using tissue isolation and plate delineation methods, and they were identified morphologically and molecularly. Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma virens, Aspergillus tubingensis, and Pseudomonas putida were the main pathogens of the test fungi, according to sequence comparison and phylogenetic tree analysis. The identification of the main postharvest pathogens affecting edible fungi could serve as the foundation for their preservation and control strategies, to ensure the timely safety of edible fungi products. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Biosystems Engineering

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Physiological plant height measurement method based on the reconstruction of the main stem skeleton for curved soybean plants TANG Aoran, JIN Xiu, WANG Tan, RAO Yuan, LI Jiajia, ZHANG Wu 2025, 37(2):  466-479.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240334 Abstract ( 43 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (7316KB) ( 89 )   Soybean plant physiological height, as one of the significant phenotypic traits, holds paramount importance in soybean breeding for selection and improvement purposes. Accurate measurement of soybean plant physiological height stands as a crucial task in soybean cultivation due to its pivotal role in variety evaluation. Currently, manual measurement methods suffer from inefficiency and error-proneness, rendering them inadequate for large-scale soybean plant measurement tasks. With the advancement of computer vision technology, an increasing number of studies have been devoted to utilizing computer vision algorithms for automated measurement and analysis of soybean plant physiological height. For instance, in the field of object detection, approaches often rely on measuring the straight-line length of plant endpoints to determine plant height. However, the natural curvature of soybean plants may introduce significant measurement errors using this method. Furthermore, instance segmentation techniques are employed to segment plant pixels for height measurement. Nevertheless, annotating segmentation data for entire plants entails high costs and is challenging to achieve. This study proposes a novel approach utilizing an improved YOLOv8n model to reconstruct the curved main stem skeleton of soybean plants, enabling high-precision measurement of soybean plant physiological height. Based on the original YOLOv8n model, the Backbone section has been augmented with CA (Coordinate Attention), while a new small object detection layer has been added to the Neck and Head sections. This enhancement improves the ability to detect main stem nodes of soybean plants, enabling accurate localization of the main stem nodes. Subsequently, the YOLOv8n-seg model is employed for root segmentation, obtaining the positions of root-stem junction points, thereby eliminating the influence of root length on plant height measurement. Based on the growth direction of the plants and combining the position information of the main stem nodes and the root-stem junction points, the main stem skeleton of soybean plants is constructed. An edge contour detection algorithm is used to detect the straight ruler reference object in the image, obtaining the actual length corresponding to the pixels. Finally, by utilizing the main stem skeleton information that accurately fits the curved morphology of soybean stems, the plant height measurement is completed, thereby improving the accuracy of plant height. The experimental findings demonstrate that the improved YOLOv8n model yields a mean average precision of 91.52%, marking a notable improvement of 2.09 percentage points over the original network. Meanwhile, the YOLOv8n-seg model achieves an impressive mean average precision of 95.54%, enabling the precise reconstruction of soybean plant main stem skeletons. Using both methods to detect soybean plant images, the results indicate that reconstructing the soybean main stem skeleton achieves a mean absolute error of 1.67 cm, a root mean square error of 1.91 cm, and an mean absolute percentage error of 3.25% in plant height measurement. Compared with the length measurement of the detection box for the entire plant, there is a significant decrease of 8.46 percentage points in the mean absolute percentage error. This signifies a notable enhancement in measurement accuracy. The experimental results were analyzed and compared with common methods for measuring plant height, leading to the conclusion that this approach surpasses the commonly used methods in the field of computer vision for physiological plant height measurement. The research findings demonstrate that this method yields accurate measurements of soybean plant physiological height, providing methodological and technological support for intelligent soybean breeding. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Design and testing of key components of tissue culture container cleaning devices YU Guohong, ZHENG Hang, CHEN Bing, XUE Xianglei, XIE Ping, YE Yunxiang 2025, 37(2):  480-492.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240351 Abstract ( 24 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (4782KB) ( 81 )   The industrialized production of tissue culture is the future development direction of seedling industry. At present, the tissue culture production in China is mainly carried out manually, and the production process includes a series of steps such as cleaning and filling of tissue culture containers, seed inoculation, cultivation, and transplantation. The cleaning of tissue culture containers is the key links for tissue culture industry. Manual cleaning is time-consuming laborious, with high operating costs and ineffective cleaning quality assurance. In this article, a small horizontal combination container cleaning equipment was designed on the basis of analyzing the requirements for cleaning tissue culture containers. The working principle of the bottle washing machine was emphasized, and the key components and control system modules were analyzed and designed. The orthogonal test was used to obtain the optimal combination of test conditions: the rotational speed of the scraper was 210 r·min-1, the rotational time of the scraper was 2.5 s, the scraper in/out mode was forward-reverse rotation, the effect of grease clearing of the container in the histoculture reached more than 97%. Finally, a container cleaning test was conducted. The experimental results showed that the bottle washing machine ran smoothly, with an average cleaning qualification rate of over 98%, and the cleaning efficiency was 22 bottles per minute, which could meet the requirements of tissue culture factory production for bottle washing. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Agricultural Economy and Development

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Distribution characteristics and value assessment of agricultural heritage systems in Zhejiang Province, China GU Xingguo, FANG Qiaokun 2025, 37(2):  493-506.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240281 Abstract ( 48 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (1935KB) ( 91 )   Zhejiang Province is the earliest province to carry out the excavation and protection of agricultural heritage systems in China, and it is also the province with the largest number of agricultural heritage systems resources excavated and Important Agricultural Heritage Systems recognized. Based on the results of the latest census of agricultural heritage systems in Zhejiang Province, the distribution characteristics of their historical origins, topographical and geomorphological distribution characteristics and industrial types were comprehensively analyzed, and their economic, social, cultural, ecological and scientific and technological values were systematically assessed. In terms of historical origin, the agricultural heritage systems originated in the Song Dynasty is the largest, followed by the Tang Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. Topographically, the majority of the agricultural heritage systems are located in plain and hilly areas, as well as the coastal areas. In terms of industrial types, the main industries of agricultural heritage systems are mainly focused on planting and compound industry. 85.4% of the agricultural heritage systems involves the ten leading agricultural industries in Zhejiang, and the total output value of the relevant agricultural industry chain reaches 199.567 billion yuan, which is a strong driving force for the agricultural and rural development in Zhejiang. The agricultural heritage systems sites are rich in resources of the “Origin Culture”, such as the origin of agricultural technology, varieties and cultural sources, which is an important support for Zhejiang to build a high-quality cultural highland in the new era. The industrial composite agricultural heritage systems are the typical representative of the traditional agricultural wisdom in the context of site-specific conditions, intensive cultivation, planting and raising, and benign recycling, which is very rich in traditional agricultural wisdom, and provides an important guideline and inspiration for the all-round construction of a highly efficient and ecological agricultural powerhouse in Zhejiang. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Review

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Application and research status of smart agriculture technology in egg production YU Hongwei, HE Yeyu, YANG Hua, XIAO Yingping, DING Xiangying, JI Xiaofeng 2025, 37(2):  507-518.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240083 Abstract ( 37 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (8765KB) ( 87 )   With the rapid development of economy, layer industry of China is gradually moving towards the direction of smart agriculture with the characteristics of automation, information, digitization and intelligentization. In layer breeding or egg production, smart agriculture technology realizes healthy breeding of layer hens, improves production efficiency, reduces labor costs, reduces feed waste, and improves egg quality through comprehensive use of smart technology. This paper reviews the application of smart agriculture technology in laying chicken breeding, egg production informatization, egg product traceability, etc. This research will be a good reference for research development and application of smart agriculture technology in egg production. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics