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Relativity analysis between seedling percentage in field and different seed vigor testing methods of hybrid rice seeds CAO Dong\|dong1，2， RUAN Xiao\|li2， ZHAN Yan2， SHI Ying\|qi2 2014, 26(5):  1145.  Abstract ( 412 )   PDF (639KB) ( 1129 )   In the present study， three hybrid rice cultivars with different vigor levels were used to evaluate three seed vigor testing methods， including standard germination test， low temperature germination test and high temperature pre\|germination test. The results of three methods were correlated with the results of seedling percentage in field. The results showed that germination indexes of standard germination test， germination percentage on the 10th day of low temperature germination test and germination percentage of high temperature pre\|germination test were all significantly positively correlated with seedling percentage in field. Besides， correlation coefficient between germination rate of high temperature pre\|germination test and seedling percentage in field were the highest. The results suggested that high temperature pre\|germination test was an appropriate seed vigor method for determination of rice seed vigor. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the spike development of a spikelet\|rudimentary rice mutant spd\|hp73 REN San\|juan，TONG Jie\|peng，WANG Yan，SHEN Sheng\|quan* 2014, 26(5):  1151.  Abstract ( 434 )   PDF (2127KB) ( 1119 )   In order to clarify the regulating mechanism of rice spikelet development， a spikelet\|rudimentary rice mutant （spd\|hp73） was obtained from the offspring of hp73 mutated by60Co γ radiation. Genetic analysis and gene mapping indicated that the phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene， named as spd\|hp73， and the spd\|hp73 locus was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 4 between SSR marker RM471 and RM273. In the present study， we observed the spike development dynamic of both wild type （WT） and mutant by stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. The results showed that: there was no significant difference in the morphology of spikelet between mutant and hp73 in the early stage. But the morphology of inflorescence changed during the pistil and stamen formation. In this stage， the spikelet number of mutant was significantly reduced， and almost all the spikelets on primary branch and secondary branch were degradated. This result indicated that the main function of spd\|hp73 gene was possibly to control spikelet number during the spikelet （or floret） primordium differentiation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Fingerprint construction and analysis of genetic diversity with SSR markers for 46 japonica rice varieties in Zhejiang Province LI Xiao\|hua1，2， YE Sheng\|hai2， ZHAO Xiao\|yan2，3， YAO Jian4， LIU Ji\|yun2， CHEN Lei2， ZHAI Rong\|rong2， JIN Qing\|sheng2， ZHANG Xiao\|ming2，* 2014, 26(5):  1158.  Abstract ( 398 )   PDF (704KB) ( 1114 )   In order to provide references for rice breeding in Zhejiang Province， 12 pairs of rice SSR primers recommended by Ministry of Agriculture （NY/T 1433—2007） were adopted in the present research to construct DNA fingerprints for 46 japonica rice varieties bred in Zhejiang Province since 2008， as well as to analyze their genetic relationship. It was shown that 84 alleles were detected by 12 pairs of SSR markers， and the average frequency of polymorphism （FP） was 0192. The similarity coefficient of 46 cultivars was between 0735-1000 with an average of 0879， which indicated a close affinity among the tested cultivars and a narrow breeding background in Zhejiang Province. Related Articles | Metrics

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Response of sweet potato leaves to light intensity and CO2 concentration under increased N\|fertilizer level CHEN Gong\|kai， LI Hong*， SUN Juan， JIN Wei\|wei， KANG Hua\|jing 2014, 26(5):  1164.  Abstract ( 466 )   PDF (644KB) ( 1200 )   Due to the relatively high and stable yield， and high tolerance to drought， sweet potato is suitable to be cultivated in the newly reclaimed mountain land. In order to determine the suitable application amount of N\|fertilizer， three sweet potato cultivars and two N\|fertilizer application levels were used to study the influence on photosynthetic characteristics of sweet potato leaves. The results showed that the difference of specific leaf weight was not significant between two N\|fertilizer levels. The contents of chlorophyll b， chlorophyll （a+b） and leaf nitrogen were dramatically increased under high N level. The related parameters of light response curve， such as the initial quantum efficiency （α）， maximum photosynthetic rate （Pnmax）， saturation light intensity （PARsat）， light compensation point （Ic） and dark respiration rate （Rn） showed no significant differences （P＞005） in general. And， the relevant parameter curve in response to CO2， namely， the maximum rate of carboxylation （Amax） and CO2 compensation point （Γ）， also showed no significant changes （P＞005）. But， the initial carboxylation efficiency and saturation intercellular CO2 concentration varied significantly （P<005）. In general， photosynthetic characteristics of sweet potato leaves were not significantly influenced by N application level. Thus， N\|fertilizer amount was suggested to be appropriately reduced for sweet potato production. Related Articles | Metrics

