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Accumulated dynamic change of zeaxanthin content in fresh corn grains during its filling stage XYU Xiu-hong;LYU Gui-hua;CHEN Jian-jian;LU Hua-bing;GUO Guo-jin* 2013, 25(4):  0-688.  Abstract ( 638 )   PDF (748KB) ( 1233 )   In this experiment， six fresh corn varieties were used as the materials， and accumulated dynamic change of zeaxanthin content in grains was analyzed on 15， 18， 21， 24， 27 and 40 d after pollination. The results showed that the accumulated dynamic change of zeaxanthin content in grains showed a single peak distribution. The zeaxanthin content of all varieties reached the highest value on 24 d after pollination， and then began to decrease and stabilize， except Zhefengtian No. 2， whose zeaxanthin content was highest on 21 d after pollination. Difference of zeaxanthin content in different varieties grains was significant. The highest was Yuetian No. 3 with 14.809 mg·kg-1. The lowest was Jinyinnuo， only up to 5.241 mg·kg-1. The rank of zeaxanthin content in grains was Yuetian No. 3>Supersweet No. 4>Zhetian No. 6>Huazhen>Zhefengtian No. 2>Jinyinnuo， which showed no absolute relationship with grain color. Accumulated rate of zeaxanthin content was different in these varieties. The accumulated rate of Zhefengtian No. 2 was fastest on 18 d after pollination， and Yuetian No. 3 was on 21 d after pollination， while the other four varieties were on 24 d after pollination. In addition， in this study， 24 days after pollination was regarded as optimal harvest period， which was with higher yield， best marketability， good taste， highest zeaxanthin content and highest food value. Related Articles | Metrics

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Regionalization and evaluation of eco-climate types in Yunnan wheat growing areas LU Yong-xin;ZHANG Zhong-ping;*;CAO Li-min;SHAN Cong-rui;WANG Zi-liang 2013, 25(4):  0-695.  Abstract ( 571 )   PDF (1140KB) ( 1716 )   The cubic climate， dry clear， drought and low temperature were the main factors affecting the high and stable yield of wheat in Yunnan. In order to provide more objective， scientific theory for wheat planting in Yunnan， regionalization test of climate ecotype was carried out and the regionalization results were comprehensively reviewed based on the temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall， temperature （accumulated temperature） and sunshine hours in wheat growth period （from October to May） and their correlation with growth adaptation， using principal component analysis of SPSS and GIS technologies. The results showed that the eco-climates for wheat planting in Yunnan were divided into four types: northern-central cold wheat growing area， central semi-arid wheat growing area， central semi-humid wheat growing area and southern warm-wet wheat growing area， Therein， the central semi-arid wheat-growing area was the most suitable region and priority development area for wheat planting in Yunnan. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of low temperature and isoproturon on physiological and biochemical characteristics of barley KONG Zhi-you;YANG Zhi-lei;QIN Peng;* 2013, 25(4):  0-704.  Abstract ( 530 )   PDF (434KB) ( 1053 )   The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of isoproturon with different concentrations and low temperature on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of barley in tillering stage. Baodamai No.1 was treated with 0， 3， 6， 9 g·L-1 isoproturon， and SOD activity， POD activity， soluble protein content， MDA content， proline content， relative electric conductivity， and O·-2 producing rate were determined. The results showed that low temperature showed great influence on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of barley， and SOD was more important than POD in reactive oxygen scavenging system. Isoproturon with tested concentration did not produce obvious damage to barley. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of ovarian cortex and oviductal epithelial cells during in vitro amturation on porcine oocytes maturation and fertilization CHEN Xiao-yyu;ZHU Zhi-wei;HUANG Jing;YYU Fu-xian;PAN Jian-zhi* 2013, 25(4):  0-709.  Abstract ( 390 )   PDF (418KB) ( 1062 )   Porcine oocytes were co-cultured respectively with porcine ovarian cortex cells （pOCCs） and porcine oviductal epithelial cells （pOECs） during in vitro maturation （IVM）. The effects of pOCCs and pOECs co-culture during IVM on the maturation， fertilization and embryos development in vitro were studied. The results showed that cumulus significantly expanded and matured and MⅡoocytes in the co-culture groups were higher than that in the control group （P<0.05）， whereas there was no significant difference in unmatured GV oocytes between the groups（P>0.05）. In addition， the GSH concentration in the pOCCs group was higher than that in other groups （P<0.05）. After IVF， polyspermy in the co\|culture groups were lower than that in the control group （P<0.05）， and there were no significant difference in both fertility and male pronucleus （MPN） formation between the groups（P>0.05）. In conclusion， the presence of the pOCCs and pOECs during IVM enhanced the maturation quality of the porcine oocytes， reduced the polyspermy， and increased the percentages of blastocyst. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison and cluster analysis of sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves from Henan main tobacco-growing areas YAN Hong-yang;LIU Chun-kui;YAN Hong-xi;JIA Lin;YAN Ke-yu;*;KONG Xyu 2013, 25(4):  0-700.  Abstract ( 393 )   PDF (434KB) ( 1101 )   Sensory quality of 37 samples of flue-cured tobacco leaves were evaluated and compared from Henan main tobacco-growing areas， and cluster analyzed on the basis of sensory quality. The results indicated that: The scores of sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves ranged from 53.68 to 77.49， and indexes of sensory quality existed in certain variation. The scores of sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves showed the trend of Jiaxian>Xiangcheng>Lushi>Lingbao>Linying>Fangcheng>Neixiang>Ruyang>Jiyuan for different tobacco-growing areas. Aroma quality， aroma quantity， concentration， physiological strength， offensive odor， irritancy， aftertaste and total scores of flue-cured tobacco leaves showed the trend of cutters>upper leaves>lower leaves for different stalk positions， and the scores of combustibility showed the trend of cutters>lower leaves>upper leaves. Sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves had significant or highly significant difference among different stalk positions. As for the different colors， the averages of sensory indexes and total scores of orange-yellow leaves were higher than lemon-yellow leaves. Flue-cured tobacco leaves from Henan main tobacco-growing areas were divided into three categories by cluster analysis on the basis of sensory quality. The first category of flue-cured tobacco was from Lushi， Xiangcheng， Lingbao， Linying and Jiaxian， the second category was from Neixiang and Fangcheng， and the third category was from Jiyuan and Ruyang. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary analysis of innate immunologic functions of recombinant Lv-PEN-3 in Litopenaeus vannamei DU Zhi-qiang 2013, 25(4):  0-716.  Abstract ( 324 )   PDF (428KB) ( 1011 )   The function of Litopenaeus vannamei penaeidin-3 molecule for bacteria binding， protease activity inhibitory function and antibiosis were studied in this paper. The results showed that recombinant Lv-PEN-3 molecular could strongly bind bacteria， and inhibit secretary protease activity efficiently. But the antimicrobial function was much weaker. So the relevance among these three functions should be explored deeply. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of compound biologic premix on the performance of dairy cows and milk quality QIAO Fu-qiang;QIAO Li-min;YAO Hua;* 2013, 25(4):  0-713.  Abstract ( 385 )   PDF (467KB) ( 1063 )   The experiment was designed to study the effect of compound biologic premix on the performance and milk quality of dairy cows. Holstein cows were divided into two groups， each with 10 cows， with the similar age， parity， lactating month， gestation period， milk quality and body weight, and were randomly allocated to one of two treatment diets which included the same basal diet. Common compound premix was added in the control diet， and compound biologic premix was added in the test diet. In 74 d experimental period the results showed: the daily milk yield of treatment group was significantly higher than that of control group （P<0.05）. The milk fat percentage was raised by 125% in treatment group， and which was higher than that of control group （P<0.05）. The milk protein and solids percentage was increasing with the extended lactation time， but no significant difference was found between the two treatments （P >0.05）. We can conclude that 5% compound biologic premix supplied in basal diet was helpful to increase the performance of milk yield and to improve the milk quality of diary cows. Related Articles | Metrics

