浙江农业学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (12): 2812-2822.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231368
        
               		张永彬1(
), 李想1, 满卫东1,2,3, 刘明月1,2,4,*(
), 樊继好5, 胡皓然5, 宋利杰1, 刘玮佳1
                  
        
        
        
        
    
收稿日期:2023-12-06
									
				
									
				
									
				
											出版日期:2024-12-25
									
				
											发布日期:2024-12-27
									
			作者简介:张永彬(1969—),男,河北衡水人,博士,教授,研究方向为3S技术在资源与环境中的应用与地理国情监测。E-mail:zyb063009@yeah.net
				
							通讯作者:
					*刘明月,E-mail:liumy917@ncst.edu.cn
							基金资助:
        
               		ZHANG Yongbin1(
), LI Xiang1, MAN Weidong1,2,3, LIU Mingyue1,2,4,*(
), FAN Jihao5, HU Haoran5, SONG Lijie1, LIU Weijia1
			  
			
			
			
                
        
    
Received:2023-12-06
									
				
									
				
									
				
											Online:2024-12-25
									
				
											Published:2024-12-27
									
			摘要:
针对光学影像容易受到云雨天气影响,导致农作物产量估算精度低的问题,本研究融合冬小麦孕穗期Sentinel-2光谱信息和Sentinel-1后向散射系数,并采用极端梯度提升、随机森林和支持向量机3种机器学习回归方法建立唐山市冬小麦产量估算模型,选用最佳模型实现唐山市冬小麦产量反演。结果表明: 基于植被指数和后向散射系数的极端梯度提升模型的估产效果最好,决定系数(R2)为0.654,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.499 t·hm-2,归一化均方根误差(nRMSE)为10.02%。24个遥感特征变量中,NDMI、NDVIre3和NDVIre2的重要性远高于后向散射系数。基于最佳估产模型反演唐山市冬小麦产量空间分布,冬小麦产量范围主要集中在7.00~8.00 t·hm-2,所占比例达到40.75%,冬小麦产量分布总体上与地面真实情况相近。本研究提出Sentinel-1/2数据和机器学习算法相融合的冬小麦产量估算方法,有效提高了机器学习方法反演冬小麦产量的准确性,并加强了模型的解释性,该方法具有一定可行性。
中图分类号:
张永彬, 李想, 满卫东, 刘明月, 樊继好, 胡皓然, 宋利杰, 刘玮佳. 融合Sentinel-1/2数据和机器学习算法的冬小麦产量估算方法研究[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2024, 36(12): 2812-2822.
ZHANG Yongbin, LI Xiang, MAN Weidong, LIU Mingyue, FAN Jihao, HU Haoran, SONG Lijie, LIU Weijia. Research on yield estimation method of winter wheat based on Sentinel-1/2 data and machine learning algorithms[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2024, 36(12): 2812-2822.
| 植被指数Vegetation index | 计算公式Calculation formula | 
|---|---|
| 差值植被指数Difference vegetation index (DVI) | ρNIR-ρR | 
| 增强植被指数2 Enhanced vegetation index without a blue band (EVI2) | 2.5(ρNIR-ρR)/(ρNIR+2.4ρR+1) | 
| 绿色归一化植被指数Green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) | (ρNIR-ρG)/(ρNIR+ρG) | 
| 比值植被指数Ratio vegetation index (RVI) | ρNIR/ρR | 
| 重归一化植被指数Renormalized difference vegetation index (RDVI) | (ρNIR-ρR)/(ρNIR+ρR)0.5 | 
| 修正三角植被指数1 Modified triangular vegetation index (MTVI1) | 1.2[1.2(ρNIR-ρG)-2.5(ρR-ρG)] | 
| 改进简单植被指数Modified simple ratio (MSR) | (ρNIR/ρR-1)/(ρNIR/ρR+1)0.5 | 
| 优化土壤调节植被指数Optimal soil adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI) | 1.16(ρNIR-ρR)/(ρNIR+ρR+0.16) | 
| 结构加强色素植被指数Structure intensive pigment index (SIPI) | (ρNIR-ρB)/(ρNIR+ρB) | 
| 归一化差值水汽指数Normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) | (ρNIR-ρSWIR11)/(ρNIR+ρSWIR11) | 
| 绿色叶绿素指数Green chlorophyll vegetation index (CIg) | (ρNIR/ρR)-1 | 
| 红边植被指数1 Red-edge chlorophyll index 1 (CIre1) | (ρNIR/ρRE1)-1 | 
| 红边植被指数2 Red-edge chlorophyll index 2 (CIre2) | (ρNIR/ρRE2)-1 | 