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Differences of root physiological characteristics within hybrid rice varieties GUO Lian\|an， HU Yun\|gao*， YANG Guo\|tao， WANG Lei 2014, 26(5):  1171.  Abstract ( 353 )   PDF (560KB) ( 1120 )   The differences of root physiological characteristics within hybrid rice varieties were studied in the field experiment. It was shown that the change trend of root physiological indexes within rice variety was consistent， but the contents of most root physiological indexes varied significantly except the root activity during heading stage. Root activity， bleeding intensity， contents of amino acid and soluble sugar in rice cv. Gangyou725 were higher than those in other rice varieties in most of the growth period. The contents of protein and soluble sugar were higher in rice cv. Ⅱyou725 at the heading stage. All physiological indexes were the lowest in the control variety. Correlation analysis indicated that there was a positive correlation among all root physiological indexes and yield for most of the growth period， which indicated the feasibility of increasing rice yield by improving root physiological properties. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of bacteria floras in intestines of healthy and diseased Chinese soft\|shelled turtles （Pelodiscus sinensis） and in aquatic water ZHU Ning\|yu， BEI Yi\|jiang， ZHENG Tian\|lun， KONG Lei， CHEN Jian\|shun 2014, 26(5):  1176.  Abstract ( 364 )   PDF (815KB) ( 1184 )   In order to clarify the effects of aquatic environment on Chinese soft\|shelled turtles （Pelodiscus sinensis）， the bacterial floras in intestines of healthy and diseased turtles and in the aquatic water were investigated. The results showed that the total bacterial numbers in intestines of healthy and diseased turtles were 32×104～713×105 cfu·g-1 and 121×105～49×107 cfu·g-1， respectively. The species of intestinal bacterial flora of diseased turtles were more complicated than the healthy ones. Enterococcus and Citrobacter were the dominant bacterial species in healthy turtles， while Citrobacte， Aeromonas and Bacillus dominated in the diseased ones. All the bacterial species isolated from aquatic water could be found in the diseased turtles， which indicated the important influence of the aquatic environment on the growth of organisms. Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and evolution of gp85 gene of ALV\|J isolated from Chinese indigenous chicken breed “Luhua” QIN Zhuo\|ming1，3， XU Huai\|ying1，MA Xiu\|li1，*， HUANG Bing1， LI Yu\|feng1， LI Fu\|wei1， YU Ke\|xiang1， CUI Zhi\|zhong2，* 2014, 26(5):  1180.  Abstract ( 358 )   PDF (1537KB) ( 1047 )   Avian leukosis virus （ALV） was isolated from the tumors of Chinese native breed “Luhua” chicken， and was confirmed by RT\|PCR and DNA sequencing. Then， a virus strain， named SDJN2012， was confirmed by detection of P27 antigen from the virus supernatant via inoculation of DF1 cells （C/E）. The gene of envelope protein gp85 were cloned and sequenced by designing specific primers of gp85 motif from ALV reference strains in GenBank， and the nucleotide and amino acid homologies were compared. The results showed that the SDJN2012 had the highest nucleotide （amino acid） homology 934% （926%） with SD0001 strain， the first viruses of the subtype J strains discovered in Shandong. Besides， SDJN2012 shared 886%～933% （882%～906%） nucleotide （amino acid） homologies with different subtypes of J strains， and 197%～322% （102%～322%） homologies of A， C， D， E subtypes of ALV homolog， which further confirmed that the isolated virus was J subtype ALV. The positive rate of P27 antigen was 376%. The antibodies of ALV J subtype were negative before onset， and were only 935% positive after onset. While， the positive rate of A/B subtype from climbed to 754% after onset from 98%， which indicated the complexity of ALV clinical etiology， serology and molecular epidemiology. Related Articles | Metrics

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Synchronous determination of various aflatoxins in coarse fodder by HPLC ZHENG Hui\|chao1， ZHOU Yu2， HUANG Xin1， JI Xiao\|feng2， WU Jian\|liang1， JIANG Yong\|qing1，* 2014, 26(5):  1186.  Abstract ( 334 )   PDF (530KB) ( 1086 )   The present study was conducted to establish a determination method for various aflatoxins in coarse fodder by HPLC. Aflatoxins were synchronously extracted from samples， cleaned up with immunoaffinity column， separated by elution in C18 column and analyzed by fluorescence detector after the photochemical derivation. Four kinds of aflatoxins were separated within 35 min. The recovery rate of added aflatoxin AFB1， AFB2， AFG1 and total aflatoxins from rice straw， Chinese wildrye and bamboo shell silage were all above 800%. But， the recovery rate of AFG2 was relatively low. The relative standard deviations (RSD) for aflatoxins in parallel samples were less than 100%. The limit of detection (LOD) for aflatoxin AFB1， AFB2， AFG1， AFG2 and total aflatoxins were 04，02，04， 02 and 12 μg·kg-1， respectively. Thus， the established determination method could realize simultaneous extraction， clean up， separation， and detection of aflatoxins in coarse fodder. The method is accurate， simple， high sensitive and well repeatable， which is suitable for the rapid determination of aflatoxin in coarse fodder. Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation of LPL gene polymorphism with meat quality in black Muscovy duck QIAN Jian\|zhong1， DUAN Xiu\|jun1，2， SUN Guo\|bo1，2， DONG Biao1，2， WANG Li\|hua1 2014, 26(5):  1191.  Abstract ( 404 )   PDF (829KB) ( 1080 )   The polymorphism of Lipopretein lipase （LPL） gene was detected in black Muscovy duck by PCR\|SSCP， and the correlation between LPL gene polymorphism， routine meat quality， and muscle nutrients were analyzed. It was shown that the mutation of A\|G was discovered at the 4th site in intron 3. The homozygosity was 05054 in the whole population. The polymorphic information content was 03723. The mutations formed EE， EF and FF genotypes. The water loss rate of EF female duck was significantly （P<005） higher than that of FF female duck. The Mg content in leg muscle of the EF male duck was significantly （P<005） higher than that in the FF male duck. The Ala content in chest muscle of the EE male duck was significantly （P<005） higher than those of the EF and FF male duck. The Asp and His content in chest muscles of the FF female duck were significantly （P<005） higher than that of EF female duck. The contents of Ser and Pro in leg muscles of the FF male duck were significantly （P<005） higher than those of EE male duck. The Lys content in leg muscles of the EE female duck was significantly （P<005） higher than that of EF female duck，and the Cys and Val contents of EF female duck were significantly （P<005） higher than those of FF female duck. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of fruit development and quality accumulation in ‘Zaozhong 6’ loquat in greenhouse CHEN Qing\|ying1， CHEN Jun\|wei2，*， XU Hong\|xia2， LI Xiao\|ying2，LU Fang\|liang1， CHEN Sai\|hong1 2014, 26(5):  1197.  Abstract ( 344 )   PDF (573KB) ( 1111 )   The dynamics of fresh weight， color parameter， contents of sugar and organic acid were examined in developing field and greenhouse fruits of ‘Zaozhong 6’ loquat （Eriobotrya japonica（Thunb.）Lindl.）. The results showed the temperature in greenhouse was higher than that in open field in early spring. The greenhouse fruits showed earlier developing and coloring than those of open field fruits， the mature period was 40-50 d earlier than that in the open field， and average fruit weight in greenhouse was about 61 g， increased by 69% than that in open field. Change trends of glucose， fructose， sucrose and sorbitol content of loquat fruit in open field and greenhouse were similar. The glucose， fructose， sucrose content increased with the fruit development， while sorbitol showed a downward trend. The sugar content in greenhouse mature loquat were much higher than that in the open field， the total sugar content was 40% higher than that in open field. In greenhouse， the content of quinic acid in fruit sharply declined to a low content with loquat fruit development initiation， then slowly decreased to the mature stage; while the field fruit was firstly increased to a peak and then decreased slowly with the fruit growth. The change trend of malic acid was different from quinic acid， malic acid in greenhouse loquat had a 5 times rise at first and then decreased with the development of fruit. While malic acid in open field fruit had a slow rise trend at the early stages， and then decreased gradually with the development of fruit. The total organic acid content in mature greenhouse loquat was about 034%， which was only half of that in open field fruit. The above results indicated the greenhouse cultivation increased the temperature of early spring， which was favorable to fruit development and sugar accumulation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular identification of wild Pleurotus abalonus from Kunming by rDNA ITS sequences LI Cui\|xin， ZHANG Wan\|jie， WANG Bing， HE De* 2014, 26(5):  1202.  Abstract ( 340 )   PDF (858KB) ( 1069 )   Pleurotus abalonus has a high nutritional value， with a very special and delicious taste. But its output is very low. There are some limitations and subjectivities to its classification and determination in terms of traditional morphological features， so that the collected wild P. abalonus should be further identified for its reality. In the study， the rDNA ITS sequences of the fruiting bodies and their isolates of wild P. abalonus were amplified via PCR using ITS1 and ITS4 as primer pairs. And their sequences were sequenced by clone sequencing. Molecular identification was carried out by GenBank search and ITS phylogenetic tree analysis. Combined with analysis of morphological features， the results showed that the collected wild mushroom was P. abalones. The work indicated important value of ITS sequence in identification of the different strains of mushroom. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on rapid propagation of mutant Photinia fraseri in vitro SHEN Lan，ZHANG Jian\|hong，NI Jian\|gang，ZHU Hong\|fen, LIU Jian，ZHAO Tian\|rong，ZHANG Guo\|fang 2014, 26(5):  1207.  Abstract ( 339 )   PDF (898KB) ( 1087 )   Taking the mutant shoots of Photinia fraseri as explants， studies were carried out to understand the effects of different concentration combinations of 6\|BA， NAA， IBA on the mutant proliferation， rooting and stability of Photinia fraseri. The results showed that: the optimal proliferation medium was MS+05 mg·L-1 NAA+15 mg·L-1 6\|BA， and the stability rate of mutant characters reached 100%. The most suitable medium for rooting was 1/2MS+05 mg·L-1 NAA， and the rooting rate reached 68% in 30 d， the transplanting survival rate was more than 90%. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of genetic relationship of 30 Jerusalem artichoke germplasm resources by SRAP markers MA Sheng\|chao，HAN Rui，REN Peng\|hong，YANG Shi\|peng，LI Li* 2014, 26(5):  1212.  Abstract ( 380 )   PDF (901KB) ( 1043 )   Genetic diversity was analyzed in 30 accessions of Jerusalem artichoke using SRAP markers. 22 primer combinations were used for SRAP\|PCR amplification of Jerusalem artichoke. 160 DNA fragments were amplified from 30 samples and 114 fragments were polymorphic （percentage of polymorphic bands was 71%）， indicating that there were wide differences at DNA level among Jerusalem artichoke resource. The genetic distance indexes of 30 cultivars based on the SRAP data varied from 004 to 042. It suggested that the genetic diversity among resources of Jerusalem artichoke was high. Cluster analysis with UPGMA method showed that the 30 resources tested in this study could be divided into two groups. The second group could be divided into six sub groups. The clustering results were slightly different with traditional morphological classification. The above two methods could be combined to provide a theoretical basis for the study on the Jerusalem artichoke resource relationship. Related Articles | Metrics

