Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

Isolation and expression analysis of OsWRKY71 transcription factor in rice

2014, 26(6): 1405.

Abstract ( 645 )

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Proteins of WRKY family，one of the largest families of transcription factors，play an important role in regulation of plant growth and development.In this study，The full length cDNA sequence of OsWRKY71 gene was cloned by SMART\|RACE\|PCR from rice（Oryza sativa L.），which was named as OsWRKY71（GenBank Accession No.KJ137000）. The full length cDNA of OsWRKY71 is 1 245 bp，which includes 1 047 bp complete CDS and encodes 348 amino acid residues with a putative molecular mass of 3828 kDa. The bioinformatics characterization indicated that the protein encoded by OsWRKY71 gene has a typically conserved domain structure of WRKY family，and it shared 69% amino acid sequences similarity with WRKYs of wheat. It shared over 68% amino acid sequences similarity with WRKYs of barley. The results of quantitative real\|time PCR（qRT\|PCR） showed that the highest expression level appeared in flag leaf at heading stage. The lowest expression level appeared in root. The expression of OsWRKY71 was up\|regulated at first and then down\|regulated when the resistant line IR28 was inoculated with Ustilaginoidea virens，and expression was suppressed in the infectious line Yongyou 9. These results implied that OsWRKY71 was a pathogen\|responsive gene and might play an important role in rice pathogen resistance.

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QTL mapping for glucosinolate content in seeds and its potential utilization in rapeseed breeding

2014, 26(6): 1412.

Abstract ( 566 )

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In the present study， doubled haploid （DH） population developed from a cross between the German cultivar Sollux and the Chinese line Gaoyou was used. Both parents possessed high glucosinolate content， and large variation within population. The glucosinolate content of 282 DH lines were collected for QTL mapping over four environments. The objectives of this study were to investigate the genetic basis of transgressive segregation observed in the population， and to discover new allele for low\|glucosinolate\|content rapeseed breeding. It was shown that eight QTL with additive effects and eight pairs of loci with additive×additive epistasis were detected， which together accounted for more than 50% of the phenotypic variation. Among them， three（GSLqA9\|1， GSLqC2 and GSLqC9）were probably homozygous to the previously identified major QTLs on A9， C2 and C9， while GSLqA9\|2， GSLqA8 and GSLqC1were more likely to be new identified loci. These favorable alleles were candidate to decrease the seed glucosinolate content to below 15 μmol·g-1， which would improve the feeding value of rapeseed meal. The sum of epistatic effects from eight pairs of loci accounted for half of total additive effects， which might be the reason for the difficulties to further reduce or totally remove the glucosinolate content in rapeseeds. Eight markers linked to the 5 QTL showed good fitness between marker genotypes and trait phenotypes， and were of great potential for the future breeding.

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A high\|throughput method for determination of apparent amylase content in rice

DAI Ji\|song1，2， ZHANG Hua2， ZHU Ying2， XU Heng2，*

2014, 26(6): 1421.

Abstract ( 507 )

PDF (534KB) ( 1260 )

A rapid and simplified method was developed to determine apparent amylose content in rice based on the standard method （NY/T 83—1988） in this study. A significant positive correlation was found between the modified method and standard method. In addition， the modified method was simple, and less sample and time were needed. The differences in I2\|KI staining could be easily distinguished by eyes （without spectrophotometer） when the difference of apparent amylose content between two samples was above 5%. This modified method could be applied in high throughput screening of the breeding populations with little amount of sample in the future.

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Effect of different rootstocks and grafting methods on flowering and fruiting of sweetpotatoes

2014, 26(6): 1425.

Abstract ( 677 )

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As a short\|day plant， most of sweetpotato varieties cant naturally bloom in northern area of China under the long time light. In order to overcome this obstacle， a combination method of grafted and short\|day treatment was usually used to promote the sweetpotato flowering and fruiting. In this study， three different rootstocks， two grafting methods and two sun light treatments were used to study the affinity of different rootstocks and grafting methods and the impact on sweetpotato flowering and fruiting. The results showed that the sweetpotato diploid wild species （Ipomoea crassicaulis） was the best rootstocks， which not only had a wide range of affinity， but also can significantly improve the flowering and fruiting of sweetpotatos. Thus it can save the cost of breeding and improve breeding efficiency.

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Isolation and identification of a new serotype of duck hepatitis virus in Jiangsu

2014, 26(6): 1431.

Abstract ( 485 )

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A suspected duck hepatitis virus（JS strain） was isolated from clinical dead ducklings with duck hepatitis symptoms in Jiangsu. The isolates were passed in duck embryos and the titers were 10-438 ELD50·02 mL－1 to 10-617 ELD50·02 mL－1. Animal regression test showed attack ducklings could reproduce original disease of clinical symptoms and pathological changes. The virus was not sensitive to chloroform， diethyl ether， trypsin; The virus was stable to acid\|resistance （pH 30） but not stable to heat\|resistance. The JS strain of antigen was not related to the classic strain of DHV\|1 as showed by in vitro cross\|neutralization assay and in vivo cross\|protection test. The strain was amplified by RT\|PCR using specific primers designed according to the published sequence of DHV. The sequence of JS strain consisted of about 720 bp shared the high identities of 693%-933% with VP1 gene of DHV\|1. Furthermore， based on the deduced gene sequences， the phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolates were highly homologous with the DHV strains isolated in Korea. Therefore， JS strain represents a new serotype of DHV occurred in China （designated N\|DHV\|JS strain）.

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Serotype identification and drug sensitivity test of pathogenic E.coli from the piglet in Jinhua

MA Yan\|feng1， WANG Hong\|yan1， YAN Han\|guang1， ZHOU Wen\|xi

2014, 26(6): 1437.

Abstract ( 372 )

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In order to investigate the antibiotic resistance and predominant serotypes of porcine enteropathogenic E.coli， 79 strains of E. coli had been isolated from 21 pig farms in Jinhua. All of them were identified with biochemical tests and abdominal injection to mice for characters of pathogenesis. As a result， 68 strains were proved to be pathogenic. Of all the isolates， 68 strains were tested with resistance to 8 kinds of antibiotics. As a result， the isolated E.coli stralus to amikacin， florfenicol， ceftiofur were the most sensitive; Gentamicin， erythromycin， ring although ciprofloxacin and other antibacterial drugs had some effect， but were largely low\|sensitive or moderately sensitive; to ampicillin， norfloxacin were basic resistance. 68 strains were serotyped， among which 7 kinds of serotypes and the predominant serotypes are O13， O54， O98.

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Effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of Chinese soft\|shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis juvenile

ZHOU Fan1， WANG Ya\|qin2， LIN Ling3， MA Wen\|jun1， DING Xue\|yan1，*， HE Feng1， XUE Hui\|li1

2014, 26(6): 1442.

Abstract ( 534 )

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Abstract: An 8 weeks feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary protein level on growth， feed utilization and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile Chinese soft\|shelled turtle， Pelodiscus sinensis Japanese strain with the primary weight of （370±005） g. Five iso\|energetic diets were formulated to contain graded protein levels of 34%， 37%， 40%， 43% and 46%. The results showed that the growth performance of the soft\|shelled turtles and feed utilization ratio were significantly increasing with the dietary protein level enhancing （P<005）， while no further growth increase was observed beyond 43% protein level （P>005）. The pepsin activity in stomach， and the protease in liver and intestinal tract increased significantly with increasing dietary protein levels. The highest values in stomach and liver were observed in 43% protein group， while for intestinal tract was in 46% protein group. The amylase activities in all detected organs and lipase activity in liver decreased significantly when dietary protein levels increased （P<005）， however， lipase activities in stomach and intestinal tract showed indistinctive decline trend among the dietary treatments （P>005）.

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Prokaryotic expression of the recombinant σC protein of new Muscovy duck reovirus and preliminary study of the antigen characteristic

CHEN Hai\|peng1，2， YUN Tao2， ZHANG Cun2，*， YU Bin2， NI Zheng2， Hua Jiong\|gang2， CUI Yan\|shun1，*

2014, 26(6): 1448.

Abstract ( 465 )

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The new Muscovy duck reovirus （N\|DRV） was detected in recently years which could result in serious disease of Muscovy duck. It was different from classical MDRV in host range， characteristics in vitro， clinical pathogenicity and characterization of autoimmunity etc. The σC gene of N\|DRV was amplified by RT\|PCR， digested by NcoⅠand XhoⅠ， and inserted into prokaryotic expression vector pET\|28a（+）. The expression plasmid pET\|28a\|σC was transformed into the competent BL21（DE3）. The fusion protein was expressed after induction and presented mainly in inclusion body. SDS\|PAGE analysis showed that the fusion protein （36 kDa） was expressed correctly. The specific antiserum against σC was produced in rabbit immunized three times by the purified fusion protein σC. The protein σC had high reaction activity through Western Blot and IFA assay.

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Establishment of universal RT\|PCR for detection of Muscovy duck reovirus

YE Wei\|cheng1， YU Bin1， LIU Yue\|sheng2，HUA Jiong\|gang1， YUN Tao1， ZHANG Cun1，*

2014, 26(6): 1453.

Abstract ( 365 )

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According to the conservative gene sequences of classical and novel waterfowl reovirus sigma A submitted in GenBank， a pair of universal primers were designed to carry out one\|step RT\|PCR amplification for detecting Muscovy duck reovirus. The PCR reaction condition was optimized and the ultimate one\|step RT\|PCR method had been established. A 436\|bp PCR product was specifically amplified from 1 classical and 4 new waterfowl\|origin reovirus strains with high sensitivity of 36 TCID50 viruses，however， no product could obtain from duck hepatitis A virus， duck enteritis virus， Newcastle disease virus， Tembusu virus， Muscovy duck parvovirus， egg drop syndrome virus and H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus. With the established method， out of 224 clinical specimens from sick flocks of birds during 2011-2012， a total of 56 were positive for reovirus. The positive incidences of Muscovy ducklings， ducklings and goslings were 595%（44/74）， 11%（9/82）and 44%（3/68）， respectively. The results demonstrated that reovirus infection were mainly epidemic in Muscovy duck.

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Principal component analysis of body weight and body measurement traits in Siming chicken

2014, 26(6): 1457.

Abstract ( 421 )

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In order to study the intrinsic correlation of body weight and body measurement traits in Siming chickens, the body weights and traits of cocks at day 91 and hens at day 119 were measured and analyzed by principal component analysis. The results showed that average values of body diagonal length, keel length, chest width, chest depth, pelvis width, shank length, shank girth, body weight of cocks were 1884, 1057, 753, 909, 606, 851, 435 cm and 1 59113 g, the values of hens were 1818, 1072, 730, 824, 632, 720, 396 cm and 1 64833 g, respectively; the cocks body weight was highly significantly correlated with body diagonal length, keel length, chest width, pelvic width (P<001); the hens body weight was highly significantly correlated with body diagonal length, shank length, shank girth (P<001), and was significantly correlated to the chest width and chest depth (P<005). The contribution rate and characteristic root of the main components indicated body weight, body diagonal length, chest width and shank length play important roles. Our results suggested that at least above four indexes should be included in breeding of Siming chickens for the body size. The results would contribute to the breeding and production of Siming chickens to some degree.

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Deposition of paclitaxel in chicken and its effects on the Bcl\|2 gene expression

ZHAO Yan1，2， LI Jian\|xin3， XIE Bing\|zhong3， LI Jin\|jun2， TIAN Yong2，LU Li\|zhi1，2，*

2014, 26(6): 1462.

Abstract ( 504 )

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To determine the optimum supplemental level of Taxus chinensis for broiler diet， this experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of paclitaxel on deposition in chicken and the Bcl\|2 gene expression. One hundred and eighty healthy broilers with similar weight （819±50） g were randomly allocated to 3 groups with 3 replicates per group and 20 chickens per replicate. Control group was fed with a basal diet， and test groups were fed with the basal diet supplemented with 1%， 3% dry powder of Taxus chinensis， respectively. The experiment lasted for 67 days. The results showed as follows: 1） The average daily gain and average daily feed intake of broilers fed diets with 3% Taxus chinensis were significantly lower than that in the control group during 1-30 day （P<001）. However， Taxus chinensis supplementation significantly improved the average daily gain and average daily feed intake of broilers during 31-60 day. The 1% group （P<005） and 3% group （P<001） all had higher average daily gain and average daily feed intake. The average daily gain and average daily feed intake of broilers were not significantly different between the control group and test group in the whole experiment period （P>005）. The ratio of feed to gain in all test groups were lower than that in the control group to some extent， while there were no significant differences among them （P>005）. 2） The paclitaxel in Taxus chinensis could deposit in breast muscle of broilers after feeding the diet supplemented with Taxus chinensis. The contents of paclitaxel in chicken increased from 0 to 062 ng·g-1. 3） Diet supplementation with 3% Taxus chinensis significantly up\|regulated the Bcl\|2 mRNA expression in liver （P<001）， but significantly down\|regulated the Bcl\|2 mRNA expression in lungs （P<001）. The Bcl\|2 mRNA expression in thymus and spleen were not significantly different between diets with 0% and 3% Taxus chinensis （P>005）. It is concluded that the paclitaxel in Taxus chinensis can be deposited in breast muscle of broilers after feeding the diet supplemented with Taxus chinensis， but the deposit amount is very low. The effects of 3% Taxus chinensis dry powder supplementation are better.

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Identification and characterization of a novel immunity\|related Cystatin gene from swimming crab， Portunus trituberculatus

WANG Jing\|bo， SUN Jing\|jing， LIAO Zhi， SHEN Wang*

2014, 26(6): 1469.