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Estimation of heretability and egg quality traits of two laying duck varieties in Zhejiang Province LIU Ya-li;YIN Zhao-zheng;REN Jin-dong;TAO Zheng-rong;SHEN Jun-da;LU Li-zhi;* 2013, 25(4):  0-727.  Abstract ( 374 )   PDF (330KB) ( 1091 )   The present study was conducted by using laying ducks of 6 lines from 2 native breeds in Zhejiang and 50 eggs of each line. Each egg was measured for egg shape index， shell thickness， shell strength， egg specific gravity， albumen height， Hough unit， yolk weight and yolk percentage. Moreover， multiple comparisons for egg quality traits were conducted in different breeds and lines and their heretability were estimated. The results showed that eggshell quality in Shaoxing duck was significantly higher than that of Jinyun duck， while， albumen and yolk quality of Jinyun duck were superior to Shaoxing duck; the comparison among different lines showed that eggshell quality were the highest in Shaobai line and blue shell line of Shaoxing duck， quality of albumen and yolk among 3 strains of Jinyun duck existed only little difference; the results of estimation of heretability for egg quality traits revealed that egg specific gravity and shell thickness had the highest heritability values(0.72 and 0.47， respectively）， and the heritability of Hough unit was the lowest（0.06）. Our finding suggested that egg specific gravity and shell thickness could be improved by genetic breeding， while albumen height， Hough unit and yolk percentage might be promoted through environmental control. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation and analysis of epidemic situation of classical swine fever in parts of Zhejiang TU Yi-qiang*;JIAN Yong-li;BAI Yyu;HAN Qing-song;LUO Hou-qiang;HOU Feng-xiang 2013, 25(4):  0-732.  Abstract ( 326 )   PDF (573KB) ( 1139 )   In order to understand the current epidemic status of classical swine fever （CSF） in Zhejiang，a survey of 18 pig farms suspected of CSF in 8 cities of Zhejiang Province was conducted. The results indicated that CSF cases mainly showed a typical or mild symptom. Most of cases were attributed to outside inducement， such as long distance transport， castration and vaccination， and other kinds of pathogen infection. Majority of cases occurred in pigs under 3 months of age and had a long course of disease. CSFV was detected in some clinical health sows and reproductive problem sows. The detection rates of CSFV， porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus （PRRSV） and porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCVⅡ） from 38 specimens suspected for CSF were 47.37%， 44.7% and 23.68%， respectively. The mixed infection rates of PRRSV and CSFV or PCVⅡ and CSFV were 33.3% and 11.1%， respectively. Molecular epidemic investigation results indicated that E2 nucleotide homology of epidemic CSFV strains in Zhejiang compared with Shimen strain， HCLV strains and the attenuated vaccine strains from different manufacturers were 81.2%-83.0%， 83.1%-84.0% and 81.7%-82.6%， respectively， indicating that the epidemic strains of CSFV in Zhejiang was moving away from the vaccine strain and showed genetic diversity. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect and action mechanism of different feeding models on egg performance in Anas platyrhynchos HUANG Jiang-nan;WEI Qi-peng;WANG De-qian;LIU Lin-xiu;XIE Jin-fang;TIAN Yong;LU Li-zhi;* 2013, 25(4):  0-723.  Abstract ( 363 )   PDF (861KB) ( 1059 )   This experiment was conducted to explore the effect of the single cage\|rearing， double cage-rearing， net rearing and free-ranged rearing on egg performance in Shanma ducks. 191 Shanma ducks （13 weeks old） with similar body weight （BW） were assigned to different rearing models， to investigate the effects of feeding model on egg performance. The RT-PCR was applied to determine the expression profile of genes related to egg production in hypothalamus， pituitary， ovary and adrenal of laying ducks. The results showed that egg performance and feed conversion of ducks in the double cage-rearing were the lowest in four feeding models. Compared with other three feeding models， the egg performance and feed conversion of ducks in the single cage-rearing were the highest. The feeding models had no significant effect on the mRNA expression levels of CRH， POMC genes in hypothalamus， pituitary of laying ducks. The mRNA expression levels of MC2R gene in pituitary and PRLR gene in ovary of double cage-rearing duck were the highest. These results indicated that two ducks rearing in one cage would lead to decreasing egg-laying rate in the laying duck. The induced expression of MC2R gene in pituitary of double cage-rearing was maybe one of the mechanisms of trigger stress signaling. Maybe the induced expression of PRLR gene and the down-regulation of BMP4 gene in ovary of double cage-rearing duck were two of major genes which regulate ovulation rate in the stress condition. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of exogenous salicylic acid on relieving low temperature stress of summer squash YU Wei-hui;ZHOU Lan-juan;WANG Zhi-gang 2013, 25(4):  0-67.  Abstract ( 375 )   PDF (442KB) ( 1041 )   Seedlings of summer squash were sprayed on leaves with different concentration levels of exogenous salicylic acid. Effect of SA on relative electric conductivity， soluble sugar content， CAT activity， free water/bound water ratio in summer squash leaves under low temperature stress （15℃ and 5℃） were studied. The results showed that relative electric conductivity and free water/bound water ratio in summer squash leaves were decreased， soluble sugar content and CAT activities were increased in treatments of different concentrations of SA， which indicated that exogenous salicylic acid can relieve low temperature stress of summer squash seedlings. The treatment of 250 mg·L-1 SA had the best effect on relieving 5℃ low temperature stress of summer squash seedlings，but the treatment of 350 mg·L-1 SA had the best effect on relieving 15℃ low temperature stress of summer squash seedlings. Related Articles | Metrics