| 红边植被指数3 Red-edge chlorophyll index 3 (CIre3) | (ρNIR/ρRE3)-1 | 
| 归一化植被指数Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) | (ρNIR-ρR)/(ρNIR+ρR) | 
| 红边归一化植被指数1 Red-edge normalized difference vegetation index 1 (NDVIre1) | (ρNIR-ρRE1)/(ρNIR+ρRE1) | 
| 红边归一化植被指数2 Red-edge normalized difference vegetation index 2 (NDVIre2) | (ρNIR-ρRE2)/(ρNIR+ρRE2) | 
| 红边归一化植被指数3 Red-edge normalized difference vegetation index 3 (NDVIre3) | (ρNIR-ρRE3)/(ρNIR+ρRE3) | 
表1 植被指数与计算公式
Table 1 Vegetation indices and calculation formulas
| 植被指数Vegetation index | 计算公式Calculation formula | 
|---|---|
| 差值植被指数Difference vegetation index (DVI) | ρNIR-ρR | 
| 增强植被指数2 Enhanced vegetation index without a blue band (EVI2) | 2.5(ρNIR-ρR)/(ρNIR+2.4ρR+1) | 
| 绿色归一化植被指数Green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) | (ρNIR-ρG)/(ρNIR+ρG) | 
| 比值植被指数Ratio vegetation index (RVI) | ρNIR/ρR | 
| 重归一化植被指数Renormalized difference vegetation index (RDVI) | (ρNIR-ρR)/(ρNIR+ρR)0.5 | 
| 修正三角植被指数1 Modified triangular vegetation index (MTVI1) | 1.2[1.2(ρNIR-ρG)-2.5(ρR-ρG)] | 
| 改进简单植被指数Modified simple ratio (MSR) | (ρNIR/ρR-1)/(ρNIR/ρR+1)0.5 | 
| 优化土壤调节植被指数Optimal soil adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI) | 1.16(ρNIR-ρR)/(ρNIR+ρR+0.16) | 
| 结构加强色素植被指数Structure intensive pigment index (SIPI) | (ρNIR-ρB)/(ρNIR+ρB) | 
| 归一化差值水汽指数Normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) | (ρNIR-ρSWIR11)/(ρNIR+ρSWIR11) | 
| 绿色叶绿素指数Green chlorophyll vegetation index (CIg) | (ρNIR/ρR)-1 | 
| 红边植被指数1 Red-edge chlorophyll index 1 (CIre1) | (ρNIR/ρRE1)-1 | 
| 红边植被指数2 Red-edge chlorophyll index 2 (CIre2) | (ρNIR/ρRE2)-1 | 
| 红边植被指数3 Red-edge chlorophyll index 3 (CIre3) | (ρNIR/ρRE3)-1 | 
| 归一化植被指数Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) | (ρNIR-ρR)/(ρNIR+ρR) | 
| 红边归一化植被指数1 Red-edge normalized difference vegetation index 1 (NDVIre1) | (ρNIR-ρRE1)/(ρNIR+ρRE1) | 
| 红边归一化植被指数2 Red-edge normalized difference vegetation index 2 (NDVIre2) | (ρNIR-ρRE2)/(ρNIR+ρRE2) | 
| 红边归一化植被指数3 Red-edge normalized difference vegetation index 3 (NDVIre3) | (ρNIR-ρRE3)/(ρNIR+ρRE3) | 
| 组合方式Combination | 特征变量Characteristic variable | 
|---|---|
| A | Sentinel-1+Sentinel-2 | 
| B | Sentinel-2 | 
| C | Sentinel-1 | 
表2 冬小麦产量不同特征的组合方式
Table 2 Statistical analysis of winter wheat yield
| 组合方式Combination | 特征变量Characteristic variable | 
|---|---|
| A | Sentinel-1+Sentinel-2 | 
| B | Sentinel-2 | 
| C | Sentinel-1 | 
| 回归模型 Regression model  |  组合方式 Combination  |  R2 | RMSE/ (t·hm-2)  |  nRMSE/% | 
|---|---|---|---|---|
| XGBoost | A | 0.654 | 0.499 | 10.02 | 
| B | 0.632 | 0.513 | 10.27 | |
| C | 0.539 | 0.592 | 11.86 | |
| RFR | A | 0.473 | 0.534 | 10.71 | 
| B | 0.517 | 0.521 | 10.44 | |
| C | 0.311 | 0.673 | 13.49 | |
| SVR | A | 0.340 | 0.866 | 17.36 | 
| B | 0.356 | 0.857 | 17.17 | |
| C | 0.213 | 1.303 | 26.11 | 
表3 模型综合评价
Table 3 Model comprehensive evaluation
| 回归模型 Regression model  |  组合方式 Combination  |  R2 | RMSE/ (t·hm-2)  |  nRMSE/% | 
|---|---|---|---|---|
