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25 February 2023, Volume 35 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Crop Science
Animal Science
Horticultural Science
Plant Protection
Environmental Science
Food Science
Biosystems Engineering
Agricultural Economy and Development


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Contents 2023, 35(2):  0-0.  Abstract ( 118 )   PDF (3808KB) ( 350 )   Related Articles | Metrics

Crop Science

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Genome-wide identification and analysis of NCS1 gene family in upland cotton JI Meijun, CAO Ziyi, WANG Yiting, LU Jingru, WANG Baohua 2023, 35(2):  249-258.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.01 Abstract ( 286 )   HTML ( 156 )   PDF (3734KB) ( 544 )   The nucleobase-cation-symport-1 (NCS1) family is a family of secondary active transport proteins comprising over 2 500 sequenced members from bacteria, archaea, fungi and plants. In other studies, it has been found that these proteins are related to solute-specific transport, which in turn affects the growth and development of plants. The objective of this study is to reveal the role of nucleobase cation transporter in cotton growth and development. We identified NCS1 gene family members at the genome-wide level in upland cotton. Chromosome mapping, physical and chemical characterization, phylogenetic tree construction, gene structure analysis, and identification of promoter cis-acting elements were performed to systematically analyze members of the gene family. At the genome-wide level, we identified 4 upland cotton NCS1 genes. The chromosome mapping results showed that these genes are distributed on A09 and D09 two chromosomes. All NCS1 proteins have NCS1 domains according to the motif results. Gene structure analysis showed that the structure and length of introns and exons are consistent in the subgroups. Phylogenetic analysis among cotton, Arabidopsis, rice, maize and other species showed that the gene family had obvious differentiation during the evolution of species. Promoter sequence analysis showed that there are a large number of cis-acting elements related to abscisic acid and gibberellin responses in this gene family. qRT-PCR validation experiments were carried out on cotton fibers of 17 and 21 days post anthesis (dpa), and the results showed that NCS1 gene family members have a significant regulatory role in fiber development. This is the first study that the whole genome of NCS1 family has been identified and analyzed in upland cotton, which provides a theoretical basis for further exploration of nucleobase cation transporters on cotton growth and development. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of biological, physiological and biochemical mechanism of abortion of C-type cytoplasmic male sterile line S37-2 in maize ZHENG Ran, LYU Dan, WU Qinggui, DI Xiaohong, ZHU Tongtong, QIU Guanjie, LUO Hongbing 2023, 35(2):  259-265.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.02 Abstract ( 326 )   HTML ( 31 )   PDF (1287KB) ( 542 )   To reveal the physiology and biochemistry mechanism of male sterile abortion in maize, the sterile line S37-2 and fertile line B37-2 were applied as test materials in the present study. The main agronomic traits of S37-2 and B37-2 were investigated. The differences of the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, free proline, soluble starch, and malonaldehyde (MDA), and the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) in leaves between S37-2 and B37-2 were determined. The results showed that S37-2 had thin and atrophic anther shape and poor plumpness, as the length and cross section diameter of anther were significantly (P<0.05) smaller than those of B37-2. The contents of soluble protein, free proline and soluble sugar in S37-2 leaves were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of B37-2 at the tasseling stage and pollen shedding stage. During the whole growth period, the CAT and SOD activities of S37-2 were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those of B37-2 at the same growth stage. It was inferred that the blocked transportation path of soluble protein, free proline and soluble sugar in leaves of S37-2, with the relatively lower activities of SOD and CAT led to the sterility of S37-2. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Animal Science

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LC-MS/MS-based study on effect of rice straw instead of partial corn silage on plasma metabolites of dairy cows LI Yanan, YE Wenxing, ZHU Xiangde, CHEN Lin, XU Xiaofeng, ZHANG Lili 2023, 35(2):  266-274.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.03 Abstract ( 383 )   HTML ( 18 )   PDF (1892KB) ( 510 )   In order to investigate the effect of rice straw replacing part of corn silage on plasma metabolites of dairy cows, LC-MS/MS material separation and identification technology combined with multivariate statistical method was used in this paper to analyze the metabolites of rice straw before and after replacing corn silage. The results showed that after rice straw replaced part of corn silage, a total of 41 differential metabolites were detected in the plasma of the two groups. Twenty-two metabolites including epinephrine, β-hydroxybutyric acid, nicotinamide and cholic acid were up-regulated, and 19 metabolites such as glutathione, cortisol and corticosterone were down-regulated in the experimental group. It could be seen that replacing part of corn silage with rice straw enhanced the fat mobilization of dairy cows and reduced the ability to resist stress. The results provided a reference for the application of rice straw instead of corn silage in dairy cow diet, and provided a new idea for the development and utilization of rice straw resources. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of dietary supplementation with compound probiotics on production performance, intestinal antioxidant capacity and intestinal ammonia nitrogen levels in late-phase laying hens CHEN Xin, CI Wenjia, LI Zhefeng, CAI Pingli, ZHU Jianjin 2023, 35(2):  275-284.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.04 Abstract ( 251 )   HTML ( 19 )   PDF (2275KB) ( 417 )   This study was aimed to investigate the effects of of dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis on the performance and intestinal health of late-phase laying hens. A total of 2 160 Hy-Line brown hens (50-weeks-old) were randomly divided into three groups, the control group (NC group) was fed the basal diet and the experimental group was supplemented with 250 mg·kg-1 (LD group) and 500 mg·kg-1 (HD group) Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis complexes on the basal diet. The results showed that compared with the NC group, the egg production rate increased by 2.62% and 2.20% in the LD and HD groups respectively and the average daily feed intake (ADFI) was significantly lower in the HD group (P<0.05) at the 49 d. Compared with the NC group, the activity of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in ileal tissue in the LD group were significantly higher than those in the NC group. Similarly, T-AOC, GSH-Px, CAT and SOD activities in cecum and ileum tissues were significantly increased (P<0.05) in the HD group. Significantly higher levels of acetic acid, n-valeric acid and isovaleric acid in cecum contents in the LD group (P<0.05), and significantly higher levels of acetic acid, propionic acid and n-butyric acid in the HD group (P<0.05) compared with the NC group. Ammonia nitrogen, urea content and relative activity of urease in the cecum contents were significantly lower (P<0.05) compared with the NC group. However, the levels of uric acid were higher (P<0.05) in the HD group compared with the NC group. The correlation between microbiome and ammonia metabolites showed that the relative abundance (Bacteroides, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, etc.) were significantly correlated with ammonia metabolites. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis can improve the antioxidant capacity of the intestine, increase the level of short-chain fatty acids in the intestinal contents and reduce the ammonia content in the intestinal contents for improving the performance of laying hens in the late egg-laying period. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Maternal genetic diversity and genetic background of Qaidam cattle based on mtDNA Cyt b sequence variations YANG Qiulei, WEI Xudong, MA Zhijie, CHEN Shengmei, CHAO Shengyu, WULAN Bateer 2023, 35(2):  285-292.  DOI: 3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.05 Abstract ( 195 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (816KB) ( 341 )   To investigate the maternal genetic diversity and genetic background of Qaidam cattle,a total of 268 individuals from five main living areas of Qaidam cattle were selected, and the sequences of mtDNA Cyt b gene were obtained by PCR and direct sequencing. Bioinformatics softwares were used to reveal the maternal genetic diversity, differentiation and genetic background of Qaidam cattle. The results showed that the length of nucleotide sequence of Cyt b gene in Qaidam cattle was 1 140 bp. A total of 29 nucleotide polymorphic sites were detected by sequence alignment analysis, including four single polymorphic sites and 25 parsimonious information sites. According to the nucleotide variation among sequences, 12 haplotypes were identified, in which the dominant haplotype was H2. The nucleotide diversity of the breed was 0.004 0±0.002 2 and the haplotype diversity was 0.588 2±0.030 0, which indicated that Qaidam cattle owned rich maternal genetic diversity. The Fst value among five populations in Qaidam cattle was from -0.010 4 to 0.161 8, indicating that the degree of differentiation among populations was different. Among them, the differentiation degree between Golmud population and Wulan population was the highest (Fst=0.161 8), and that between Dachaidan population and Mangya population was the lowest (Fst=-0.010 4). Based on the UPGMA method, the five populations in Qaidam cattle could be clustered into two groups, in which Golmud population and Dulan population were firstly gathered together, and Dachaidan population and Mangya population were also clustered together first, then they were clustered into one group, but Wulan population was an independent group. Lastly, two sub-groups were finally clustered into one big group. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Qaidam cattle was composed of two maternal genetic branches(i.e. Bos taurus and Bos indicus), indicating that it had two maternal origins with mainly originated from Bos taurus. In addition, three individuals in Qaidam cattle carried the Bos grunniens mtDNA Cyt b sequence type. There was each one in Mangya, Wulan and Dulan populations respectively, accounting for 1.12% of the breed, suggesting that there was a certain degree of Bos grunniens genetic introgression in Qaidam cattle. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic diversity analysis of three Opsariichthys bidens populations in Zhejiang Province based on mitochondrial Cyt b gene sequences LIU Shili, LIAN Qingping, JIA Yongyi, CHI Meili, LI Fei, JIANG Jianhu, LIU Yinuo, ZHENG Jianbo, CHENG Shun, GU Zhimin 2023, 35(2):  293-300.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.06 Abstract ( 385 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF (810KB) ( 658 )   To further understand the status of germplasm resources and impact of artificial reproduction on population genetic structure of Opsariichthys bidens in Zhejiang Province, the mitochondrial Cyt b gene of Qiantang River (QT), Oujiang (OJ), and a cultured population from Balidian (BL) were amplified and determined. The 1 140 bp Cyt b gene sequence was obtained, and analyzed with the sequences of 236 individuals in GenBank. In these sequences, 288 variation sites were detected and 136 haplotypes were defined. The haplotype numbers of OJ, QT and BL populations were 1, 10 and 6, respectively. The haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of QT population were 0.716 and 0.016 16 respectively, while that of BL population were 0.607 and 0.012 05. The molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) showed that the genetic differences in Opsariichthys bidens were primarily derived from inter populations (55.06%) and minority from intra populations (44.94%), there was significant genetic differentiation among these populations (P<0.05). The stock of BL population came from QT, but its genetic diversity decreased after several generations of artificial reproduction. Phylogenetic tree constructed by the neighbor-joining method demonstrated that QT population could be divided into three branches: one branch was clustered with the haplotypes collected from Hunan of the Yangtze River system, and 63.64% of QT individuals belonged to this branch; the second branch was clustered with the haplotypes collected from Guangxi of the Pearl River System, 9.38% of the individuals belonged to this branch, and the remaining samples of QT and all the samples collected from OJ of Zhejiang were clustered into the third branch. This indicates that the ancestral origin of QT population is complex. This study provides reference for the protection and utilization of its germplasm resources. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Inactivation efficiency of various disinfectants against African swine fever virus evaluated by PMA-qPCR YANG Yue, SHAO Jing, ZHANG Pengfei, CHEN Dishi, CHEN Wanting, WANG Yin, LUO Yan, YANG Zexiao, YAO Xueping, REN Meishen 2023, 35(2):  301-307.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.07 Abstract ( 210 )   HTML ( 20 )   PDF (879KB) ( 516 )   In order to evaluate the biosecurity prevention and control level of large-scale pig farms, this study intends to establish a method to detect the infectivity of African swine fever virus(ASFV), and use this method to detect the inactivation effect of various disinfectants on ASFV. We established a method called PMA-qPCR, which was used to evaluate the inactivation effect after treating ASFV with different kinds of disinfectants, and used it to explore the best treatment method of disinfectants. The results of PMA-qPCR showed that ASFV had different sensitivities to different types of disinfectants, with the highest sensitivity to potassium hydrogen persulfate complex solution, which could effectively inactivate ASFV within 20 min after diluting at 0.5%. The results had certain reference for the disinfection of biosecurity. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Horticultural Science

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Identification and preliminary functional characterization of SWEET sugar transporters involved in fruit development of melon (Cucumis melo L.) LI Pingfang, YAO Xiefeng, XU Jinhua, ZHU Lingli, YANG Xingping 2023, 35(2):  308-318.  DOI: 3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.08 Abstract ( 284 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF (3746KB) ( 396 )   Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is one of the most important summer fruits in China and worldwide. The quality and yield of melon fruits are largely determined by the types and amounts of carbohydrates contained in the fruits. SWEET(sugars will eventually be exported transporters) are a new class of proteins with the ability to transport glucose and other oligosaccharides, and recent studies have shown that SWEET sugar transporters may play a role in regulating the fruit development. In this study, 18 SWEETs genes were identified from the melon genome, and further through RT-PCR combined with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) methods, three SWEETs genes with high expression level were identified during the whole or certain period of fruit development stages. Subcellular localization showed that two SWEETs genes(CmSWEET3,CmSWEET7a) were localized on the cell membrane. Further cloned into a yeast vector system, it was found that CmSWEET7a has the function of transporting glucose and fructose in vitro. This study laid the foundation for revealing the regulatory role of SWEET in the development process of melon fruit. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and application of SSR markers based on transcriptome sequencing of turnip (Brassica rapa ssp. rapa) LI Xiaojuan, ZHAO Wenju, ZHAO Mengliang, SHAO Dengkui, MA Yidong, REN Yanjing 2023, 35(2):  319-328.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.09 Abstract ( 362 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (2585KB) ( 671 )   To investigate the level of diversity of turnips (Brassica rapa ssp. rapa) resources, transcriptome sequencing was used to explore the simple sequence repeat marker of turnip. The results showed that transcriptome sequencing analysis obtained 253 720 unigene and 13 247 unigene sequences contained 2 or more SSR sites. The frequency of SSR was 25.05%, with an average of 1 SSR per 3.15 kb, and a distribution frequency of 31.42%. All 30 primers eventually yielded high polymorphism and clear bands with a total of 126 polymorphism bands with an average of 4.2 pairs and 100% polymorphism. According to electrophoresis amplification results, 24 SSR primers with high polymorphism and clear bands were selected. Twenty-four SSR primers amplified 101 alleles in 50 turnip materials with an average of 4.21 alleles per locus. Analysis results showed that the average number of effective alleles (Ne) was 1.481 7 with an effective allele variation rate of 35.19%. These results showed that the selected primers could represent the genetic diversity of 50 turnips and played an important role in DNA fingerprint construction and hybrid identification of turnips. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of γ-polyglutamic acid fermentation broth on growth of pakchoi and utilization rate of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer HE Yu, LYU Weiguang, LI Shuangxi, ZHENG Xianqing, ZHANG Hanlin, ZHANG Juanqin, ZHANG Haiyun, BAI Naling, LIU Shanliang 2023, 35(2):  329-337.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.10 Abstract ( 233 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (944KB) ( 577 )   In order to study the effects of γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) and its fermentation broth as microbial fertilizer on pakchoi growth and soil nutrients, so as to provide basis for chemical fertilizer reduction and sustainable agricultural development, Brassica rapa L.ssp.chinensis L. was taken as the research object, the pot experiment was carried out by using the γ-PGA producing bacterium A-5 and its fermentation product. Then, the effects of γ-PGA and γ-PGA fermentation broth on the quality of pakchoi, soil physicochemical properties and soil enzyme activities were measured, and the N/P fertilizer use efficiencies and economic benefits were calculated. The pot experiment proved that the γ-PGA and γ-PGA fermentation broth produced by A-5 had better growth-promoting and synergistic effects. Compared with the treatment of nitrogen fertilizer reduced by 30% (-N), pure γ-PGA (-N+PGA) and γ-PGA fermentation broth (-N+FJY) increased vegetable yield by 20.19% and 37.63% respectively, and the -N+FJY treatment had better growth promoting effect. Under the treatment of γ-PGA fermentation broth, containing a large amount of B.subtilis sp. A-5, the fertilizer utilization rate of N/P were significantly higher than other treatments, which had higher economic benefits than γ-PGA. In summary, γ-PGA acid fermentation produced by B.subtilis sp. A-5 has the significant effects on promoting vegetable growth and improving fertilizer utilization ratio, which can provide a basis for its application in agriculture. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Rapid determination of silicon content in Cucurbitaceae leaves by silicon molybdenum blue method SUN Nan, YAN Guochao, HE Yong, ZHU Zhujun 2023, 35(2):  338-345.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.11 Abstract ( 366 )   HTML ( 46 )   PDF (869KB) ( 554 )   In this study, the method of silicon content determination in Cucurbitaceae crop tissues was modified aiming to provide technical support for the application of silicon fertilizer and related researches in horticultural plants. Different Cucurbitaceae crops including cucumber (Jinyou No.1), pumpkin (Miben) and watermelon (Zaojia 8424) were used in this study, and the effects of grinding temperature, grinding time, extracting time, water bathing time, reduction reaction time and absorption wavelength on the determination of silicon contents were investigated. As for silicon extraction process, measured value of silicon content by grinding under low-temperature (liquid nitrogen,-196 ℃) showed significant higher than that under room temperature. The results of the orthogonal test and full factorial experiments showed that the combination of low temperature grinding at 50 Hz for 30 s and extracting for 10 min was the best assay. The measured value tended to be stable after 3 min of water bathing, 2 min of reduction reaction. In addition, the results showed that the maximum absorption of silicon molybdenum blue was 810 nm. In conclusion, the optimal methods for silicon extraction and determination were as follows: 50 Hz grinding at low-temperature (liquid nitrogen,-196 ℃) for 30 s, extracting for 10 min at room temperature, 50 ℃ water bathing for 3 min, reduction reaction for 2 min, and the absorbance value was determined at 810 nm using spectrophotometer. The recovery rate of this method was 93%-108%. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of storage temperature on important postharvest quality of Canna edulis in Guangxi HUANG Qiuwei, MAO Liyan, TAN Xiaohui, WANG Liping, LIU Gongde, PENG Jifei, LONG Lingyun 2023, 35(2):  346-354.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.12 Abstract ( 306 )   HTML ( 14 )   PDF (1230KB) ( 538 )   Temperature changes during storage will affect the quality of Canna edulis tubers. In order to explore the change rule of important quality of Canna edulis tubers under different storage temperature conditions, Canna edulis in Tian’e County, Guangxi Province were used as test material, and changes of nutritional quality indexes under three temperature treatments (low temperature 6 ℃, normal temperature 25 ℃and high temperature 35 ℃) were analyzed. The results showed that water content of tubers of the three temperature treatments showed a significant decrease, and contents of soluble sugar and reducing sugar showed a significant increase when during the storage period of 0-9 d; when the storage period was 9-15 d, water content of the C. edulis treated at low temperature and normal temperature increased slightly, and contents of soluble sugar and reducing sugar decreased significantly. During the 15 d storage period, soluble protein content of C. edulis tubers treated at low temperature showed a downward trend with the change of storage time. Soluble protein content of the treated samples changed irregularly; when the storage period was 0-3 d, total flavonoid content of the C. edulis tuber treated at the three temperatures increased significantly, and the starch content decreased significantly. There was a significant downward trend, but the changes of starch content were irregular; during the storage period of 0-12 d, starch extraction rate of C. edulis tuber treated at low temperature increased significantly and then decreased slightly. The results of principal component analysis and correlation analysis showed that the tubers of C. edulis tuber treated at low temperature were more suitable for starch extraction. This study provided a reference for the formulation of standards for the storage, starch extraction and preparation of C. edulis tuber in Guangxi and the optimization of the processing technology of C. edulis tuber in factories. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of temperature and gibberellin on flowering regulation of Cymbidium goeringii LIU Xiaofen, LING Xiaoqi, XIANG Lili, YU Lu, SHEN Hong, LI Fang 2023, 35(2):  355-363.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.13 Abstract ( 1253 )   HTML ( 31 )   PDF (5523KB) ( 615 )   In order to advance the flowering period of Cymbidium goeringii to the Spring Festival, C. goeringii was used as material, natural low-temperature and GA3 treatments were carried out. The flowering rate, morphological indexes and physiological indexes of C. goeringii were analyzed. The results showed that the flowering period of C. goeringii could be advanced only after receiving appropriate low-temperature vernalization treatment. According to the results, the effective accumulative temperature hours below 5 ℃ were 105-350 h, too short or too long was not conducive to flowering. The best treatment combination to promote flowering and improve the ornamental value was to conduct natural temperature treatment for 30 days and then cultured in a greenhouse with an average temperature of 17-20 ℃ for 30 days, the flowering rate could reach to 78.57% on 15 days before Spring Festival and the flower stalk could reach to 12.64 cm during the Spring Festival. Effect of gibberellin on promoting flowering rate was not as good as low-temperature treatment. The best concentration of gibberellin was 60-90 mg·L-1. Appropriate gibberellin treatment could enhance the low-temperature treatment and further improved the flowering rate. In addition, the analysis of physiological indexes indicated that the contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein in leaves were related to the flowering rate. Contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein were decreasing with the increase of flowering rate. This study screened an economical and convenient cultivation condition, which was of great economic significance to enrich the New Year’s eve flower market, and also played a good foundation for the regulation and standardization of the flowering period of spring orchid. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of agronomic traits and genetic diversity of four major tea populations in Zhejiang Province, China DING Yi, ZHENG Xuxia, HUANG Haitao, MAO Yuxiao, ZHAO Yun 2023, 35(2):  364-372.