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ISSR-PCR analysis on genetic diversity of Wenzhou buffalo WANG Jin-dan;GUAN Min-qiang;* 2013, 25(4):  0-738.  Abstract ( 492 )   PDF (998KB) ( 1043 )   The genetic diversity and genetic structure of Wenzhou buffaloes distributed in Pingyang， Ruian， Yongjia， Yueqing and Wenzhou in Zhejiang province were analyzed by ISSR-PCR. A total of 154 polymorphic loci of 186 were amplified using 9 primers selected from 22 primers. Percentage of polymorphism loci （PPL） was 82.80％， observed number of alleles was 1.8420， effective number of alleles was 1.5702， Neis gene diversity was 0.3108， Shannons information index was 0.4687， all of the genetic parameters in population level were higher than individual level. Genetic differentiation level （Gst） calculated according to Neis gene diversity was 0.1840， which suggested that 18.40% genetic variation was present in populations. UPMGA cluster analysis in the strains of Wenzhou buffaloes also demonstrated that Wenzhou buffaloes has lower genetic diversity among the populations and the genetic variation mainly exists in the individual ones. Related Articles | Metrics

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Diagnostic values of normal X-ray technology on different foreign bodies in canine stomach YU Hui 2013, 25(4):  0-742.  Abstract ( 338 )   PDF (866KB) ( 1184 )   Foreign body in canine stomach is the common and frequently encountered disease in veterinary clinic. Precise diagnosis of this disease is the most important process for effective treatment. Nine different physical characteristic foreign bodies in canine stomach were checked with normal X-ray technology so as to evaluate their diagnostic values. The foreign bodies were different in size， shape and density （for example， cotton， wood block， solid plastic ball， bone and metal pipe）. The results indicated that radiograph could clearly show high-density foreign bodies with their shape， size， character and location， but couldnt obviously show low-density and middle-density foreign bodies． Related Articles | Metrics

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Breeding of tomato hybrid F1 Zheza 205 with good quality， high yield and long shelf-life WANG Rong-qing;ZHOU Guo-zhi;RUAN Mei-ying;YE Qing-jing;YAO Zhu-0ping;LI Zhi-miao;YANG Yue-jian* 2013, 25(4):  0-746.  Abstract ( 407 )   PDF (516KB) ( 1015 )   T9247-1-2-2-1 and T01-198-1-2 selected accordingly by pedigree from 8 generations of T9247 and T01-198 introduced from Holland were used as parents to breed new tomato hybrid called Zheza 205， which was indeterminate， with long shelf-life and mid-size fruit. The results of variety comparison experiment and production experiment showed that Zheza 205 was an excellent hybrid F1 with good quality and long shelf-life， and with multiple diseases resistance to Fusarium wilt， leaf mold and ToMV. Its average fruit weight was about 160 g and its average yield would reach 90 t·hm-2 when total 6 inflorescences of fruits were harvested. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of shading on seedling growth and leaf anatomical characteristics of Aquilaria sinensis YUAN Hui-fang;WEI Li-ping;TIAN Yao-hua;YUE Hai 2013, 25(4):  0-752.  Abstract ( 469 )   PDF (1889KB) ( 1213 )   In order to understand the light requirement and adaptability of Aquilaria sinensis（Lour.） Spreng， seedlings morphology and leaf anatomical characteristics of Aquilaria sinensis seedlings under different light treatments （100%， 50%， 25% and 5% natural light） were studied. The results showed that different shade treatments had different effects on the leaf anatomical structure and seedling growth parameters of three Aquilaria sinensis provenances （Dabai， Dahuang and Yunnan）. For all the three provenances， with the weakening of light intensity， the main veins， leaf thickness， palisade tissue thickness and leaf epidermal cells were generally decreased significantly （P<0.05）， the thickness of spongy tissue increased， and the lower leaf epidermis cell thickness showed varying change degrees. With the decrease of light intensity， leaf area ratio and leaf area increased in all the three provenances. For Yunnan provenance， the total biomass and absolute growth rate decreased as light intensity decreased， but for Dabai and Dahuang， growth parameter values under 50% and 25% light intensity were higher than that under 100% and 5% light intensity. The specific leaf weight and root weight ratio generally showed decrease trends with the decrease of light intensity in all the three provenances， except that the specific leaf weight of Dahuang in 50% light intensity was higher than other light treatments. In short， the seedlings of three Aquilaria sinensis provenances could make a series of changes in morphology to adapt to the light environment; Yunnan provenance had the best growth in natural light （100%），while Dabai and Dahuang were more suitable in moderate light intensity（50%）. Related Articles | Metrics