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Floral syndrome and breeding characters of Iris speculatrix WANG Guan\|qun， LI Dan\|qing， ZHANG Jia\|ping， XIA Yi\|ping* 2014, 26(5):  1218.  Abstract ( 457 )   PDF (1129KB) ( 1116 )   Through the specific field observation of Iris speculatrix， its outcrossing index， pollen vitality and stigma receptivity， the ratio of pollen and ovule， artificial pollination and bagging were investigated to understand the flower feature， blossom dynamic and breeding system. Results showed that under the natural climate of Hangzhou， the flowering stage of populations was about 35 d from May to June， and the majority of plants kept blooming in 8th May to 20th May. The flowering stage for individual plant was 3-6 days. The life span of a single flower was about 3 d. The flowers， setting on the same inflorescence， were monoecism. Male and female flowers mature at the same time， and the distance between anther and stigma was about 3 mm. The out cross index（OCI）was 4， and pollen\|ovule ratio（P/O）was 552. Taking the results of the emasculated， bagged and artificial pollination experiment together， it indicated that Iris speculatrix flower is a mixed\|crossing system with out\|crossing affinity as the main breeding form and concomitance out\|crossing. Artificial pollination on fruit set rate was higher than the natural pollination. It was confirmed that under natural conditions， the reproductive system of Iris speculatrix was affected by floral organ structure and environmental factors. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of combination of 6\|BA and GA3 on preservation of cut roseflowers HU Ji\|yan， ZHANG Xing\|xing， ZHANG Min， XU Wei\|wei， LI Jin\|zhi* 2014, 26(5):  1223.  Abstract ( 369 )   PDF (438KB) ( 1105 )   The effect of preservative containing 6\|BA and GA3 on biochemical and physiology of cut rose flowers during senescence was studied. The results showed that combined treatment of these two kinds of growth regulator can prolong the vase life of cut flowers， increase the activity of POD， slow down the rate of protein degradation， reduce the content of proline and water loss， increase the fresh weight of roses， and delay the reduce of soluble sugar content. But, it had no significant effect in maintaining the relative stability of membrane structure. Related Articles | Metrics