| XGBoost | A | 0.654 | 0.499 | 10.02 | 
| B | 0.632 | 0.513 | 10.27 | |
| C | 0.539 | 0.592 | 11.86 | |
| RFR | A | 0.473 | 0.534 | 10.71 | 
| B | 0.517 | 0.521 | 10.44 | |
| C | 0.311 | 0.673 | 13.49 | |
| SVR | A | 0.340 | 0.866 | 17.36 | 
| B | 0.356 | 0.857 | 17.17 | |
| C | 0.213 | 1.303 | 26.11 | 
																													图2 冬小麦实测产量数据与预测产量数据散点图 A,A组合;B,B组合;C,C组合。
Fig.2 Scatter plot of measured production data and predicted production data of winter wheat yield A, Combination A; B, Combination B; C, Combination C.
																													图3 XGBoost模型的变量重要性排序图 A,A组合;B,B组合;C,C组合。NDMI,归一化差值水汽指数;NDVIre3,红边归一化植被指数3;NDVIre2,红边归一化植被指数2;GNDVI,绿色归一化植被指数;DVI,差值植被指数;RDVI,重归一化植被指数;SIPI,结构加强色素植被指数;NDVIre1,红边归一化植被指数1;MTVI1,修正三角植被指数1;EVI2,增强植被指数2;CIre2,红边植被指数2;CIre3,红边植被指数3;MSR,改进简单植被指数;OSAVI,优化土壤调节植被指数;RVI,比值植被指数;NDVI,归一化植被指数;CIg,绿色叶绿素指数;CIre1,红边植被指数1;VV,共极化;VH,交叉极化;VH+VV,求和;VH-VV,差值;VH*VV,乘积;VH/VV,求商。
Fig.3 Variable importance ranking chart of XGBoost model A, Combination A; B, Combination B; C, Combination C. NDMI, Normalized difference moisture index; NDVIre3, Red-edge normalized difference vegetation index 3; NDVIre2, Red-edge normalized difference vegetation index 2; GNDVI, Green normalized difference vegetation index; DVI, Difference vegetation index; RDVI, Renormalized difference vegetation index; SIPI, Structure intensive pigment index; NDVIre1, Red-edge normalized difference vegetation index 1; MTVI1, Modified triangular vegetation index; EVI2, Enhanced vegetation index without a blue band; CIre2, Red-edge chlorophyll index 2; CIre3, Red-edge chlorophyll index 3; MSR, Modified simple ratio; OSAVI, Optimal soil adjusted vegetation index; RVI, Ratio vegetation index; NDVI, Normalized difference vegetation index; CIg, Green chlorophyll vegetation index; CIre1, Red-edge chlorophyll index 1; VV, Co-polarization; VH, Cross polarization; VH+VV, Summation; VH-VV, Difference; VH*VV, Product; VH/VV, Quotient.
																													图4 冬小麦产量估算空间分布图 A,研究区冬小麦产量分布;B,红色区域放大图;C,绿色区域放大图;D,蓝色区域放大图。背景影像:研究区Sentinel-2灰度影像。
Fig.4 Spatial distribution map of winter wheat yield estimation A, Winter wheat yield distribution in study area; B, Zoom in on the red area; C, Zoom in on the green area; D, Zoom in on the blue area. Background imagery:Sentinel-2 grayscale image of the study area.
| 等级 Level/ (t·hm-2)  |  冬小麦产量空间分布 Spatial distribution of winter wheat yield  | |
|---|---|---|
| 像元个数Number of pixels | 所占比例Proportion/% | |
| ≤6 | 74 875 | 2.98 | 
| >6~7 | 447 252 | 17.78 | 
| >7~8 | 1 025 241 | 40.75 | 
| >8~9 | 891 461 | 35.43 | 
| >9 | 77 039 | 3.06 | 
表4 唐山市冬小麦产量分级统计
Table 4 Classification statistics of winter wheat yield in Tangshan
| 等级 Level/ (t·hm-2)  |  冬小麦产量空间分布 Spatial distribution of winter wheat yield  | |
|---|---|---|
| 像元个数Number of pixels | 所占比例Proportion/% | |
| ≤6 | 74 875 | 2.98 | 
| >6~7 | 447 252 | 17.78 | 
| >7~8 | 1 025 241 | 40.75 | 
| >8~9 | 891 461 | 35.43 | 
| >9 | 77 039 | 3.06 | 
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