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RAPD analysis on somaclonal variation of cabbage （Brasssica oleracea L.var capitata） LI Gui;TAO Peng;LI Bi-yuan;WANG Wu-hong;YUE Zhi-chen;ZHONG Xin-min;* 2013, 25(4):  0-758.  Abstract ( 383 )   PDF (1146KB) ( 981 )   In this experiment， protoplast regenerated plants and no vaccine hypocotyl regenerated plants of cabbage （Brasssica oleracea L.var capitata） were used as materials， using RAPD molecular markers to analyze the somaclonal variation in cabbage regeneration process. The results were as follows: 14 primers which were screened out of 50 primers， using which 253 repeatable loci were amplified including 73 polymorphic loci. This polymorphic loci showed absence of DNA fragments and newly amplified bands. The percentage of polymorphic bands was 2885%. Each primer produced 5.21 polymorphic bands on average. According to RAPD molecular markers， genetic similarity of 17 varieties of cabbage were computed and cluster analysis diagram was drawn using UPGMA. The results showed that: the average genetic similarity was 0.9304， the genetic variation exists in regenerated plants. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of plant regulators NAA and 6-BA on bulb growth and endogenous hormone content of Lycoris haywardii YU Min;WANG Shao-min;ZHOU Hong;ZHANG Hai-zhen;FU Xiao-lu 2013, 25(4):  0-771.  Abstract ( 394 )   PDF (424KB) ( 1030 )   Lycoris haywardii is a natural hybrids of Lycoris Herb，which is very scarce in nature. It has a low reproductive rate of natural bulb separation and seedling propagation with a long breeding cycle. Effects of plant regulators on the bulb growth and endogenous hormone content of Lycoris haywardii were studied through treated the bulbs with NAA and 6-BA before the leaves emergence， which might provide some theoretical basis and technical support for the development of the Lycoris haywardii industrialization. The experimental data was analyzed by ANOVA and correlation analysis. The results showed that the diameter of bulbs was increased with the treatment of 1 mg·L-1 NAA or 5 mg·L-1 6-BA. Furthermore， NAA was significantly correlated with the increase of the propagation coefficient of bulbs as well. There was significant difference in the endogenous IAA content between the treated group and control group， which showed that IAA was probably one of the key factors of endogenous hormone regulating the bulb growth of Lycoris haywardii. Related Articles | Metrics