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Grape fruit firmness and the main influencing factors PENG Yong\|bin， LI Yu， XU Peng\|cheng， WANG Chen*， SHANGGUAN Ling\|fei 2014, 26(5):  1227.  Abstract ( 758 )   PDF (1478KB) ( 1596 )   The firmness of table grapes is one of the main factors that determine the eating quality of grapes， which is subjected to the increasing attention of the fruit producers and breeders. Many studies have been carried out on berry firmness. For a better understanding of the grape firmness， this paper summarized the fruit firmness variation and influencing factors to promote the further study of grape fruit firmness. Firstly， the fruit firmness and measuring method were introduced. Secondly， we expounded the changes of fruit firmness in different growth periods. Various influencing factors were summarized in the end. Internal factors included fruit cell structure and special ions， and exogenous hormones and external conditions belonged to external factors. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of salt stress on photosynthetic characteristic and antioxidant enzyme system of Cinnamomum camphora seedlings in autumn HAN Hao\|zhang， WANG Xiao\|li， ZHANG Ying， LIU Yu， ZHANG Li\|hua， ZHANG Nan 2014, 26(5):  1235.  Abstract ( 366 )   PDF (523KB) ( 1174 )   Taking the biennial Cinnamomum camphora seedlings as experimental materials， treated with 0， 50，100 and 200 mmol·L-1 NaCl or Na2SO4， soluble sugar content，antioxidant enzyme system and photosynthesis in the seedlings of Cinnamomum camphora during autumn were studied. The results showed that photosynthetic pigments content， SOD activity， POD activity and the value of chlorophyll a/b increased firstly， then decreased. Photosynthetic rate， stomatal conductance， transpiration rate， CO2 intercellular concentration reduced， while soluble sugar content， MDA content and plant tissue conductivity increased with the increased concentration of NaCl. With the increased concentration of Na2SO4， photosynthetic pigments content， SOD activity， POD activity and the value of chlorophyll a/b firstly increased and then decreased. The photosynthetic rate， stomatal conductance and transpiration rate showed a downward trend， and CO2 intercellular concentration， soluble sugar content， MDA content and plant tissue conductivity increased. Cinnamomum camphora seedlings had a certain degree of tolerance under low concentration of salt stress， and the effect of NaCl stress on Cinnamomum camphora seedlings was higher than that of Na2SO4. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the growth and distribution of 1\|deoxynojirimycin in mulberry leaf LI You\|gui， LIN Tian\|bao， ZHONG Shi， LYU Zhi\|qiang， JI Dong\|feng* 2014, 26(5):  1240.  Abstract ( 461 )   PDF (790KB) ( 1168 )   Using the Zhejiang Province leading varieties of Nongsang 14， Qiangsang 1 and Heyebai as the subjects， this experiment was conducted to investigate the difference of 1\|deoxynojirimycin（DNJ） concentration in different mulberry leaves at different time， and the effect of light on DNJ concentration in mulberry tree. The results showed that the DNJ content in these three varieties of mulberry leaf was significantly different in different periods， and within the same variety， leaf DNJ content also had significant difference. In spring， DNJ content in these three varieties was as high as 0432%， 0467% and 0649%， respectively. The highest average concentration of DNJ in the first 10 pieces of mature leaves was on May 1st， thereafter with leaf aging, it gradually decreased to below 02%. After cutting in summer， the average concentration of DNJ in the first 10 pieces of mature leaves in these three varieties was the highest on July 1st. Followed with the leaf senescence， the content of DNJ was decreased gradually. But with temperature and light intensity increased， the content of DNJ increased again， and reached to the peak on September 1st for Nongsang 14， September 16th for Qiangsang 1 and August 16th for Heyebai. Thereafter， with leaf aging， the DNJ concentration gradually decreased to below 01%. The effect of light intensity on the DNJ content of NongSang 14 plantlets was studied， and the result showed that with 5 h and 16 h light per day， not only the mulberry growth morphology was significantly affected， but the DNJ content was also evidently increased from （0389±0029）% to（0689±0024）% in leaf and enhanced from（0449±0026）% to（0859±0037）% in trunk. These results indicated that the concentration of the DNJ was the highest in mulberry bud， and with the leaf senescence， its concentration reduced gradually. But the DNJ content in mulberry leaf could significantly increase under longer light condition. These results provided a consult for selecting the cultivation areas and harvest period of medicinal used mulberry trees. Related Articles | Metrics

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Structure analysis and homology modeling of extensin protein from Betula phatyphylla HAO Ai\|ping 2014, 26(5):  1246.  Abstract ( 330 )   PDF (1605KB) ( 1102 )   By using bioinformatics methods and tools， the physical and chemical properties， transmembrane， hydrophobicity and hyrdrophilicity， secondary structure and tertiary structure of extensin protein of Betula phatyphylla were analyzed and then compared with other species in this paper. The result showed that the molecular formula is C680H1099N195O195S11. Extensin protein is hydrophilic and not transmembrane protein， whose main component is α\|helix and random coil and similar to Populus nigra. Related Articles | Metrics

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Allelopathy of aqueous extracts of six garden tree species on crops ZHU Qiang，ZOU Meng\|hui，AN Li，TIAN Zeng\|yuan，GUO Yu\|qi* 2014, 26(5):  1252.  Abstract ( 388 )   PDF (488KB) ( 1110 )   The allelopathy of aqueous extracts of Magnolia denudate，Pterocarla stenoptera，Prunus cerasifera，Viburnum macrocephalum，Syringa oblata，Bischofia polycarpa on seed germination and seedling growth of Triticum aestivum，Raphanus sativus and Brassica chinensis were studied indoors using a biological monitoring method. Results indicated that the six garden trees all exhibited strong allelopathic inhibition on crops. And， the allelopathic inhibition on seedling growth was greater than on seed germination. The six garden tree species significantly inhibited root length and seedling height of the three crops under the treatment of 00125 g·mL-1 extracts，and the root length and seedling height were fully inhibited under 01 g·mL-1 extracts. Synthesize effects of the six garden tree species were between 30%～80%. Overall allelopathy of the six garden tree species decreased in the order of Syringa oblata>Viburnum macrocephalum>Bischofia polycarpa>Magnolia denudate> Pterocarla stenoptera > Prunus cerasifera. These results indicated great development potential of the six garden tree species. Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and sequence analysis of plant tRNase Z homologous proteins PENG Jing\|jing 2014, 26(5):  1257.  Abstract ( 359 )   PDF (456KB) ( 1052 )   As a part of the metallo\|β\|lactamase （MBL） superfamily， tRNA 3′\|end maturation is a process through which the 3′\|trailer sequence of precursor tRNAs （pre\|tRNAs） is removed. Compared with microbe and animals， there are fewer reports on tRNase Z in plants. Then we analyzed tRNase Z homologous proteins in 10 plants whose whole genome sequencing have been completed. It appeared that plants contained multiple distinct tRNase Zs predicted to reside in different subcellular compartments. Furthermore， while the bacterial\|type tRNase ZSs are present only in basal land plants and green algae， the eukaryotic\|type tRNase ZL and TM\|type tRNase ZSs are widespread in plants. The protein sequences of the TM\|type tRNase ZSs identified in plants are similar to those of the bacterial\|type tRNase ZSs, but have distinct features， including the TM\|type flexible arm， the variant catalytic HEAT and HST motifs， and a lack of the PxKxRN motif. By prediction of flowering plant tRNase ZSs， we found that TM\|type tRNase ZSs had a chloroplast signal sequence. Furthermore， while we analyzed the tRNase Z sequences， we mined some tRNase Z\|like proteins in basal land palnts and green algae. Our results revealed that the tRNase Z was more various in plants than fungi and animal. We thus expanded the TM\|type tRNase ZS family in plant and firstly predicted tRNase ZL\|like protein. Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination method of clothianidin residue and its degradation dynamics in rice ZHANG Chun\|rong，HE Hong\|mei，XU Ling\|ying，ZHU Ya\|hong，ZHAO Hua，WU Min，LI Zhen* 2014, 26(5):  1263.  Abstract ( 398 )   PDF (916KB) ( 1079 )   In order to study the residual dynamics and environmental safety of clothianidin in rice eco\|system， the field trials on the dissipation of clothianidin 48% SC were carried out in Zhejiang， Shandong and Hunan Provinces in 2012. The determination method of clothianidin residues in rice was established by ultra performance liquid chromatography\|tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC\|MS/MS）. The limit of quantitation （LOQ） of the established determination method for clothianidin residue was 001 mg·kg-1. The average recovery rate of clothianidin was around 85%-106% with 001 to 10 mg·kg-1 spiking， and the relative standard deviations was 18%-100%. Therefore， the established method was suitable for the determination of clothianidin residues in rice. The field experiments demonstrated that the degradation of clothianidin in rice and paddy fields were conformed to the first\|order dynamic equation. The half\|lives of clothianidin in rice and paddy fields were 25-44 d and 27-89 d， respectively， which indicated that clothianidin was easily degradable in the rice eco\|system. Related Articles | Metrics