Abstract ( 323 )

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Cystatins， the reversible competitive inhibitors of cysteine proteases， comprise a large superfamily of related proteins and can be categorized into three major families: type Ⅰ （Stefins）， type Ⅱ （cystatins） and type Ⅲ （kininogens）. Cystatins are involved in a number of normal and pathological processes， e.g. immunomodulatory， epidermal homeostasis， apoptosis， tumorigenesis. In this study， a novel member of Cystatin superfamily was identified from swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus （designated PtCystatin） by cDNA library sequencing approaches. The full\|length cDNA of PtCystatin consisted of 960 bp and the 372 bp open reading frame encodeed a polypeptide of 123 amino acids with a putative signal petide in the N\|terminal （M1 to C19）. The putative matured petide of PtCystatin consists of 104 amino acids with the theoretical isoelectric point of 524 and the predicted molecular weight of 11 64030 Da， and had a single Cystatin\|like domain （M26 to H115）. PtCystatin exhibited higher sequence homology to type Ⅰ cystatins than to type Ⅱ cystatins from vertebrate or other invertebrate， and was clustered into type Ⅰ cystatin in the phylogenetic tree. Furthermore， the two conserved binding motifs of human Cystatin A also located in PtCystatin （M26VPGG30， Q71VVAG75）， and the conserved disulphide bond in the C\|terminal of type Ⅱ cystatin was absent in PtCystatin. All of these suggested that PtCystatin belonged to type Ⅰ cystatin， but was secreted to extracellure space. The mRNA transcripts of PtCystatin were highly expressed in stomach， moderately in hepatopancreas， gill， hemocytes， and were marginally detectable in muscle and eyes. After Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge， the relative expression level of PtCystatin was up\|regulated to 121\|fold （P<005） at 3 h in hemocytes. Subsequently， it was down\|regulated to 047 （P<001） and 057\|fold （P<005） at 6 h and 12 h， respectively. Afterwards， PtCystatin mRNA transcripts recovered to original level at 24 h. These results suggested a potential role for PtCystatin in pathogen host defense mechanisms.

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Effects of different temperature， salinity and body weight on respiration and excretion of juvenile Sciaenops ocellatus

2014, 26(6): 1478.

Abstract ( 436 )

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The effects of different temperature， salinity and body weight on respiration and excretion of juvenile Sciaenops ocellatus were studied， and the results showed that: temperature， salinity and body weight had significant effects on oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate （P<005）. The oxygen consumption rate increased with temperature and there was an exponential correlation between them. The ammonia excretion rate and oxygen\|nitrogen ratio increased significantly with temperature and the ammonia excretion rate was a power function relation with temperature from 10 ℃ to 30 ℃. The Q10 breathing was in normal level， while the level of excretion Q10 was low; From S 10 to S 40， the oxygen consumption rate and oxygen\|nitrogen ratio decreased first then increased and finally decreased， and the ammonia excretion rate decreased first and then increased; The oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate of juvenile Sciaenops ocellatus was decreased with increasing body weight and power function related， but the effect of body weight on oxygen\|nitrogen ratio was not significant.

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Clustering analysis of karyotype resemblance\|near coefficient of 20 Epinephelus species

2014, 26(6): 1484.

Abstract ( 502 )

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Genetic evolutionary distance of 20 species of Epinephelus was calculated using the clustering analysis of karyotype resemblance\|near coefficient （KRC） based on the karyotype parameters. Results showed that the biggest KRC（λ=09986） and the smallest evolutionary distance（De=00014） appeared between Epinephelus sexfasciatus and E. marginatus， indicating the closest relationship. The smallest KRC（λ=08289） and the biggest evolutionary distance（De=01877） appeared between E. merra and E. tauvina， indicating the farthest distant relationship. The clustering analysis show the bigger evolutionary distant appeared between the species with complicated karyotype and species with simple karyotype. The results of clustering analysis disagreed partially with the phylogeny results based on the morphology of these species. The above results would provide a scientific reference for reasonable resources utilization， protection and phylogeny research of Epinephelus genus.

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Effects of foliar nutrition on fruit quality and postharvest storage of Chinese bayberry

2014, 26(6): 1491.

Abstract ( 401 )

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The fruit quality and postharvest storage characteristics in ‘Dingao Chinese bayberry （Myrica rubra Sieb.& Zucc.） treated with foliar nutrition were investigated in this study. The results showed that treatment of foliar nutrition significantly increased fruit quality of Chinese bayberry， and the effect of Ainong amino acid on Chinese bayberry fruit quality was the best. The fruit soluble solids and total sugar contents, increased by 130% and 152%, respectively， while total acid content was 022% lower than the control group. In addition， the sugar acid ratio and soluble solid content to titration acid ratio were significantly increased compared with the control. The effects of Meigaimei and Cuikanggaibao were lower than Ainong amino acid. In addition， treatment of foliar nutrition significantly reduced fruit water loss rate and rotting\|pod rate. Among them， effects of Meigaimei on water loss rate and rotting\|pod rate were reduced by 507% and 784% compared with the control， respectively， while the effects of Cuikanggaibao on water loss rate and rotting\|pod rate were reduced 407% and 790% compared with the control, respectively. The results also showed that fruit quality changes were slowed down and POD activities were reduced after foliar nutrition treatment， and Cuikanggaibao showed the best effect.

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Effects of Fe\|deficiency on the photosynthetic characteristics and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in seedling leaves of Brassica rapa L.

HUANG Zong\|an，XU Jian*， SHI Jian\|lei， SU Shi\|wen， WANG Yan

2014, 26(6): 1495.

Abstract ( 431 )

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Photosynthetic pigments gas exchange， chlorophyll （Chl） fluorescence， and the activities of antioxidant enzymes and metal elements were characterized from the apical fully expanded seedling leaves in Brassica rapa L. ssp. rapifera at five\|leaf and one\|heart stage grown with either complete or Fe\|deficient nutrient solution for 20 days. The results showed that Fe\|deficiency severely decreased the content of total chlorophyll， chlorophyll a， chlorophyll b， and the ratio of Chl a/b， while the content of carotenoid （Car） was not affected. Due to the decline of photosynthetic pigment content， Fe\|deficiency stress reduced net photosynthetic rate （Pn）， gas conductance （Gs） and transpiration rate （Tr）. However， the intercellular CO2 concentration （Ci） was markedly higher than that of control plants， demonstrating the decreased photosynthetic capacity was caused by the limitation of non\|stomatal factors. Besides， Fe\|deficiency stress also greatly decreased the maximal photochemistry of PSⅡ （Fv/Fm）， the effective quantum yield of PSⅡ （photochemical quenching coefficients）， while non\|photochemical quenching coefficient （NPQ） highly increased as compared with that in control plants. The activities of superoxidase （SOD） and catalase （CAT） in Fe\|deficient plants decreased markedly， while the activity of peroxidase（POD） slightly increased; the content of malondialdehyde （MDA） was highly increased， suggesting the higher degree of lipid peroxidation. In addition， the biomass of shoot and root was decreased， but the ratio of shoot to root was not changed significantly. Moreover, the content of Fe in Fe\|deficient plants were markedly reduced, while the content of Mn and Mg were not changed, the content of Cu and Zn were significantly increased as compared with the control plants. Taken together， Fe\|deficiency stress caused great decrease in content of photosynthetic pigments， Pn， Fv/Fm， photochemical chemistry and the activity of antioxidant enzyme, and therefore an increase in MDA content and finally decreased biomass.

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Evaluation on the ecological adaptability of twelve different varieties of Malus spectabilis

LIANG Bing1， CHEN Jian\|fang1， LI Zhan\|dong1，*， SHA hai\|feng2

2014, 26(6): 1501.