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Observation on biological characters of autopolyploid of mint （Mentha haplocalyx Briq.） YU yu;LIANG Cheng-yuan;LIU Yan;LI Wei-lin* 2013, 25(4):  0-763.  Abstract ( 308 )   PDF (567KB) ( 1001 )   The chromosome-doubled plants of mint cultivars 68-7， 73-8 and HU-39 were cultured in vitro for multiplication， rooting and transplanting， and then their biological characters were investigated. The results showed that the multiplication rate， rooting number and transplanting survival rate of the chromosome-doubled plants were lower than that of the control plants cultivar 68-7， while the other two cultivars had approximately similar growth rate comparing with control plants. The chromosome-doubled plantlets of three cultivars had a change of leaf shape， their main stems became thicker， nodes became shorter and chlorophyll content became significantly higher. The number of chloroplasts in guard cell of stomata showed a regular pattern between chromosome-doubled and normal plants of three cultivars， which can be considered as a rapid method to assess polyploids of mint cultivars in early stage. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of genetic relationship of 24 Vitis germplasm resources by ISSR markers LI Lin;WEI Ling-zhu;CHENG Jian-hui;MEI Jun-xia;WU Jiang;* 2013, 25(4):  0-776.  Abstract ( 395 )   PDF (696KB) ( 1050 )   Twenty\|four Vitis germplasm were used as materials for analyzing their genome polymorphism by ISSR markers. Six primers with stable amplification and rich polymorphism selected from 50 primers and used for ISSR amplification. A total of 59 bands were generated， of which 53 bands were polymorphic bands （90.0%）. Based on ISSR amplification and analysis by NTSYSpc2.10e software， the genetic similarity coefficient varied from 0.42 to 0.88 with an average of 0.6495. The clustering dendrogram was constructed by UPGMA method. Twenty-four Vitis materials were divided into two major groups at the similarity of 055. The first group included 10 cultivars of Euro-American hybrids， 7 cultivars of V. vinifera and 1 cultivar of China European hybrid（V. pseudoreticulat ×V. vinifera）. The second group included 3 cultivars of American hybrids， 1 cultivar of Riverside grape， 1 cultivar of V. berlandieri grape and 1 cultivar of East Asia grape. The results showed that American hybrids and Euro-American hybrids had a distant relationship， while Euro-American hybrids and V. vinifera had a closer similarity. In addition， only one specific band was amplified from Huajia No.8 using primer BC820 and Kangzhen No.3 using primer BC847， respectively, which would be helpful to provide reference for identification of grape varieties or lines using ISSR markers. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary report on adaptability selection of 10 blueberry varieties in Zhejiang CHEN Hua-jiang;CHEN Wei-ping;LI Jian-hua;ZHOU Wei-dong;CAO Xue-dan 2013, 25(4):  0-781.  Abstract ( 479 )   PDF (528KB) ( 1280 )   Using 10 introduced varieties of blueberry in Zhuji City Zhejiang Province as experimental materials， such as Bluebeauty No.1， Sharpblue， Misty， ONeal， Diana， Brightwell， Climax， Powderblue， Gardenblue and Baldwin, the plant character， mature period， high yield， fruit character， texture， flavor and content of Vc， sugar， acid and anthocyanins were determined respectively. The results showed that the plant character， mature period， high yield and fruit character of Sharpblue， Misty， Diana and Baldwin were better than other varieties， these four varieties were suitable for fresh-eating. Gardenblue was better not only in plant growth vigor， high yield， but also in content of anthocyanins and other nutrients， and suitable for juice processing. Blue-beauty No.1 matured earlier， with medium fruit type， higher yield and anthocyanin content， which can be used for fresh-eating or processing concurrently. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the leaf bud characters and biochemical components in the spring shoots of wild tea plant from Qianxinan YIN Jie;NIU Su-zhen;SONG Qin-fei;LIU Jin-ping;CHEN Xi 2013, 25(4):  0-786.  Abstract ( 402 )   PDF (497KB) ( 1208 )   In order to provide scientific basis for adaptability of Qianxinan wild tea plant and utilize it rationally, this study was carried out to explicit characters and qualities of spring shoot of Qianxinan wild tea plant. Twenty-two spring shoot of individual tea trees were used as the objects， characters of leaf bud were investigated， biochemical components of one leaf and one bud were also determined. The results showed that the brightness of leaf bud， shoot tenderness-keeping ability and content of pubescence were better. However， different individual tea tree had a great difference in the biochemical components. Contents of tea polyphenol（TP） were ranged from 19.88% to 36.36%， whose mean value was 28.57%. The total contents of free amino acids were from 0.84% to 4.90% and the average value was 2.71%. The caffeine contents were within 1.28%-4.45%. Among 22 kinds of study objects， No.4， No.11， No.13， No.15， No.16 and No.18 were suitable for green tea production， and the appropriate kinds for making black tea was No.5， No.6， No.7 and No.22. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on dynamic changes of organic acid components and their content in fruits of Myrica rubra XIE Xiao-bo;QIU ying-ying;QI Xing-jiang;*;WANG Tao;XIANG Kang-hua;CHENG Wei-li;LIANG Sen-miao;ZHENG Xi-liang;JIN Wei 2013, 25(4):  0-790.  Abstract ( 497 )   PDF (421KB) ( 1095 )   The organic acid components and their content on dynamic in fruits of three Myrica rubra varieties， Dongkui， Heijing and Wenlingdamei were analyzed during developing from 54 days after flowering（DAF） to 82 DAF， in which the fruits were harvested. The results showed that three components of organic acid in red bayberry fruits were identified and sorted as citric acid， quinic acid and malic acid， respectively. Of them， citric acid was the dominant component. Their contents of the three organic acids showed a decrease trend from 54 DAF to 82 DAF. In the ripe fruits of Dongkui， Heijing and Wenlingdamei， namely 82 DAF, the content of citric acid was （7.423±0.530） mg·g-1 FW， （8.987±0.088） mg·g-1 FW and （7.820±0.306） mg·g-1 FW， respectively; the content of malic acid was （0.113±0.002） mg·g-1 FW，（0.062±0.001） mg·g-1 FW and （0.037±0.008） mg·g-1 FW， respectively; the content of quinic acid was （1.122±0.098）mg·g-1 FW， （0.952±0.042） mg·g-1 FW and （0.738±0.056） mg·g-1 FW， respectively. In conclusion， red bayberry is one citric acid dominated fruit. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation on ancient Cinnamomum camphora under different growth environments in Hangzhou West Lake XIAO Kun-lun;QIAN Xiao-ping;DING Shui-long 2013, 25(4):  0-795.  Abstract ( 332 )   PDF (529KB) ( 1061 )   In order to protect the ancient Cinnamomum camphora grown under different environments， the different growth environment were surveyed and the soil under the 34 ancient Cinnamomum camphora were analyzed. The results showed that the soil under the ancient Cinnamomum camphora in different growth environment had remarkable difference. On the whole， the soil under the ancient Cinnamomum camphora had adequate nitrogen and potassium， but a little shortage of phosphorus. Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and molecular identification of strain that produced inulinase in Qinghai HAN Rui 2013, 25(4):  0-818.  Abstract ( 325 )   PDF (807KB) ( 1033 )   The 46 strains that produced inulase were screened from rhizosphere soil where Jerusalem artichoke was planted in Qinghai. One strain with high inulinase productivity was obtained through further screening and the enzyme activity was 6.67 U·mL-1. This inulinase was exo-inulinase. Through determination and analysis of the rDNA-ITS sequence， and analysis of morphology， the fungus was identified as Actinomucor elegans. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of simulated different types of acid rain on physiological characteristics in Carya cathayensis TAO Xin-tong;JIANG Hong;*;GUO Kai 2013, 25(4):  0-803.  Abstract ( 403 )   PDF (1718KB) ( 1062 )   With economic development， the type of acid rain pollution in China changed from the sulfuric acid to sulfuric acid and nitric acid complex， due to the increase of nitrogen content in the acid rain， which may lead to the change of terrestrial plant ecosystem. In this paper， Carya cathayensis was used as the experimental material to study the effect of simulated sulfuric acid rain （SAR）， nitric acid rain （NAR） and the mixed acid rain （MAR） on physiological characteristics in Carya cathayensis. In experimental design， in addition to three types of acid rain， three gradients of pH value as pH 2.5 （severe acid rain stress）， pH 4.0 （moderately acid rain stress）， pH 5.6 （acid rain control treatment） were also designed. The growth parameters， chlorophyll content and photosynthetic reaction parameters of Carya cathayensis under three pH values and three types of acid rain were experimentally determined. The experimental results showed that: under SAR， plant height， basal diameter of Carya cathayensis in pH 5.6 was higher than the other two gradients. In the NAR treatment， the growth performance showed as pH 5.6 <pH 2.5 <pH 4.0. In the MAR treatment， the stress on plant height was significantly higher than SAR and NAR. Under the same pH value， the stress effects on chlorophyll showed as NAR> MAR> SAR， and there are significant differences in chlorophyll content among different types of acid rain but not among different pH values in the same acid rain treatment. Three types of acid rain showed inhibitive effect on photosynthesis characteristics of Carya cathayensis， the net photosynthetic rate under pH 2.5 was less than pH 5.6. The apparent quantum efficiency （AQE）， maximum net photosynthetic rate （Pnmax）， light saturation point （LSP） was lower in MAR treatment than NAR. The results showed that NAR and MAR showed more complex influence on plant physiological characteristics of Carya cathayensis than SAR， the plant height and chlorophyll content in mixed acid rain treatment was greater than sulfuric acid rain. Related Articles | Metrics