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Degradation of bifenazate residue in strawberry and its safe application HE Jian\|hong1， HU Xuan\|xiang1， ZHAO Shuai\|feng1， KE Han\|yun1， WU Yan\|jun2， ZHAO Li2 2014, 26(5):  1268.  Abstract ( 864 )   PDF (701KB) ( 1209 )   In order to determine the environmental safety of bifenazate， the dynamic changes of bifenazate residue on strawberry was studied under greenhouse condition. Meanwhile， the safe application mode of bifenazate and proper harvest interval of strawberry was explored. It was shown that the half\|life of bifenazate in strawberry was 315 d when it was applied once in 2 000 times diluents. The final bifenazate residue was influenced by both the application concentration and application times， and the environment risk was positively correlated with the application dosages and times. When bifenazate was applied 2 or 3 times at the recommended concentration on strawberry， the proper post\|harvest interval was 3 d， and the harvest interval should be appropriately extended with the increased application dosages and times. Related Articles | Metrics

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The immuno\|capture real\|time PCR detection technology of Pantoea.stewartii subsp. stewarii and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskense CHEN Xi1， ZHANG Ming\|zhe1， LIN Xiao\|jia1， WU Zhi\|yi1， CHEN Wu\|jian1， WU Rong2， XIA Zheng1 2014, 26(5):  1273.  Abstract ( 297 )   PDF (1451KB) ( 1242 )   An immuno\|capture PCR （IC\|PCR） method was studied to detect two quarantine bacterial， Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewarii and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskense. Specificity and sensitivity of the method were examined， and the actual sample simulation experiment was conducted. The results showed that this method was high species\|specific. The minimum limit of detection is between 10-100 cfu·mL-1. The method can also be used for detection and identification of the entry\|and\|exit samples. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of essential oil extracted from Praxelis clematidea on enzyme activities of Plutella xylostella and its toxicity GUO Da\|wei* 2014, 26(5):  1278.  Abstract ( 444 )   PDF (628KB) ( 1175 )   To investigate the new methods and tools of alien weeds usage， effects of essential oil extracted from Praxelis clematidea on enzyme activities （carboxylesterase and glutathione\|s\|transferase） of diamondback moth （DBM）， Plutella xylostella， and its toxicity by using topical methods of application and fumigation were studied in this paper. Results showed that LC50 after 48 h of P. clematidea essential oil against DBM larvae was 2102×105 mg·L-1 by topical application methed and was 1404×105 mg·L-1 by fumigation treatment. The median antifeedant concentration （AFC50） of P. clematidea essential oil against DBM larvae was 269×104 mg·L-1. The antifeedant rate could reach 100% when treating concentration was 100×105 mg·L-1. Treating time had no significant effects on AFC50. The activities of carboxylesterase and glutathione\|s\|transferase of DBM larvae treated with P. clematidea essential oil were changed significantly but not in a regular pattern. Related Articles | Metrics

