减氮及有机替代对马铃薯根系形态和产量的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.12.01

浙江农业学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (12): 2111-2118.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.12.01

减氮及有机替代对马铃薯根系形态和产量的影响

韩悌倩¹(), 刘震²^,³, 刘玉汇², 张小静⁴, 王丽¹^,²^,^*(), 张俊莲²^,³^,^*()

1.甘肃农业大学生命科学技术学院,甘肃兰州 730070
2.甘肃农业大学干旱生境作物学重点实验室/甘肃省作物遗传改良与种质创新重点实验室,甘肃兰州 730070
3.甘肃农业大学园艺学院,甘肃兰州 730070
4.定西市农业科学研究院,甘肃定西 743000

收稿日期:2020-04-14 出版日期:2020-12-25 发布日期:2020-12-25
通讯作者: 王丽,张俊莲
作者简介:张俊莲,E-mail: zhangjunlian77@163.com
*王丽,E-mail: wangl@gsau.edu.cn;
韩悌倩(1996—),女,甘肃兰州人,硕士研究生,主要从事马铃薯栽培与分子生物学研究。E-mail: 394171838@qq.com
基金资助:
国家马铃薯产业技术体系专项资金(CARS-09-P14);国家自然科学基金(31760407);甘肃农业大学干旱生境作物学重点实验室开放基金(GSCS-2017-3)

Effects of reduced chemical nitrogen and organic manure substitution on potato root morphology and yield

HAN Tiqian¹(), LIU Zhen²^,³, LIU Yuhui², ZHANG Xiaojing⁴, WANG Li¹^,²^,^*(), ZHANG Junlian²^,³^,^*()

1. College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
2. Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
3. College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
4. Dingxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dingxi 743000, China

Received:2020-04-14 Online:2020-12-25 Published:2020-12-25
Contact: WANG Li,ZHANG Junlian

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

田间研究减氮及有机肥替代对半干旱区膜下滴灌马铃薯不同发育时期根系生长的影响,并讨论其与产量形成的关系,为马铃薯高产高效栽培提供理论和技术依据。试验以青薯9号为试验材料,以常规施化学氮肥225 kg·hm^-2为对照(CK),设置两个减氮处理施70%化学氮肥(RN)和施50%化学氮肥(LN),以及两个有机肥替代处理80%化学氮肥+20%有机氮肥(LO)和60%化学氮肥+40%有机氮肥(HO)。结果表明,与对照相比,RN处理单株结薯数、中薯率和小薯率均未显著变化,大薯率下降0.32百分点,减产10.93%,HO处理单株结薯数增加了11.77%,大薯率和中薯率分别增加0.43和6.47百分点,增产19.01%。同时,HO处理较对照显著(P<0.05)增加了块茎形成期根长、根投影面积、根体积、根尖数和根分叉数,以及块茎膨大期根尖数。相关性分析表明,产量与苗期、块茎膨大期、淀粉形成期根长,及块茎膨大期根表面积、根体积、根尖数、根分叉数均呈极显著(P<0.01)正相关。因此,以90 kg·hm^-2有机氮和81 kg·hm^-2化学氮做基肥,54 kg·hm^-2化学氮于块茎形成期追施,可有效促进马铃薯根系生长和有效薯块的早期形成,保证单株结薯数及薯块的膨大和产量的增加。

关键词: 马铃薯, 减氮, 有机肥替代, 根系特性, 产量

Abstract:

Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of reduced chemical nitrogen and organic manure substitution on root growth in different developmental stages and yield of potato in the semi-arid area under film drip irrigation, in order to provide an efficient nitrogen management method in the cultivation of potato. Potato cultivar Qingshu9 was used in the test. The conventional N rate of 225 kg·hm^-2 was used as the control (CK), 70% chemical nitrogen fertilizer (RN) and 50% chemical nitrogen fertilizer (LN) were set up for reduced chemical nitrogen application treatments, and 80% chemical nitrogen fertilizer+20% organic nitrogen manure (LO) and 60% chemical nitrogen fertilizer+40% organic nitrogen manure (HO) were set up for organic manure substitution application treatments. The results showed that compared with CK, the number of tuber per plant, medium tuber rate and small tuber rate did not change significantly under RN treatment, however, the large tuber rate was decreased by 0.32 percent points and the yield were decreased by 10.93%. The number of tuber per plant were increased by 11.77%, the large tuber rate and medium tuber rate were increased by 0.43 and 6.47 percent points under HO treatment, respectively, and the yield was increased by 19.01%. The potato root under HO treatment had longer root length, larger projected root area, root volume, more tips and forks during the tuber initiation stage, and more tips during the tuber bulking stage compared with CK. The yield was significantly (P<0.01) positively related to the root length during the seedling, tuber bulking and starch formation stage, and the root surface area, the root volume, the number of tips and the number of forks during the tuber bulking stage. Therefore, 90 kg·hm^-2 organic nitrogen and 81 kg·hm^-2 chemical nitrogen as base fertilizers, and 54 kg·hm^-2 chemical nitrogen as topdressing in the tuber formation stage could improve the root growth effectively, promote the formation of effective tuber during the early growth stage, increase the number of tuber per plant and the expansion of tubers, and thus produce a higher yield of potato.