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A method for construction of the plant expressional vector without marker gene ZHOU Hong;JIANG Liang-liang;YAN Fei;CHEN Jian-ping;* 2013, 25(4):  0-807.  Abstract ( 464 )   PDF (636KB) ( 1096 )   Usage of the expressional marker\|free vector for plant genetic transformation is a method for obtaining the transgenic plant without selective marker gene. Here， we reported a method for construction of the plant expressional vector based on pCAMBIA1300 backbone by cleavage with the single restriction endonuclease AseⅠ. The constructed vector was used for rice co-transformation， and finally the transgenic rice was obtained without marker gene， which indicated that the potential vector application was to obtain the marker-free plant by co-transformation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Efficacy and economic analysis of formulation and dosage of pymetrozine in controlling rice planthoppers WU Guo-qiang;XIE Guo-xiong;ZHU Xiao-qun;ZHENG Neng-wen;WANG En-guo;SHI De;ZHU Zeng-rong;* 2013, 25(4):  0-813.  Abstract ( 454 )   PDF (967KB) ( 1043 )   Field experiments in three sites in Zhejiang province were carried out for evaluation of efficacy and economic efficiency of formulation and dosage of pymetrozine in controlling rice planthoppers， by economic threshold model-based simple judgment rule of chemical control. Wettable granule （WG） of pymetrozine was as effective as suspension emulsion （SE） with the same rate of 75 g a.i.·hm-2 in controlling the small brown planthopper （SBPH）, Laodelphax striatellus, in rice panicle. Rates of 75 g a.i.·hm-2 and 1125 g a.i.·hm-2 of 50% pymetrozine WG had efficacies of 60%-97% from 1 to 21 days after treatment （DAT） for controlling SBPH and the white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera, in mid-season of rice growth. Same rates of 50% pymetrozine WG obtained the efficacies of 77%-98% for the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, from 4 to 21 DAT. The trends of control efficacies for the three planthoppers species in the two experimental sites were similar and could be well\|fitted by Logistic models against DAT and reached the final maximum value of 98%， suggesting both the rates of the WG formulation of pymetrozine have fast and sustainable controlling effect for at least 21 days. The economic threshold model\|based simple judgment rule of chemical control indicated that 50% pymetrozine WG in a rate of 75 g a.i.·hm-2 is the optimal selection in control of the three species of rice planthoppers in both japonica rice and indica hybrid rice. Related Articles | Metrics

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A fuzzy neural network prediction model for pest forecast JIA Hua-ping 2013, 25(4):  0-822.  Abstract ( 414 )   PDF (448KB) ( 1038 )   Pest forecasting model based on the BP neural network shows an inefficient learning speed together with high dimension， which could decrease the prediction accuracy. To improve the accuracy， a fuzzy neural network prediction model based on the combination of the artificial neural network and fuzzy system was built， and was compared with the BP neural network prediction model. It was showed that the fuzzy neural network could be much more accurate and faster， which suggested the new method for pest forecast should be more effective. Related Articles | Metrics

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Herbicidal activity of soil treatment herbicides in different types of soils YU Xiao-yan;TANG Wei;CHEN Jie;YAO Yan--fei 2013, 25(4):  0-826.  Abstract ( 334 )   PDF (372KB) ( 1068 )   The difference in herbicidal activity of soil treatment herbicides in different types of soils was determined by greenhouse test. The results showed that the herbicidal activity had significant difference in 12 kinds of test soil. The influence trend was different in every parameter of soils. There was negative correlation trend between organic matter content and all test herbicides. The soil texture had appreciable impact on the activity of pretilachlor， bensulfuron-methyl， thiobencarb and diuron. Thiobencarb had low activity in sandy soil， but pretilachlor， bensulfuron-methyl and diuron were opposite. The soil pH and the activity of sulfentrazone had positive correlation trend. The CEC（cation exchange capacity）of soil had negative correlation trend for flumioxazin and diuron. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation and analysis of infection caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. Actinidiae and its affecting factors in Zhejiang province ZHANG Hui-qin;LI He-meng;FENG Jian-jun;XIAO Jin-ping;SONG Gen-hua;XIE Ming;* 2013, 25(4):  0-835.  Abstract ( 428 )   PDF (504KB) ( 1218 )   The factors which lead to kiwifruit bacterial canker were investigated in 30 orchards of 10 villages in 5 major kiwifruit producing regions( Jiangshan， Shangyu， Taishun， Ninghai， Tongxiang） in Zhejiang province.The main results were as follows: Through the analysis of the features of Pseudomonas syringae pv. Actinidiae（Psa）， there was a close relation between the variety and the degree of the disease. Among the 5 varieties （Hongyang， Bruno， Xuxiang， White and Jinfeng）， Hongyang was most susceptible to Psa， which was infected 100% pathogenicity in some orchards in the second year after field planting. In addition， as age increases and tree vigor decreases， the percent of the disease showed a rising trend. The trees with large capacity among the same age orchards had lower tree vigor and higher disease incidence rate. The disease incidence rate and disease index， in which there were significant differences between sunny slope and shady slope at the same altitude， increased with altitude increasing to a certain degree. And different regions had different disease degrees. The site condition, management and irrigation affected the degree of the disease obviously except the meteorological factors of the fields. Related Articles | Metrics