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Nucleolus and its function during viral infection XIA Dan\|ping1，2， YAN Fei2， CHEN Jian\|ping2，* 2014, 26(5):  1284.  Abstract ( 366 )   PDF (554KB) ( 1161 )   Nucleolus is an important structure of biological cells， responsible for rRNA transcription and assembly of ribosome. Pathological studies reveal that nucleolus also plays important roles in viral infection. Virus can interact with nucleolus or its components to facilitate the transportation of viral particles， transcription and translation of viral genome. Here， we reviewed the progress on function of nucleolus during viral infection briefly. Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial autocorrelation of soil electric conductivity in Guahua demonstration zone based on spatial technology YIN Hui1， LI Hui2，3，*， JIANG Zhong\|cheng3， YANG Qi\|yong3 2014, 26(5):  1290.  Abstract ( 425 )   PDF (2303KB) ( 1114 )   In order to guide agricultural production， and provide references for the sustainable use of soil resources， the spatial auto\|correlated characteristics of soil electric conductivity in Guohua demonstration zone were studied using classical statistics and “3S” technology， along with the combination of indoor sampling and field monitoring. It was shown that the variation of soil electric conductivity in Guohua demonstration zone was intensive （CV>30%）. The spatial distribution of soil electric conductivity was positively auto\|correlated with soil depth， which decreased with the increase of soil depth. Soil conductivity in the study zone belonged to the “low\|low” spatial agglomeration type. The spatial distribution of low\|value area was relatively concentrated， and was mostly surrounded by adjacent low\|value areas. The spatial autocorrelation distance of soil electric conductivity was 2 200 m in 5 and 10 cm soil depth， and was 1 400 and 1 000 m， respectively， in 20 and 30 cm soil depth. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of exogenous nitrogen on the production of arginine by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus\|rhizobium DIAO Ya\|nan， ZHAO La\|mei， JIN Hai\|ru* 2014, 26(5):  1297.  Abstract ( 392 )   PDF (720KB) ( 1078 )   In order to study the influence of exogenous nitrogen on the production of arginine generated by arbuscular mycorrhizal（AM） fungi in leguminous plants， a pot culture experiment was carried out. Phaseolus radiatus L. was used as the host plant with inoculation of AM fungi and/or rhizobium. Exogenous nitrogen including 4 mmol·L-1 NH4Cl， 4 mmol·L-1 NH4NO3， 4 mmol·L-1 urea and 4 mmol·L-1 Arg were adopted in this pot experiment. It was shown that the arginine concentration in the mycorrhizal roots was highest， when Arg was supplied with AM fungi or double inoculation， which was 247 and 320 mg·g-1， respectively， and the latter was significantly higher than the former. But， arginine production was not influenced with rhizobium inoculation. With double inoculation， the mycorrhizal infection rate， chlorophyll content， nodule number and weight and the total uptake of nitrogen were significantly increased compared with AM fungi inoculation. And， the effects of NH4NO3 were the best among all kinds of tested exogenous nitrogen. It was concluded that the double inoculation was more beneficial for the absorption of nitrogen and growth of plants. Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial\|temporal distribution of chlorophyll\|a and primary productivity in the surrounding areas of Sanmen Bay Nuclear Power Station SHI Ding\|gang1， GUAN Wan\|chun1，*， AI Wei\|ming1， PENG Xin2， QIU Jian\|biao2， CHEN Shao\|bo2 2014, 26(5):  1303.  Abstract ( 300 )   PDF (1251KB) ( 1150 )   The phytoplankton community， chlorophyll\|a （Chla） and primary productivity （PP） of 26 sampling sites were investigated in the surrounding areas of Sanmen Nuclear Power Station （121°30′～122°0′E， 29°0′～29°20′N） in February（winter）， June（spring）， August（summer）， and November（autumn）， 2012， respectively. 114 species， belonging to 51 genera and 4 phylum， were identified in the research area. The number of species was summer（79）＞spring（62）＞winter（42）＞autumn（36）， and was enhanced from inside to outside of the bay in spatial level. The mean of Chla concentrations was 374 μg·L-1. The variety of Chla in temporal level was according to the following rules: spring（653 μg·L-1）＞summer（487 μg·L-1）＞autumn（204 μg·L-1）＞winter（152 μg·L-1）， but decreased from inside to outside of the bay in spatial level. The mean of PP was 117 μg C·（μg Chla）-1·h-1. The highest of PP was observed in summer ［249 μg C（μg Chla）-1·h-1］， while the lowest in spring［023 μg C·（μg Chla）-1·h-1］. The spatial distribution of PP was the same as Chla. Related Articles | Metrics

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Classification of Echinochloa species in Chinese paddy fields based on ISSR markers LU Yong\|liang1， LIU De\|hao2， GUO Shui\|liang2，*， YU Liu\|qing1 2014, 26(5):  1309.  Abstract ( 377 )   PDF (549KB) ( 1099 )   Fifty three Chinese Echinochloa samples collected from 14 provinces were classified through inter\|simple sequence repeat （ISSR） markers. It was shown that 137 bands were amplified by 9 selected primers， and 136 of them were polymorphic. Based on the results， 53 samples were clustered into 9 groups， i.e. E. caudata（5 samples）， E. crusgalli var. praticola （8 samples）， E. crusgalli var. breviseta（6 samples）， E. cruspavonis（3 samples）， E. crusgalli var. zelayensis（5 samples）， E. crusgalli and E. crusgalli var. mitis（14 samples）， E. colona（2 samples）， E. glabrescens（5 samples） and E. oryzoides（5 samples）. The present classification of Echinochloa species in Chinese paddy fields was in accordance with morphological traits. However， their genetic relationship and systematic level still needs to be further investigated. Related Articles | Metrics

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Estimation of the antibiotic amounts from livestock and poultry manures in Hunan Province and management strategy GUO Dong\|sheng1，WANG Wen\|long1,*，PENG Xiao\|lan2，GONG Qun\|hui2 2014, 26(5):  1315.  Abstract ( 393 )   PDF (461KB) ( 1150 )   According to the excretion parameter and breeding stock of livestock and poultry in Hunan Province， the released amounts of antibiotics in livestock and poultry manures was estimated. It was shown that the total amount of antibiotics in livestock and poultry manures was 10309 t in Hunan Province in 2011. The amounts of Tetracyclines， Quinolones， Sulfonamides were 7575， 272， 2462 t， respectively. Pig manures are the major source of antibiotics excretion， which accounted for 7058% of the total amount. Tetracyclines was the main kind of antibiotic in livestock and poultry manures， which accounted for 7348% of the total. As the antibiotic pollution from livestock and poultry manures was serious， countermeasures including reduction， replacement and harmlessness treatments were proposed to control the antibiotic pollution from animal manures. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of meteorological changes in the past 30 years on the yield of late rice in Jinhua ZHANG Yu\|hui1，2， CAI Min2， SHU Su\|fang2， FANG Yu\|wei3， XUE Zhan\|kui3， PAN Xu\|xia2， HU Gu\|lang3，* 2014, 26(5):  1319.  Abstract ( 364 )   PDF (493KB) ( 1059 )   Based on the meteorological record including daily mean temperature， daily precipitation， total sunshine hours and late rice yield data from 1980 to 2012 in Jinhua， the relationship between meteorological change and late rice yield was analyzed， and a forecast model was thus established. It was shown that the yield of late rice kept on growing in the past 30 years. The increase rate was greater in the 1980s， and it slowed down since 1990s. Meanwhile， temperature increased quickly， especially during 2003-2009. But， there was no obvious change trend for precipitation. The relative meteorological yield of late rice was significantly negatively correlated with the average temperature in mid\|July and mid\|August， and accumulated temperature from mid\|August to early September， yet positively correlated with precipitation in mid\|July and sunshine hours in early September. The historical fitting error rate of the established forecast model was 431%， and the predicted late rice yield in 2010-2012 by this model were close to the real data， with an error rate of 262%. Related Articles | Metrics