Abstract ( 407 )

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Malus spectabilis is a kind of plants with great ornamental value of leaves， flowers and fruits. In this study， the ecological adaptability of twelve different kinds of Malus spectabilis has been evaluated by analyzing the abilities of heat resistance， diseases and insects\|resistance and drought resistance of them. The results indicated that the ecological adaptability of Red Jade， Snowdrift， Profusion， Flame， Dolgo， Donna were good， which could be widely used in landscape green construction in Beijing.

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Species composition and distribution characteristics of Fagaceae plants in Wenzhou

2014, 26(6): 1505.

Abstract ( 437 )

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In order to discuss the species composition and distribution characteristics of the wild Fagaceae plants in Wenzhou， the taxa of Fagaceae collected from Wenzhou were overall sorted based on the literature consulting， field investigation and specimens examination and identification. The results showed that 6 genera and 36 species of Fagaceae， which account for 8182% of the total species of Fagaceae in Zhejiang， were recognized in Wenzhou， so that Wenzhou owns the highest species diversity and richness of Fagaceae in Zhejiang. The species quantities of Fagaceae in different regions of Wenzhou were various， which in mountainous areas were significantly greater than the eastern plains and islands. The 36 species can be divided into 7 cosmopolitan species， 14 common species， 9 occasional species and 6 rare species. And Taishun County has the most species （34 species）， with Dongtou County owning the least species （4 species）. The distribution pattern of the plants of Fagaceae in Wenzhou is not only related to the floristic features and ecological adaptability of different species， but also related to the local topograhy， altitude， and the impacts of human activities. The endangering factors to Cyclobalanopsis pachyloma and Quercus spinosa which are listed as the key protected wild plants in Zhejiang were analyzed， and the corresponding protection proposals were proposed.

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Effects of spent substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus on growth vigor and physiological index in pepper

HOU li\|juan1，2， YAO fang\|jie2，*

2014, 26(6): 1512.

Abstract ( 447 )

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In this study， pepper variety 8819 were used as the material， and spent substrates were used as the organic fertilizer， the effect of five different dosages of spent substrate on pepper variety 8819 were exhibited on plant height， stem diameter， soil microorganism, protective enzymes and the content of chlorophyll and malonaldehyde. The results showed that when compared with the control， application of different dosages of spent substrate promoted pepper growth， especially increased the stem diameter， and got the largest stem diameter at the dosage of 800 kg·667 m-2. The effects of different dosages of spent substrate on the content of chlorophyll in different growth stages of pepper were different. All the treatments increased the content of chlorophyll significantly in the whole growth and development stages of pepper， the chlorophyll content of treatment B could be increased by 10%-292% than other treatments. The application of spent substrate increasd the quantity of soil bacteria， actinomycetes and fungi， and could improve the soil fertility， thus contributing to the growth of pepper. The effects of different dosages of spent substrate on protective enzyme system showed that the activities of POD and CAT were decreased in all treatments. However， it is no linear to the degree of decline and in the dosages of spent substrate. All the treatment except A could decrease the content of MDA content significantly. Optimum dosages of spent substrate from 400 kg·667 m-2 to 1 600 kg·667 m-2 improved the photosynthesis of pepper and then improve the stress resistance. From all the results， it illustrated that application of spent substrate at dosage of 800 kg·667 m-2 is optimum in cultivation.

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Responsed of Lycopus lucidus Turcz.var. hirtus Regel. to drought stress

ZHANG Shu\|na， ZHANG Hao， SHAO Cai， PAN Xiao\|xi， MA Lin， WEI Yun\|jie*

2014, 26(6): 1519.

Abstract ( 502 )

PDF (593KB) ( 1228 )

To assess the adaptation of Lycopus lucidus Turcz.var. hirtus Regel. under drought stress，seedlings of Lycopus lucidus Turcz.var. hirtus Regel were used as materials to study the growth， physiological and biochemica characters under conditions of four artificial controlled drought treatments （20%， 40%， 60% and 80%）. The results showed that the growth of height and leaf area declined with the increase of drought stress; the MDA contents increased under drought stress; Chl a， Chl b and carotenoid contents were increased under the moderate drought while decreased under the severe stress. For the Lycopus lucidus Turcz.var. hirtus Regel. seedlings， the 40% soil water condition was the threshold at which the negative effect of drought on the physiological and biochemical activities of the leaves was observed.

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Analysis of plant landscape and its function about the central reservation of ring expressway in Hangzhou

WANG Hui1， WANG Xiao\|de2，*， ZHANG Zhi\|ying1

2014, 26(6): 1524.

Abstract ( 363 )

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After landscape construction and maintenance management for ten years， the whole landscape effect of central reservation has been shaped since the ring expressway of Hangzhou City was completed and put into use in 2003. This paper mainly discussed the plant configuration mode， landscape scale changes and the anti\|dazzle effect through field investigation in view of the green situation of median separator. The survey showed that the plant configuration mode， as one of the most important contents of landscape effect in central reservation， mainly included five modes such as the inter\|planting spherocylinder mode， the single\|row spherocylinder mode， the hedgerow planting mode， the plastic flower arrangement mode and the louver mode， among which， the plastic flower arrangement mode showed the best landscaping effect. The rational application of plant configuration mode and plant species are the main influencing factors of landscape scale change and visual fatigue. We should pay attention to improve the landscape effect while considering the effects of plant spacing and height on anti\|dazzle effect.

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Investigation on plant diversity in city riparian zone—a case study of the Beijing\|Hangzhou Grand Canal in Hangzhou

LI Chen\|ran， YAN Hai， SONG Ai\|chun， DONG Li*

2014, 26(6): 1530.

Abstract ( 399 )

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Species composition of the Beijing\|Hangzhou Grand Canal in Hangzhou was investigated by typical sampling method， and species diversity index was analyzed. The results are shown as follows: the arbor layer and the shrub show more complexity than the herb layer in the community structure in the urban district; while the community structure of the herb layer is the richest in the suburbs and owed the highest position.

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The applied research of isozyme electrophoresis in Clivia miniata classification and breeding

WANG Qing\|fen

2014, 26(6): 1536.

Abstract ( 358 )

PDF (692KB) ( 1161 )

The paper discussed the feasibility of esterase isozyme，polyphenol oxidase isozyme and peroxidase isozyme utilized in Clivia miniata classification and breeding adopting the polyacrylamide discontinuous system vertical slab electrophoresis technique by using different organs of Clivia miniata as the test materials. The results showed that the peroxidase isozyme pattern of mature leaves of Clivia miniata plants was clear and stable and this method was suitable for the application in Clivia miniata. The results of peroxidase isozyme system cluster analysis among different F1 crossbreds of Clivia miniata showed that 70% F1 tend to paternal，and 30% F1 variation occurred in Oil Carpenter×Round combination；50% F1 tend to parent，and 10% F1 tend to paternal in Round×Oil Carpenter combination；70% F1 tend to parent，20% F1 tend to paternal，and 10% F1 variation occurred in Erhualian×Round combination；Accordingly， the scientific basis was provided for the classification and breeding of Clivia miniata.

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Effects of different sex pheromone lures and traps on trapping efficiency of Grapholitha molesta（Busck） adults

FENG Fan1，2， CHEN Jian\|ming2，*， ZHAO Min3，*， LI Rong3， ZHANG Jue\|feng2， ZHANG Guo\|zhong3

2014, 26(6): 1540.