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Assessment of the ecological environment suitability for the two banks of Yunzaobang River in Shanghai using GIS and analytic hierarchy process WANG Xyu;WU Yan-qing*;QIN Rong-gao 2013, 25(4):  0-844.  Abstract ( 339 )   PDF (2894KB) ( 1053 )   Based on the ecological environment analysis according to the environmental investigation of the Yunzaobang River in Shanghai， we assessed the ecological suitability of land use in the area by combination of GIS and analytic hierarchy process. The results showed that the suitable， relatively suitable， unsuitable and relatively unsuitable areas were 27.1%， 15.1%， 32.0% and 25.8%， respectively. Furthermore， the effect of bank utilization rates on the ecological suitability was further discussed. The quality of the river water would be significantly improved if the natural degradation ability of the microbes in the substrate sludge and the two banks can be fully utilized. In order to reduce the influence of human activities on the ecosystem of the river bank， the stone\|laying of some river bank can be substituted by ecological brick material. Finally， the planning of “three river combination” for Yunzaobang River， Huangpu River and Yangtse River was proposed， which gives scientific support to the environmental treatment of Yunzaobang in Shanghai. Moreover， the assessment techniques can be used for the other similar area. Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of 2，4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in citrus fruit by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with dispersive solid phase extraction XIA Zhong-xing;JIA Yan-bo;*;LIN Wei-jie;YING Tie-jin 2013, 25(4):  0-831.  Abstract ( 602 )   PDF (529KB) ( 1065 )   A high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric（HPLC-MS/MS） method was developed for 2，4-D residues in citrus. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile， salted out in acid condition， and then cleaned up by dispersive solid-phase extraction with dispersant sorbent of primary secondary amine（PSA）. The separation of 2，4-D was performed on a XDB-C18（4.6 mm×50 mm， 1.8 μm）column using a mixture of ammonium acetate methanol and water solution as mobile phase. The qualitative and quantitative analysis for the analyte were carried out under the selective reaction monitoring（SRM）mode with negative electrospray ionization. Under the optimal conditions， the calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.05-1.60 ng·mL-1 for 2，4-D，the limit of detection was 0.002 mg·kg-1，and the limit of quantification was 0.008 mg·kg-1. The average spiked recoveries at 0.10 mg·kg-1， 0.20 mg·kg-1 and 0.40 mg·kg-1 addition concentration were between 76.5% and 95.3% with relative standard deviations（RSDs）less than 10%. The proposed method is accurate， sensitive and high-efficient， and applicable for the determination of 2，4-D in citrus. Related Articles | Metrics

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Studies on ecological suitability evaluation of Carya cathayensis planting areas based on GIS in Hangzhou city HUANG Wei-jiao;HUANG Yan-he;JIN Zhi-feng 2013, 25(4):  0-851.  Abstract ( 355 )   PDF (1376KB) ( 1090 )   Based on the principal of hierarchy analysis and fuzzy mathematics and the technique of GIS， the comprehensive evaluation on ecology suitability of Carya cathayensis were studied according to the actual circumstances of the whole Carya cathayensis planting regions in Hangzhou. The evaluation index system of ecology suitability of Carya cathayensis in Hangzhou was established by choosing 9 evaluation indexes from 3 aspects of climate， soil and landform with Delphi method. Furthermore， the membership function was set up according to the effects of each ecology factors on the growth and quality of Carya cathayensis suitability. And the AHP was used to determine the weight of indexes by using quantitative analysis. Then the ecology suitability map of Carya cathayensis in Hangzhou was drawn with GIS software. The results showed that the highly suitable， the suitable and the unsuitable areas accounts for 30.54%，46.52%and 22.94% of the evaluated areas，respectively. There was a general consistency between the results yielded by the method and the actual distribution of Carya cathayensis plantations. Compared with traditional evaluation methods，the spatial fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method had the advantages of short term， more detailed and suitable for small areas. Related Articles | Metrics

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Problems in operation and corresponding countermeasures of phytoremediation of soils contaminated by heavy metals GUO Bin;LI Wei-dong;DING Neng-fei;FU Qing-lin;LIU Chen;LI Ning-yu 2013, 25(4):  0-857.  Abstract ( 278 )   PDF (788KB) ( 1072 )   Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils has been considered as a green and eco-friendly remediation technique. However， this technique needs significant improvements to become practically feasible. In this paper， three adverse factors of phytoremediation， pollution risk， low efficiency and high cost of remediation， were systematically discussed. Furthermore， corresponding countermeasures of improving phytoremediation efficiency aimed at the above three disadvantages were proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design of monitoring system for farmland environment based on WIA-PA LIU Gang;GUO Ke 2013, 25(4):  0-861.  Abstract ( 299 )   PDF (814KB) ( 1014 )   For farmland environmental conditions， monitoring is difficult， a farmland information monitoring system based on WIA-PA was designed. The system used sensor nodes to collect the farmland environmental parameters and send them to remote server by WIA-PA. The remote server analyzed and stored the parameters， and informed the manager of the data exceed an established threshold in time. The manager can send the control command to the sensor nodes to adjust the relevant parameters， and thus realize the remote measurement and control. The tests indicated that the system runs well with small consumption and good application value. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on microwave-assisted extraction of garlic polysaccharide and its antioxidant activity SHAO Jin-hua;LI Tao;YANG Jia 2013, 25(4):  0-872.  Abstract ( 489 )   PDF (496KB) ( 1175 )   The microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from garlic was studied in this paper. Moreover， we also investigated the antioxidant feature of the extracted garlic polysaccharide. The optimum extraction conditions were that 300 W of microwave power， 8 min of extraction time and the rate between material and solvent was 1∶7（g·mL-1）. Although the garlic polysaccharide showed certain scavenging effect on the DPPH and hydroxyl radical， but it was not as good as vitamin C. However， the garlic polysaccharide was more effective than vitamin C in protecting the camellia seed oil from being oxidized. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of vertex weighted causal loop diagram analysis approach in biogas engineering system SUN Wei;SHAO Guo-qing;LIU Mao-jun;WU Yyu-zi;ZHANG Xyu;HUA Li-zhong;* 2013, 25(4):  0-867.  Abstract ( 301 )   PDF (654KB) ( 1084 )   The benefit using biogas engineering system in a pig farm in Jiangsu Province was analyzed with vertex weighted causal loop diagram analysis approach after and a simulation model was established to solve the problem of pollution. According to the vertex weighted causal loop diagram analysis related to annual pig feces and biogas benefit of a pig farm in Jiangsu Province in 2011， the weightings related to the diagram were calculated. Using the results of weightings， the agricultural acreage and the liquefied gas consumption， the simulation model was established. The results showed that there were three positive feedback loops including the biogas benefit， fertilized area and benefit of biogas residues， and two negative feedback loops which were biogas waste and biogas manure waste in the system in 2011. The adjustment schemes of two simulation models were established to solve the problem of pollution: one was to build gas pipeline with 168 households if the amount of livestock （1 728） was not changed， the other one was to build gas pipeline with 361 households if the amount of livestock increased to 3 721. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design of citrus peel layered machine and the utilization of peel as a whole ZENG Dong-hui;ZHANG Jun;*;LU Sheng-min 2013, 25(4):  0-878.  Abstract ( 332 )   PDF (1058KB) ( 1071 )   Citrus peel can be divided into the white layer and the pigmented layer where contains different active ingredients respectively. To separate the white layer from the pigmented one can effectively improve the utilization of citrus peel. A citrus peel layered machine was designed in this paper. Peel of sweet orange was used as experimental material and the influence factors such as transfer rate of the citrus peel， depth of saw-tooth， rotation speed of the band-saw， and area of the citrus peel on the layered rate and homogeneity of the machine were investigated. The optimized manipulating processes of the machine were 40-60 tablets of peel per minute in transfer rate， 5 mm depth of saw-tooth， 1400 r·min-1 in the rotation speed of the band-saw and less than 5 cm2 in citrus peel area. Under the optimized condition， the layered homogeneity was 98%. Compared with the pectin and the carotenoids extracted from the whole citrus peel， the brightness in L* value of the pectin from the white layer increased by 53% and concentration of the carotenoids from the pigmented layer increased by 3.2 times with the same volume of solvent as that used in whole peel when 2 mm of pigmented layer was cut off using the peel layered machine. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on force-position regulation of tractor electro-hydraulic hitch system YU Huang;LU Zhi-xiong;SONG Yan-dong 2013, 25(4):  0-883.  Abstract ( 300 )   PDF (805KB) ( 1060 )   An electro-hydraulic hitch system was designed， with rational space layout and simple structure， and some aspects of the system in terms of constitution， working principles were presented and force-position regulation control strategies were proposed. The system can achieve hitch force and position control by ECU considering farming situation， while a force-position regulatory feedback was achieved based on fuzzy control. The bench test showed that the fuzzy controller could satisfy the requirement of force-position regulation. Related Articles | Metrics