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High efficiency degradation of rice straw by diacolation process YUAN Xiao\|li1， XIANG Tian\|yong2， ZHANG Zheng\|hong2， SONG Zhe\|yue2， SHAN Sheng\|dao1,*， QIU Lei3 2014, 26(5):  1324.  Abstract ( 333 )   PDF (1749KB) ( 1092 )   Pre\|treatment by acidification and hydrolysis is the key technique for biomethanation process. In order to improve the degradation efficiency of rice straw by diacolation process， the reaction condition was optimized from solid\|fluid ratio， fermentation temperature， urea concentration， and Tween\|80 dosage. It was shown that optimum condition was as follows: solid\|fluid ratio of 1∶8， fermentation temperature of 37℃， urea concentration of 3%， and Tween\|80 concentration of 02%. During the degradation， the pH of the reaction system was maintained at 70-75. Hemicellulose in rice straw was largely degraded after the process， and cellulose and lignin were degraded to varying degrees. Electronic scanning image displayed that the compact structure of rice straw surface mastoid was destroyed， and deep long cells were exposed and disintegrated to some extent. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on processing technology and shelf\|life of Changshan\|huyou whole fruit drinks XING Jian\|rong， CHENG Shao\|nan， XIA Qi\|le， CHEN Jian\|bing， LU Sheng\|min* 2014, 26(5):  1331.  Abstract ( 394 )   PDF (575KB) ( 1101 )   Using inferior fresh fruits of Changshan\|huyou （Citrus changshan\|huyou Y.B. Chang） as raw material， the processing technology and shelf\|life of whole fruit drinks were studied. It was shown that the optimized formulation for the drink was as follows: 15% honey， 02% thickening agent， 45% fruit and 40% sugar. The accelerated shelf\|life test （ASLT） determined that the shelf\|life of the product was over 18 months. The EVOH high barrier multi\|layer flexible packaging was well suited with the whole fruit drink， and addition of vitamin C to the product benefited for the anti\|browning of the whole fruit drink. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of nutrient composition between purple potato and purple sweet potato HAO Yan\|ling1， LIU Zeng1， MU Ting\|ting2， LUO Yao1 2014, 26(5):  1336.  Abstract ( 386 )   PDF (524KB) ( 1110 )   Purple potato and purple sweet potato exhibited similar colors. According to the national standard， the nutrient composition including water， starch， protein， fat， reducing sugar， dry matter， mineral elements， pigment， vitamin， amino acids were compared between purple potato and purple sweet potato， using atomic absorption spectrophotometry， and amino acid analysis. It was shown that the contents of reducing sugar， dry matter， Zn， and pigments such as cyanidin， peonin and β\|carotene in purple sweet potato were significantly （P<001） higher than that in purple potato， while， the starch content in purple potato was significantly （P<001） higher than that in purple sweet potato. The contents of total amino acids， essential amino acids， non\|essential amino acids， sweet amino acids and bitter amino acids in purple sweet potato were significantly （P<001） higher than that in purple potato. But， the ratio coefficient of amino acids was more concentrated in purple potato， along with a higher score of ratio coefficient of amino acids. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on application of compound probiotics in broiler production WANG Hong\|ling1， JIANG Shi\|wen1， LIU Dan\|dan1， WANG Zhuo1， MA Shuang1， SUN Tian\|li2 2014, 26(5):  1341.  Abstract ( 345 )   PDF (567KB) ( 1081 )   This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of compound probiotics on henhouse environment， growth performance， nutrient digestibility and serum biochemical indices of broilers. Four hundred one\|day\|old female broiler chickens were randomly divided into 4 groups with 4 replicates in each group and 25 chickens per replicate. The chickens in the control group（groupⅠ） were fed with a basal diet， and group Ⅱ， Ⅲ and Ⅳ were fed with the basal diet supplemented with 01%， 02% and 04% compound probiotics， respectively. The results showed as follows: 1） Compared with the control group， the average daily gain of broilers in group Ⅲ was significantly higher（P<005）， feed/gain （F/G） and death rate were significantly lower（P<005）; 2） The concentrations of NH3 and H2S were significantly reduced in each treatment group（P<005）; 3） Compound probiotics could significantly improve the digestibilities of crude protein， Ca and P in broilers（P<005）， also increase the concentration of total protein and activities of cholinesterase and α\|amylase in broiler serum. In conclusion， the supplementation of 02% compound probiotics can improve the growth performance， significantly increase the serum indices and nutrient digestbilities of broilers （P<005）， also had a better effect on improving the environment of henhouse. Related Articles | Metrics