Abstract ( 458 )

PDF (1101KB) ( 1264 )

In order to select the best combination of sex pheromone lures and traps， effects of four kinds sex pheromone lures， four kinds traps and two heights on trapping efficiency of Grapholitha molesta（Busck） adults were conducted in pear orchards in Tonglu County， Zhejiang province in this paper. The results showed trapping effect of triangle\| and ship\|shape traps was extremely significantly higher than those of cage\| and water basin\|shape traps， in which no significant difference in trapping effect between triangle\| and ship\|shape traps， and between cage\| and water basin\|shape traps was found， respectively. But the order of relative trapping efficiency was triangle\|>ship\|>cage\|>water basin\|shape traps. There was no obvious difference in trapping effect among four kinds of sex pheromone lures， but the higher relative trapping efficiency was the product of Pherobio Technology Co. Ltd. No significant difference in trapping efficiency of lures placed at the height of 1 m and 2 m was also found. It was concluded that the strongest attracting efficiency to G. molesta was the combination of triangle\|shape trap and the sex pheromone lure from Beijing Pherobio Technology Co. Ltd. The conclusion will provide a scientific basis for effectively monitoring and controlling the population of the insect pest by rational utilization of the sex pheromone for G. molesta.

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The pathogenicity and infection process of Magnaporthe oryzae and Fusarium graminearum on Zizania caduciflora

LIU Mao\|xin1，2， Li Ling1，2， WANG Jiao\|yu1,*， WANG Yan\|li1， SUN Guo\|chang1,*

2014, 26(6): 1546.

Abstract ( 583 )

PDF (1411KB) ( 1419 )

Magnaporthe oryzae and Fusarium graminearum are two important plant pathogens， which cause destructive diseases on gramineous crops， and are also two model organisms for the study on plant fungal pathogens. To reveal the infection ability and invasion process of the two pathogens on Zizania caduciflora， their pathogenicity were tested， and the infection processes on different parts of Z. caduciflora were compared. Our data showed that M. oryzae could infect the leaves and leaf sheaths rather than the fleshy stems of Z. caduciflora. Contrarily， F. graminearum generated symptoms on fleshy stems， but failed to infect unwounded leaves or leaf sheaths of Z. caduciflora. Fluorescent microscopy of the lesions showed that M. oryzae performed normal invasion process on leave surface of Z. caduciflora， producing typical appressoria and infection hyphae. In addition， the pathogenicity\|altered mutants of the two fungi can be easily differentiated on Z. caduciflora. These findings indicate that M. oryzae and F. graminearum can infect Z. caduciflora and make potential damage; meanwhile， Z. caduciflora can be an alternative host used in the research on the pathogenesis of the two pathogens.

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The analysis for comparing the pesticide toxicity data using the Polo software

CHANG Ju\|hua1， HE Yue\|ping2，*

2014, 26(6): 1552.

Abstract ( 657 )

PDF (955KB) ( 1345 )

At present， Polo （Probit and Logit Analysis） software has been widely used and internationally accepted for analyzing the bioassay data. In order to show the advantage of Polo software for comparing the pesticide toxicity， the toxicity data of triazophos and chlorantraniliprole on Chilo suppressalis has been analyzed by Polo software. The parallel and equal hypothesis test has been done and the 95% confidence limit of lethal dose ratio was used to determine whether the differences between the pesticide toxicity were significant. Then， the results analyzed by Polo software were compared with that calculated by the traditional method， which use the overlap of 95% confidence limit as a criterion of significant differences. The result showed that the pesticide toxicity data analyzed by Polo software were more accurate and reliable. Therefore， this method is suitable for comparing the toxicities of different pesticides， resistance levels， and analyzing the data of pesticide synergist tests.

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Residue dynamics and safely applying technology of cyflumetofen in strawberry

2014, 26(6): 1558.

Abstract ( 902 )

PDF (740KB) ( 1262 )

To determine the environmental safety of cyflumetofen applied at picking times of strawberry， the residue test and risk assessment were conducted. Based on the field experiment， a positive correlation was found in pesticide residues between harvested fruits and treatment of pesticide in field， when they were applied one time at the recommended dosage and 15 times of dosage under greenhouse conditions. The highest residue among the different treatments herein is 05882 mg·kg-1， with a half\|life of 9364 d. Risk quotient showed that the risk of cyflumetofen for the people aged of 2－4， 18－30 and 60－70 were very low with in 21 d PHI （the risk quotient rane was 0001－0020）. Maximum residue limited at 2 mg·kg-1 and PHI at 7 d were recommended for cyflumetofen applied in strawberry. PHI should be prolonged 1-2 days in the continual harvesting mode， and it should be also appropriately prolonged with the raising pesticide concentration.

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Influence of matrix effect on the detection of four organophosphorus pesticide residues in cucumber

LIU Li1，2， YUAN Ming\|an3， SHENG Xian\|qiao2， ZHU Ping\|yang2， WANG Yan2， CHEN Gui\|hua2，*

2014, 26(6): 1564.

Abstract ( 382 )

PDF (430KB) ( 1277 )

In order to identify matrix effect on the detection of four organophosphorus pesticide residues in cucumber， 3 parallels of acephate， omethoate， methyl parathion and chlorpyrifos were extracted and determined by gas chromatography. All of the four pesticides had matrix effect， and the matrix effect of acephate， omethoate was the highest among them. The matrix effect could be alleviated by calibration of blank with standard substances. Moreover， the adsorption on inject port could result in errors. The determination of 3 parallels of omethoate increased and deviated from theoretical value. The matrix effect on omethoate determination could be effectively eliminated by calibration of blank with standard substances and taking average value.

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Effects of different NPK treatments on the yield and plumpness of tartary buckwheat

SONG Yu\|xue， GUO Xiao， YANG Long\|yun， CHEN Qing\|fu， HUANG Kai\|feng*

2014, 26(6): 1568.

Abstract ( 411 )

PDF (514KB) ( 1218 )

In order to study the influence of different fertilizer combinations on the starch content, plumpness and yield of buckwhear, tartary buckwheat cv. Wenku No.1 was adopted in the present study. It was shown that the number of main stem branch were the highest with normal nitrogen and phosphate application and higher potassium. With normal nitrogen and potassium application and no phosphate, the number of nodes on main stem was the highest. With less nitrogen, normal phosphate and potassium application, plant height was the highest and the thousand seed weight was the heaviest. With normal nitrogen, potassium application and phosphate, the number of grains per plant was the highest and grains were the heaviest. The total starch content was the highest when no fertilizer was applied. With no nitrogen, normal potassium and phosphorus, the content of amylase was the highest. With normal phosphate, less nitrogen and potassium, the amylopectin content was the highest. The plumpness of buckwheat was the highest with no potassium and normal nitrogen and phosphorus. The yield was the highest with normal nitrogen and potassium and higher phosphorus. There was significant positive correlation between the plumpness with yield and total starch of buckwheat.

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Effects of compost application on potato quality and soil environment

LI Gang1， TIAN Wei1， YANG Zhi\|hui2， WANG Zhen1， ZHANG Ai\|guo1， LIU Ming\|qing1， ZHANG Ji\|bing1，*

2014, 26(6): 1573.