Key words: potato, reduced nitrogen, organic manure substitution, root characteristics, yield

中图分类号:

S532

韩悌倩, 刘震, 刘玉汇, 张小静, 王丽, 张俊莲. 减氮及有机替代对马铃薯根系形态和产量的影响[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2020, 32(12): 2111-2118.

HAN Tiqian, LIU Zhen, LIU Yuhui, ZHANG Xiaojing, WANG Li, ZHANG Junlian. Effects of reduced chemical nitrogen and organic manure substitution on potato root morphology and yield[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2020, 32(12): 2111-2118.

图/表 7

表1 各处理化学氮肥及有机肥施用量

Table 1 Nitrogen fertilizer application in different treatments kg·hm-2

处理 Treatment	化学氮肥用量Application amount of chemical nitrogen fertilizer		有机氮用量 Application amount of organic nitrogen	折合有机肥用量 Equivalent of organic fertilizer
处理 Treatment	基施Base fertilizer	追施Top dressing	有机氮用量 Application amount of organic nitrogen	折合有机肥用量 Equivalent of organic fertilizer
常规施化学氮肥(CK) Routine application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer	135.0	90	0	0
70%化学氮肥(RN) 70% chemical nitrogen fertilizer	94.5	63	0	0
50%化学氮肥(LN) 50% chemical nitrogen fertilizer	67.5	45	0	0
80%化学氮+20%有机氮(LO) 80% chemical nitrogen and 20% organic nitrogen fertilizer	108.0	72	45	1000 (基施Base fertilizer)
60%化学氮+40%有机氮(HO) 60% chemical nitrogen and 40% organic nitrogen fertilizer	81.0	54	90	2000 (基施Base fertilizer)

图1 减氮及有机肥替代处理下马铃薯植株根长 CK,常规施化学氮肥;RN,70%化学氮肥;LN,50%化学氮肥;LO,80%化学氮+20%有机氮;HO,60%化学氮+40%有机氮;柱状图上无相同小写字母的表示同一生长期内各处理间差异显著(P<0.05),下同。

Fig.1 Root length of potato under reduced chemical nitrogen and organic manure substitution treatment CK, Routine application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer; RN, 70% chemical nitrogen fertilizer; LN, 50% chemical nitrogen fertilizer; LO, 80% chemical nitrogen and 20% organic nitrogen fertilizer; HO, 60% chemical nitrogen and 40% organic nitrogen fertilizer; Different lowercase letters above the columns represented statistically significant (P<0.05) differences among treatments in the same stage. The same as below.

图2 减氮及有机肥替代处理下马铃薯植株根投影面积和根表面积

Fig.2 Root projected area and surface area of potato under reduced chemical nitrogen and organic manure substitution treatment

图3 减氮及有机肥替代处理下马铃薯植株根直径和根体积

Fig.3 Root diameter and root volume of potato under reduced chemical nitrogen and organic manure substitution treatment

图4 减氮及有机肥替代处理下马铃薯植株根尖数和根分叉数

Fig.4 The number of root tips and root forks of potato under chemical nitrogen and organic manure substitution treatment

表2 减氮及有机肥替代处理下马铃薯产量及其构成因素

Table 2 Potato yield and its components under chemical nitrogen and organic manure substitution treatment

处理 Treatment	产量 Yield/(t·hm^-2)	单株结薯数 Number of tuber per plant	大薯率 Large tuber rate/%	中薯率 Medium tuber rate/%	小薯率 Small tuber rate/%
CK	43.56±0.23 b	14.70±0.14 b	2.26±0.04 b	57.39±0.87 b	40.35±0.83 b
RN	38.80±0.19 c	13.50±0.45 bc	1.94±0.06 c	54.02±0.79 bc	44.05±0.79 ab
LN	35.04±0.25 d	13.28±0.32 c	1.35±0.01 d	48.95±2.47 c	49.71±2.47 a
LO	41.69±0.08 bc	14.38±0.13 bc	2.13±0.10 bc	56.30±0.76 b	41.57±0.86 b
HO	51.84±1.49 a	16.43±0.22 a	2.69±0.03 a	63.86±1.09 a	33.45±1.08 c

表3 马铃薯产量与各发育时期根系特性的相关性

Table 3 The correlation of potato yield and root characteristic

发育时期 Stage	根长 Root length	根投影面积 Root projected area	根表面积 Root surface area	根直径 Root diameter	根体积 Root volume	根尖数 Number of tips	根分叉数 Number of forks
苗期Seedling	0.59^**	0.34	0.34	0.10	0.40	0.47^*	0.36
块茎形成期Tuber initiation	0.14	0.12	0.07	0.30	0.24	0.19	0.01
块茎膨大期Tuber bulking	0.63^**	0.43	0.58^**	0.19	0.49^*	0.64^**	0.59^**
淀粉形成期Starch formation	0.54^*	0.18	0.35	0.06	0.03	0.25	0.30
成熟期Maturation	-0.43	-0.18	-0.12	0.27	0.13	-0.54^*	-0.40

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减氮及有机替代对马铃薯根系形态和产量的影响

Effects of reduced chemical nitrogen and organic manure substitution on potato root morphology and yield

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