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Segmentation method for cucumber disease leaf images under complex background ZHANG Fang1， WANG Lu2， FU Li\|si1，*， TIAN You\|wen1 2014, 26(5):  1346.  Abstract ( 428 )   PDF (3877KB) ( 1179 )   In order to realize automatic identification of cucumber disease leaves in the complex background， target leaves should be segmented from the complex background first to facilitate the subsequent feature extraction and disease recognition. For this purpose， K\|means clustering algorithm was initially used to remove the non\|green parts of the image， and then the approach based on LOG operator was proposed to select the candidate leaf areas. Finally， template matching was conducted based on shape context. During the matching process， the position， size and direction of the leaves were firstly identified via the detection of the growing point and apex of leaves to improve the matching efficiency， along with the search for the optimal matching based on superpixel to reduce the search complexity. To evaluate the feasibility of the proposed segmentation approach， 20 images of cucumber diseased leaves were segmented， and the result was compared with manual segmentation. It was shown that the proposed segmentation approach could extract images with cucumber diseased leaves from the complex background， and the average segmentation accuracy rate was 947%， which built a solid foundation for the subsequent feature extraction of cucumber lesion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of a light\|intensity control system for greenhouse based on silicon photocell S1807 XU Lei， SHI Wei\|duo， WANG Jun， LI Yang 2014, 26(5):  1356.  Abstract ( 328 )   PDF (547KB) ( 1072 )   An automatic light-intensity control system for greenhouses was proposed in the present study. The system adopted MSP430 as main control device. The designed I/V conversion circuit could convert the weak current signal outputted from silicon photocell to voltage signal. The differential amplifier circuit using two S1087 could effectively suppress temperature drift. Besides， the proposed system was able to send the measurement data to and receive commands from the monitoring center accurately via NRF905SE infrared wireless transmission module. After test， it was shown that the proposed control system could work stably. It was effective in suppressing temperature drift and thus possessed high precision within a large range of light-intensity. Also， the system could accurately transmit remote data， and therefore realize on-line remote control. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on willingness and factors influencing new occupational farmers adoption of participation in skills training—Empirical analysis of planting farmers ZHU Qi\|biao，Mi Song\|hua，HUANG Li\|li，HUANG He\|xiao 2014, 26(5):  1361.  Abstract ( 364 )   PDF (735KB) ( 1228 )   In this study， empirical analysis was estimated to analyze the determinants of new occupational farmers adoption willingness based on survey data of 230 above scale planting farmers in Zhejiang province. It was shown that new occupational farmers who were willing to participate skilled training were obviously more than those who were unwilling. Besides， gender， education， experience， income structure， technical problems， perception of skills on income increase， perception of training on income increase， perception of subsidy， perception of requirements of external environment on skills had a significant effect on the willingness of participation in skills training. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research of legal attribute of family farm LI Shuang\|peng1， CHEN Yong\|fu2，* 2014, 26(5):  1368.  Abstract ( 366 )   PDF (735KB) ( 1087 )   As a new subject of agriculture business， family farm is the orientation of the development of the modern agriculture. Because of the imperfection of the family farm registration system， the legal status is lack of clarity in the law， the property system is not uniform， legal responsibility is still not clear and so on， which have hindered its further development. The source of these series of problems was that there was no clear definition on the legal attribute of family farm， so it could not distinguish the family farm from the other subjects of agriculture business. Related Articles | Metrics

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Innovation of agricultural goods circulation mode under the perspective of brand chain force LI Wan\|jun1，2， LI Yan\|jun1，2 2014, 26(5):  1374.  Abstract ( 357 )   PDF (961KB) ( 1078 )   In order to meet the requirement of agricultural goods industry development in China， we put forward a new agricultural goods circulation mode， namely brand chain force circulation mode， based on the status and problems of current agricultural goods circulation mode and brand chain force theory. In the proposed circulation mode， suppliers were aligned with each other， and modern regional distribution center and information center were set. It was aimed to drive the sales of ordinary brand products by the lead of famous products or to promote the sales of all products by the mutual effects through scientifically deployment and assembling of products. Besides， the circulation cost could be reduced and the benefit could be improved by this new circulation mode. A case study was carried out by taking a brand rapeseed for example. It was shown that the brand chain force circulation mode has already emerged in the market and has yielded considerable economic benefit. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on factors influencing production technology input of farmers in developed coastal areas—Based on survey and empirical research of agricultural park in Zhejiang Province ZHANG Zhong\|ming， WANG Xiao\|bing， SONG Ming\|Shun 2014, 26(5):  1381.  Abstract ( 329 )   PDF (740KB) ( 1038 )   Based on the questionnaire survey of agricultural park in Zhejiang， multi\|linear regression model is established to analyze factors influencing farmers production technology input. The results showed that heads of the household are their family decision\|making body of technical inputs， but the actual inputs also depend on family numbers， the amount of labor and operation scale. Farmers production technology inputs have a big discrepancy because of the difference in amount of labor allocation and family sources of income. Rural social insurance to some extent alleviates the risk of technical inputs. Agricultural cooperative organizations participation and sound production technology services have a positive role in promoting farmers technology inputs. However， the strict provisions of land transfer system and excessive land transfer price limit farmers expansion of production scale and increase of technical inputs. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of the selectable marker genes eliminated in the transgenic plants QI Yong\|bin， LIU Qing\|long， LU Yan\|ting， JIN Qing\|sheng 2014, 26(5):  1387.  Abstract ( 391 )   PDF (826KB) ( 1189 )   Selectable marker genes were widely used in the transgenic plants. However， these genes based on the resistance to antibiotic and herbicides are redundant since transgenic plants have been selected and identified. Due to the presence of selectable marker gene and its products， the environment pollution and food safety of transgenic plants are strongly concerned by consumers. With the development of transgenic technology， it is very important to eliminate the selectable marker gene in transgenic plants. In this review， utilization of selectable marker gene， methods of marker gene excision consisted of co\|transformation， site\|specific recombination， intrachromosomal recombination， recombination by transposon， removal of chloroplast marker gene， regeneration of direct marker\|free plants， as well as the developmental directions of this technology were discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progresses on the breeding of anti PRRS （porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome） pigs WANG Xiao\|du1， TAN Zhong\|bin1， WANG Lu\|yan1， HE Ke1， LI Kai\|zhen2， PANG Qing\|yu2，*， ZHOU Qi1，* 2014, 26(5):  1394.  Abstract ( 381 )   PDF (525KB) ( 1107 )   Anti\|disease breeding was effective on preventing infective disease in pigs. Recently， porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome （PRRS） is severely impacted pig industry. Anti\|PRRSV （porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus， PRRSV） breeding would be an effective solution. In the present paper， research progress on candidate genes for anti\|PRRSV breeding was summarized， including genes of virus receptor， innate immunology， antigen presentation signal pathway and miRNA. Moreover， further research focus on immune tolerance and adaptive immunology of PRRSV were suggested. Related Articles | Metrics

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Recent advances in brassinosteroid signaling in rice SHEN Ai\|hua1， LUO Hong\|bing1， DENG Zhi\|ping2， ZHOU Zhong\|jing2，* 2014, 26(5):  1399.  Abstract ( 432 )   PDF (517KB) ( 1250 )   Brassinosetroids （BR） is a class of ubiquitous plant hormones. They regulate diverse aspects of plant growth and development and resistance to environmental stresses. Since BR control several aspects of yield\|related traits in rice， such as plant height， grain weight， leaf angle and tillering number， much attention has been paid to identify the molecular components of BR biosynthesis and signaling， and to increase yield by genetic engineering BR biosynthesis or signaling. Chinese scientists have made significant progress in characterizing several BR signaling mutants in rice. In this review， recent advances in BR signaling in rice have been summarized， and future studies and applications were discussed. Related Articles | Metrics