Abstract ( 563 )

PDF (645KB) ( 1236 )

A filed experiment was conducted with 6 levels of compost treatments including N0（0 kg·hm-2）， N1（35 640 kg·hm-2）， N2（47 520 kg·hm-2）， N3（59 400 kg·hm-2）， N4（71 280 kg·hm-2）and N5（95 040 kg·hm-2）， and one conventional fertilizer treatment （N6）. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the optimized compost application rate in potato production system in Bashang area based on the disease incidence， yields and quality of potatoes and the contents of residual nitrate and available phosphorus in soils. It was shown that the disease incidences were relatively lower in N2， N3 and N4 treatment， and the greatest yield was harvested under N4 treatment. Among all the seven treatments， potatoes under N3 treatment exhibited the highest contents of starch， crude protein and vitamin C. The concentrations of residual nitrate in 0～20 cm soil layers of N0， N1, N2 and N3 were around 1403～1516 mg·kg-1， which were significantly （P<005） lower than that of N4， N5 and N6 treatments. Thus， it could be concluded that application of 59 400 kg·hm-2 compost was proper for sustaining soil fertility， reducing environmental risk and acquiring high economic benefit.

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Analysis on rice grain filling characteristics in different spikelet positions under different nitrogen rates and planting densities

2014, 26(6): 1578.

Abstract ( 519 )

PDF (515KB) ( 1179 )

With japonica rice cv. Nanjing 9108 as material， the differences of grain filling characteristics were studied at different spikelet positions under different nitrogen rates and planting densities. The results showed that there were interaction effects between nitrogen rates and plating densities to grain filling characteristics. At the lower planting densities， the percentage of empty or unfulfilled rice grains could be reduced with appropriate N application rates. The grain filling characteristics of primary branches were superior to the secondary branches, and the grain filling characteristics were decreased in the order of top＞middle＞bottom at different grain positions. The rice sterile grain rate of 2nd position was the highest at the 2nd position in the first branch, and it was the lowest at the 1st position in the second branches.

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Forecast of ecosystem services value in Baicheng City， Jilin Province

DU Hui\|shi1， TENG Ze\|yu1， WANG Hua2， CHEN Zhi\|wen1，*， CHEN Yan\|nan1

2014, 26(6): 1583.

Abstract ( 418 )

PDF (1791KB) ( 1230 )

Taking Baicheng， the western city in Jilin Province as study area， the present study used 2000， 2010 and 2014 TM/LOI remote sensing images and applied human\|computer interaction interpreting technology to extract land use information. The shifting area between different land use types were determined from 2000 to 2010 by spatial and statistical analysis， and the land use situation in 2020 was also predicted by the CA\|Markov model based on the three series remote sensing images. Referring to the revised Chinese terrestrial ecosystems per unit area service value table， the future ecosystem service value of the study area was estimated. It was shown that the land use types will undergo significant changes by 2020 in Baicheng. The area of dry land， paddy fields， woodland， grassland and construction land increased， while， the wetlands and unused land area exhibited a decreasing trend. There was no significant change in the value of ecosystem services from 2010 to 2020. It was slightly reduced from 5021×108 yuan in 2010 to 4919×108 yuan in 2020. The accuracy testing and sensitivity analysis verified the reliability of the present study. Thus， the present study would not only provide new methods for the forecast of ecosystem services value， but also have great significance to the regional sustainable development.

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Influence of nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield， dry matter accumulation and distribution of rice varieties with different panicle types

SONG Gui\|yun， XU Shou\|jun， FAN Fu， HOU Mi\|hong， WANG Yun*

2014, 26(6): 1590.

Abstract ( 366 )

PDF (563KB) ( 1171 )

The typical erect\|panicle rice variety Shennong 265 and half\|erect\|panicle rice variety Liaojing 294 were used to study the influence of N fertilizer on grain yield， dry matter accumulation and distribution through field experiment. It was shown that the yield of Liaojing 294 was higher than that of Shennong 265 at low N level， whereas the result was reversed at higher N level. Dry matter accumulation of Liaojing 294 was larger than that of Shennong 265 from tiller stage to heading stage， whereas the result was reversed form heading stage to harvest. Increased N application could improve the maximum dry matter accumulation rate， and advance the beginning time for the highest dry matter accumulation rate. Compared with Liaojing 294， the maximum dry matter accumulation rate of Shennong 265 was lower， and the time when the maximum accumulation and rapid accumulation rate appeared was postponed.

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Effects of mixing fertilization of silicon and phosphorus on fractionation and availability of phosphorus in a paddy soil

2014, 26(6): 1596.

Abstract ( 352 )

PDF (598KB) ( 1232 )

The study investigated the effects of fertilization with different ratios of silicon and phosphorus fertilizers on the contents and bio\|availability of different phosphorus fractions in a paddy soil through pot experiment. Three levels of silicon and phosphate fertilizer treatments were carried out， i.e.， a total of nine treatments. The purpose of the study is to improve the phosphorus use efficiency in a paddy soil. The results showed that silicon and phosphorus fertilizers could have different impacts on different phosphorus fractions in the paddy soil. Slight to moderate silicon fertilizer applying could improve the efficiency of phosphate fertilizer， reduce the fixation of phosphorus in soil. However， high silicon with high phosphorus level （SihPh） might inhibit the activity of available phosphorus， decrease soil available phosphorus content， decrease plant phosphorus absorption， and reduce the transformation of other phosphorus forms to available phosphorus. The treatment of SimPh gained the fastest growth and highest grain yield.

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The risk evaluation and control countermeasures of livestock waste pollution in Shanxi reservoir area based on GIS

LIU Yi\|xi1， HU Chun1， YE Ding\|chi2， ZHU Sheng\|chao1，*

2014, 26(6): 1602.

Abstract ( 373 )

PDF (3506KB) ( 1178 )

The discharge amount of livestock waste， livestock nutrient load of agricultural land and the risk assessment of livestock and poultry waste in Shanxi reservoir area in Wencheng County were investigated by field investigation and GIS combined with vector processing method. The results showed that the farmlands of Wencheng County were widely and seriously polluted by livestock waste， and more than 80% of farmlands were threatened. Livestock waste of pig breeding was the main sources of pollution. In future， breeding scales of pig should be controlled reasonably， the transformation of the animal husbandry should be accelerated， and the realization of ecological sustainable development should be promoted.

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Heavy metal accumulation and its risk assessment in greenhouse soils in Punan， Shanghai

HOU Peng\|cheng

2014, 26(6): 1609.

Abstract ( 388 )

PDF (663KB) ( 1291 )

In this study， the heavy metal contents in greenhouse soils in Punan were analyzed and the environmental risk was assessed via both single and comprehensive pollution index method. The results showed that Cu， Pb， Cd， Cr and As accumulated to different degrees. The contents of Cu， Pb， Cr， and As were below the limits of environmental quality standard except for Cd. The heavy metal contents all increased with the prolonging of planting years and reached peak values at the third planting year. Comparatively， the contents of investigated heavy metals in greenhouse soils were all higher than those in the open field. The contents of Cu， Pb， Cr， and As all decreased with the depth of soil profile. The single pollution indexes of heavy metals decreased in the order of Cd>Cu>Pb>Cr>As. For Pb， Cr and As， all samples were in the “clean” level. While for Cu， most were clean. But， Cd contamination was obvious and its environmental risk would increase with ages.