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An economic explanation of loan difficulty in farmer profession cooperative based on information asymmetry ZHAO Kai 2013, 25(4):  0-902.  Abstract ( 348 )   PDF (679KB) ( 1023 )   The difficulty in farmer profession cooperative （FPC） loan is an imperative issue to be solved during rapid development of FPC at present. The loan gap of FPC was explained by information asymmetry and credit rationing theory in economics. The results showed that the credit rationing was a rational choice of financial institutions in granting a loan to FPC， which forms the loan gap of FPC at last， due to the moral hazard and adverse selection caused by information asymmetry between financial institutions and FPC， and the FPC′s imperfect in China in FPC loan market. Related Articles | Metrics

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Agricultural productivity analysis of each city in Zhejiang Province based on grey correlation YU Yi-nei;LYU Hui-jin* 2013, 25(4):  0-889.  Abstract ( 327 )   PDF (599KB) ( 1043 )   The paper used grey relation analysis method to evaluate the agricultural production levels of each city in Zhejiang Province and introduced the grey correlation analysis method in the analysis process of evaluating the agricultural production level in detail. The results showed that the correlation degrees between the reference sequence and agricultural productivity of each city in Zhejiang Province was that: Ningbo> Hangzhou>Taizhou>Shaoxing>Jiaxing>Jinhua>Wenzhou>Zhoushan>Huzhou>Quzhou>Lishui， which suggested that the agricultural productivity of northeast Zhejiang was higher than that of southwest Zhejiang. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative analysis on demand intention of agricultural socialized service system and actual satisfaction under the perspective of farmers LU Ke-rong;GUO Hai-xia 2013, 25(4):  0-896.  Abstract ( 337 )   PDF (830KB) ( 1036 )   Through the questionnaire survey on 198 farmers from Zhejiang Province and collected statistic data， this paper systematically analyzed farmer real demand intent and satisfaction on current socialized service system for agriculture （SSFA） involved in the agricultural production and operation process. The study showed agricultural socialized service system need most urgently in every section included irrigation facilities construction， farmland improvement， pest prevention， usage of fertilizer and pesticide， credit funds and insurance. However， the existing system could not effectively meet farmers needs which restricted the improvement of farmers income and development of modern agriculture in a large extent. In the end， it was proposed that the improvement of new SSFA should be focus on their agricultural producer services， so that the modern agricultural development can be better achieved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances of research on control of barley leaf stripe disease WU Kuan-ran;YANG Jian-ming;ZHU Jing-huan;*;JING Ting; 2013, 25(4):  0-907.  Abstract ( 499 )   PDF (594KB) ( 1085 )   In this paper， the infection cycle， biological characteristics and pathogenic differentiation of Drechslera graminea and the chemical control， identification， molecular mapping of resistance genes of barley stripe were reviewed. It was discussed how to set up a system of barley breeding for resistance to the disease in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Major acute phase protein and its application progress in animal nutrition and health YU Mei-fang;QI Ke-ke;HU Xiang-dong;* 2013, 25(4):  0-913.  Abstract ( 293 )   PDF (647KB) ( 1030 )   Major acute phase protein （MAP） is one of the acute phase reactive proteins synthetized in liver， is a new plasma glycoprotein of 120 kDa belonging to inter-α-trypsin inhibitor （ITI） family. With close relation to animal nutrition and health， MAP can provide valuable diagnostic information about animal diseases and severity. Since muscular catabolism is associated to acute phase process， the determination of serum MAP concentration could be an effective parameter in meat inspection and animal welfare. The paper summarized the MAP classification， structural feature and synthetic process， also put emphasis on its application value in animal production field. Related Articles | Metrics

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A review on advances of gene cloning in plants HONG Lin;CHENG Chang-feng;WEI Wen-hui;CHEN Xia;*;TAN Ping;* 2013, 25(4):  0-920.  Abstract ( 383 )   PDF (773KB) ( 1149 )   Gene cloning is a prerequisite for its functional identification. Along with the release of genomic sequences of many plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana， Populus trichocarpa， Oryza sativa， it is an inevitable trend of molecular biology with the transition from genome to postgenomics， also it will provide powerful support of genomic data for the cloning of major gene related to some important agricultural characteristics. At present， there are some traditional and derived techniques of gene cloning. In this paper， five methods， such as positional cloning，homologous sequence， transposon tagging， expressed sequence tagging， differentially expressed gene cloning were briefly reviewed in order to provide a useful reference for researchers working in this area. Related Articles | Metrics