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Analysis on dynamic changes of ecosystem services value in Jiaxing City under different scenarios

HANG Yun\|fei1， ZHANG Hui2，*， XIAO Luo\|bin1

2014, 26(6): 1615.

Abstract ( 473 )

PDF (1236KB) ( 1250 )

Based on the land use/cover data in 2000 and 2010， CLUE\|S model and Markov model were applied together to simulate and predict the land use change in Jiaxing City in 2020 under natural growth scenario， ecological protection scenario and land optimization scenario， respectively. The changes of ecosystem services value under the three scenarios were calculated and analyzed. The results showed that as far as 2020， the descending ranking of ecosystem services value was as follows: ecological protection scenario>land optimization scenario>natural growth scenario. Compared with 2010， the loss of ecosystem service value under natural growth scenario was the highest （136 million yuan）， and it was the lowest under ecological protection scenario （27 million yuan）. Thus， it could greatly improve the ecological services function of Jiaxing City by reducing the transformation rate of cultivated land to construction land and increasing the forest area. Therefore， it is recommended that the government should enforce stringent controls over urban sprawl and increase the forest coverage area.

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Effect of different storage temperatures on quality of vacuum freeze\|dried strawberry powder

ZHU Li\|ya1，2， GAO Hai\|yan2， CHEN Hang\|jun2，*， FANG Xiang\|jun2

2014, 26(6): 1622.

Abstract ( 638 )

PDF (885KB) ( 1237 )

In the present study， vacuum freeze\|drying technology was used to produce strawberry powder， and SEM was used to observe the microstructure of the produced strawberry powder. The produced powder was packed and then stored at 5， 20， 35℃， respectively， and changes of its quality properties and microorganism indexes were investigated during the storage period regularly. It was shown that the microstructure of strawberry powder was amorphous and porous. The powder became lumping and browning with prolonged storage period. The moisture content and non\|enzymatic browning index increased， whereas the content of titratable acid， reducing sugar and vitamin C decreased during storage. The microorganism indexes stayed within the limit of national standard. It was concluded that the best storage temperature for vacuum freeze\|dried strawberry was 5℃， which indicated that the relatively low temperature was beneficial to maintain the quality of strawberry powder.

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Comparison of methods for total RNA extraction from Siraitia grosvenorii fruits

2014, 26(6): 1629.

Abstract ( 349 )

PDF (735KB) ( 1234 )

Total RNA was isolated from Siraitia grosvenorii fruits of Qingpiguo in Guangxi by the methods of Trizol， improved Trizol， modified guanidine thiocyanate and CTAB， with rich polyphenols and polysaccharide. The results showed that RNA isolated by the improved Trizol showed three clear bands of 28S rRNA， 18S rRNA and 5S rRNA, respectively, and the 28S was about twice in length as 18S， which indicated that little RNA was decomposed and the purity of RNA was very high （D260/D280=201；D260/D230=202）. In addition， the RNA integrity （RIN） and yield rate of RNA extracted by the improved Trizol was 950 and （26000±1947） μg·g-1， respectively. RT\|PCR amplification also showed that the quality of RNA isolated from the improved Trizol can meet the demands of molecular biology experiment.

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A numerical characterization of protein sequences based on k\|word and its application

JIA Mei\|duo， YANG Yan， ZHANG Ying\|ying， LI Chun*

2014, 26(6): 1635.

Abstract ( 333 )

PDF (456KB) ( 1161 )

Based on 5\|letter classification model of amino acids， a protein sequence was transformed into a 5\|letter sequence. By means of the frequencies of 1\|word and 2\|word， the sequence is transformed into a 30\|D vector. By calculating the Euclidean distance between two vectors， we obtained the evolutionary distance between two species. The phylogenetic analysis on two groups of protein sequences showed that this method was efficient.

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Evaluation on efficiency of different planting patterns in greenhouse based on factor analysis and DEA

HUI Na， DING Wei\|min*， LI Jie， SHEN Bao\|ying

2014, 26(6): 1641.

Abstract ( 342 )

PDF (605KB) ( 1147 )

In order to evaluate the efficiency of the greenhouse，this study used factor analysis and DEA method to evaluate the comprehensive efficiency of different planting patterns in greenhouse. This study chose the input\|output of different planting patterns in Shouguang City as the research object，and got the comprehensive efficiency， technical efficiency and scale efficiency by using BCC\|I mode of DEA. And then the inefficient producers were optimized to achieve optimal efficiency.

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Design of wireless monitoring and control system for precision seeder based on Zigbee

LIU Zhi\|xin， LI Xun, HE Rui\|yin*

2014, 26(6): 1647.

Abstract ( 388 )

PDF (899KB) ( 1207 )

In order to meet the needs of precision agriculture， a wireless monitoring system for precision seeder was designed based on Zigbee， using wireless sensor networks and PLC controller technology. In the system， photoelectric sensors were used to detect the state of seeding. The information collected will be sent to PLC through wireless transmission module. A hall sensor was used to detect the speed of the tractor， along with a stepper motor used to drive the seed shaft. Real\|time detection and control of the sowing conditions and the synchronism of seeding rate and tractor speed is achieved. The experiments showed that the system has high reliability and high precision， and high\|speed communications real\|time monitoring of seeding information was effectively realized at the same time.

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Design of an inquiry system for agricultural products storage based on wireless network

ZOU Jin\|cheng1， XU Yi1，*， WANG Jian2， ZHU Yi\|Feng3， WANG Hai\|Shan3， JIN Jing1， SHEN Li1

2014, 26(6): 1653.

Abstract ( 363 )

PDF (716KB) ( 1171 )

To improve the efficiency of products warehouse management and reduce goods loss and labor， we designed a wireless communication network for finding goods in the warehouse based on wireless communication module—NRF2401. This network included a label node for fixing a position on responding， and a coordinator for sending command to label node. The communication performance test showed that the node with a 0 dBm RF power and appending a PA with 20 dBm exhibited a lower packet loss rate less than 35% within a 150 m communication distance. And the electric currents were 011335 mA in a low\|power mode， and 470428 mA in an active mode， which means the lower energy consumption of communication， and also have a high reliability. Therefore， this browse network could be equipped in the whole process of warehouse management.

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Design of weather\|based index insurance contract for nectarine freezing

KUANG Xin， CHEN Rong\|xu

2014, 26(6): 1660.

Abstract ( 366 )

PDF (591KB) ( 1264 )

The objective of the present research was to design weather\|based index insurance contract for nectarine， and to provide technology for policy\|guided agricultural insurance. Based on the relationship between nectarine yield loss rates and weather factors， weather index of nectarine freeze damage was designed. With weather data and Generalized Extreme Value disturibution， we calculated the pure premium rate. Based on the advantage of area yield crop insurance and weather index insurance， weather\|based index insurance contact for nectarine freezing was designed.

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Design of the road feel characteristics for tractors hydraulic steering by\|wire system

2014, 26(6): 1667.

Abstract ( 311 )

PDF (1301KB) ( 1295 )

In this paper， the structure and working principle of tractors hydraulic steering by\|wire system were presented. By analyzing the characteristics of tractors steering road feel， two parameters， the steering cylinder piston rod force and the tractor speed， were adopted as road feel information source. Based on the requirements on steering road feel characteristics of hydraulic steering by\|wire system， a comparatively ideal curve of road feel characteristic curve was chosen finally. The relations of steering road feel， the stress of steering cylinder piston rod， and vehicle speed were clearly analyzed. The experimental testing method was employed. The maximum values of the stress of steering cylinder piston rod under different vehicle speed were measured while the hydraulic steering tractor was doing steering test on soft soil ground. The speed sensing curve was well fitted， and the curve steering road feel characteristic curve was then introduced and designed. The curve indicated that the designed curve steering road feel characteristic curve could well coordinate the contradictions between operating handiness and steering road feel.

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Empirical analysis of total factor productivity of offshore fishing in China—based on Malmquist index

YUE Dong\|dong1， WANG Lu\|min1， BAO Xu\|teng2， FENG Chun\|lei1

2014, 26(6): 1673.

Abstract ( 405 )

PDF (681KB) ( 1200 )

This paper analyzed the inshore capture fishery TFP and its composition using the 2008—2013 panel data of inshore capture fishery input and output based on DEA\|Malmquist index. The results showed that， during the study period， the average TFP of inshore capture fishery was growing trend， mainly relied on technological progress to promote， and with an average annual growth rate of 23%. Synchronization coefficient of technical efficiency change and TFP was 06， the relative fluctuation of pure technical efficiency change， scale efficiency change and technical efficiency change lead to the technical efficiency decline. The TFP of six provinces and cities， Tianjin， Zhejiang， Liaoning， Hainan， Fujian and Guangxi， showed growing trend. According to the evaluation index above， the decrease of technical efficiency change of coastal provinces inshore capture fishery due to the decrease of average pure technical efficiency change and average scale efficiency change.

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Financial exclusion， spatial spillover and convergence of financial development in agricultural areas of Henan

WANG Fei

2014, 26(6): 1680.

Abstract ( 405 )

PDF (1725KB) ( 1168 )

The phenomenon of financial geography exclusion and space geographic spillover effect of 51 county units of the traditional agricultural areas in Henan were analyzed by using the tools of ArcGIS， GeoDA and Matlab， combined with non parameter Kernel density estimation， and β\|convergence test was carried out for financial space development pattern. The conclusions are as follows: the function of “second fiscal” is the primary causation to the financial geography exclusion of traditional agriculture area; the division of financial market in organizational slice is responsible for economic imbalance between urban and rural areas; spatial spillover effect of financial development in traditional agricultural areas contributes to the evolution of financial structure.

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Analysis on coupling coordination between intensive urban land use and urbanization in Xinjiang Province

LI Ping\|guang1，2， LI Song1， GUO Lu\|ming1， LIU Chen1， QI Qun\|gao1，*

2014, 26(6): 1688.

Abstract ( 389 )

PDF (1868KB) ( 1243 )

Based on coupling coordination characteristics of intensive urban land use and urbanization， coupling coordination degree model and relative development degree evaluation model were built. Finally， with the aid of ArcGIS10 and SPSS21，analysis on time and space scales between the coupling coordination degree model and relative development degree of 16 cities in Xinjiang in 2005 and 2012 were carried out. The results showed that: （1）Seven years later， the parameter of population urbanization， economy urbanization， society urbanization and space urbanization were increasing with the time， the level of urbanization was increasing step by step. However, there were great differences in the levels of intensive urban land use in many cities of Xinjiang， the levels of intensive urban land use in Urumqi and Karamay were higher than other cities and showed rising trend; the second kind of cities， such as Shihezi， Hami and Aletai， improved greater; the third kind of cities， such as Atushi， Kashi， Hetian， the levels were not high， but they were slightly increasing. （2） Interaction and mutual promotion of intensive urban land use and urbanization were not synchronously developing， the coupling coordination degree between intensive urban land use and urbanization was a dynamic change， the coupling relationship become gradually deteriorated over time.（3） It was found that the coupling relationship between intensive urban land use and urbanization does not match each other， showing remarkable regionality， and there was a relation of spatial response up on the development of economic.

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Study on farmer\|initiated contacts for rural public goods supply: Taking Hubei Province as a case

LUO Fang， SUN Cai\|hong， ZHOU Ye\|wang， WANG Qing

2014, 26(6): 1696.

Abstract ( 355 )

PDF (831KB) ( 1178 )

To improve the efficiency of rural public goods supply， it is important to turn to demand\|dominant mode from the existed supply\|dominant mode. Farmer\|initiated contacts for public goods supply was the essential channel for their political participation. In the present study， the Logit regression analysis was carried out for farmer\|initiated contacts， which covered 3 categories of agricultural production， farmers life and rural environment comprising of 11 subclasses of rural public goods. It was shown that the most important factors affecting farmer\|initiated contacts were political efficacy and family members working away from home yearly， followed by the joining in the farmer association or specialized farmer cooperatives， family annual income and its square term. The mainstream viewpoint that perceived needs was the most consistently significant predictor of most types was not supported by the present research.

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The system dynamics simulation of two types of layer breeding mode

（1 School of Business， Jiujiang University， Jiujiang 332005， China；2 College of Economics and Management， Nanchang University， Nanchang 330031， China）

2014, 26(6): 1703.

Abstract ( 342 )

PDF (643KB) ( 1159 )

In the view of breeding profit of layer and food safety， a causality diagram of “the general scale farming” and “company and farm” was constructed by using system dynamics model. Then the operation characteristics of supply chain of two kinds of layer breeding mode were analyzed， the system dynamics model of layer was built， and the system simulation was carried out， and the profit and food safety of two types of layer breeding mode were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the “company and farm” mode is a good mode from the perspective of ensuring the food safety and increase benefits of farmers， and the relative countermeasures and suggestions were proposed.

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Temporal and spatial variations of rural tourism development in age of big data

HUANG Ying1， ZHOU Zhi2， HUANG Juan1

2014, 26(6): 1709.

Abstract ( 445 )

PDF (835KB) ( 1321 )

In order to study the temporal and spatial variations of rural tourism development in age of big data， the article searched network attention of rural tourism in 2011-2013 by stack keywords， 83 pilot projects of leisure agriculture and rural tourism in China based on surfing engine of Baidu index， which was in combination with contrastive analysis on contribution of agriculture in different areas. The results showed that: firstly， the network attention of rural tourism had an accelerate growth in 2011-2013; secondly， the highest network attention was on Tuesday in a week， while the lowest was on Saturday; thirdly， the tourist seasons in a year were “March to June” and “October to December”; fourthly， the network attention of Qingming Festival， May Day and Dragon Boat Festival were higher than other holidays; fifthly， the developments of agriculture in Central China， South China and Northeast areas were better than their rural tourism， while the comparisons in Southwest and Northwest were opposite.

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Review on wireless sensor networks applications in agriculture

LI Shi\|jun1， WEN Zhu1， GONG He1， WANG Yan\|mei2

2014, 26(6): 1715.

Abstract ( 464 )

PDF (812KB) ( 1390 )

This paper reviewed the application of wireless sensor network in agriculture， WSN technology and their applications in greenhouse， irrigation， livestock breeding and pest control and report the certain limitations need to be solved. Finally， we analyzed the wireless sensor networks application prospect in the future.

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