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.14 Abstract ( 255 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (1043KB) ( 641 )   Based on the 330 samples of Tiantai, Longshan, Muhe and Jiukeng populations taken from the local tea gardens, 16 phenotype traits (leaves, new tops and flowers) were compared through statistical analysis and related analysis, and genetic diversity research. The results showed that, in addition to the relative height between gynoecium and androecium in the four groups had no significant difference, the remaining agronomic traits in different populations showed different degrees of diversity. In the four populations surveyed, the coefficient of variation of agronomic trait parameters was between 4.46% and 44.90%, with an average of 25.28%, of which the coefficient of variation of leaf attitude was the highest, reaching 41.43%. For the study object of flowers, the group with rich genetic diversity of agronomic traits was Tiantai population, and it showed high molecular polymorphism under the SSR mark. With leaves as the study object, the Jiukeng population was the ideal material, and for the flower-leaf, Muhe is the best material. In addition, different geographical conditions had a greater impact on the Longshan population, while other groups were relatively stable. In general, the four tea populations had rich phenotype diversity and specific characteristics, all of which had high targeted breeding potential. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Plant Protection

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Functional study of a β-glucosidase Foglu1 in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans WANG Teng, WANG Bixiang, LI Shiyao, WEI Jing, LI Erfeng 2023, 35(2):  373-382.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.15 Abstract ( 199 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF (3299KB) ( 453 )   Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans(FOC) is a causal agent of cabbage Fusarium wilt. The β-glucosidase is a rate-limiting enzyme for cellulose degradation. In this study, to determine biological roles of a β-glucosidase (Foglu1) in fungal development and virulence of FOC, the Foglu1 gene was knocked out by split-marker homologous recombination and complementation strains were generated by reintroducing Foglu1 gene into ΔFoglu1 mutant. Then, phenotypes of the wild type strain, deletion mutant ΔFoglu1 and complemented strain ΔFoglu1-C were analyzed. The result showed that the colony diameter of ΔFoglu1 mutant was significantly reduced by 19.6% compared to that of the wild type in cell membrane stress experiment (0.05% SDS), indicating that Foglu1 was required for cell integrity in FOC. Also, in oxygen stress experiment (0.1% H2O2), colony diameter of ΔFoglu1 mutant significantly decreased by 14% compared with the wild type, indicating that deletion of Foglu1 resulted in the increase of sensitivity to oxygen stress. Meanwhile, conidial production of ΔFoglu1 mutant was reduced by 22.3% compared to the wild type, indicating that Foglu1 gene was important for sporulation in FOC. Interestingly, at 8 days after inoculation, disease index of ΔFoglu1 mutant was significantly reduced and 39.5% lower than that of the wild type. The disease indexes of seedlings inoculated with the wild type, ΔFoglu1 and ΔFoglu1-C were no differences at 11, 15 and 18 days after inoculation. It showed that Foglu1 played roles in the early interaction between the pathogen and the host. It could delay the disease development but had no effect on pathogenicity. In conclusion, these findings suggested that β-glucosidase (Foglu1) played an important role in FOC cell membrane integrity, oxidative stress, sporulation and pathogenesis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on optimization of extraction conditions and activity of functional components from Dieffenbachia picta MA Bo, TAO Zhen, ZHOU Rui, WANG Xue, LYU Qianqian, SUN Shihong, WANG Han, GAO Jinqiu, ZHANG Chuhan, CHEN Fengqing 2023, 35(2):  383-393.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.16 Abstract ( 331 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (1061KB) ( 630 )   In order to optimize the extraction process of polysaccharides and alkaloids from Dieffenbachia picta Lodd, and explore the antioxidant activity of its polysaccharide extract, and the insecticidal and bacteriostatic activity of alkaloids, Dieffenbachia picta was used as material, the extraction processes of polysaccharides and alkaloids were optimized by orthogonal design. Insecticidal test was carried out by the insecticidal impregnation method, to explore the contact killing effect of alkaloid extract of D. picta on Helicoverpa armigera, Plutella xylostella and Zophobas atratus; Filter paper method was used to explore the bacteriostatic effect of alkaloid extract of D. picta on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Shigella dysentery and Salmonella typhi. The antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from Dieffenbachia picta Lodd was studied by measuring the ability of scavenging DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical (·OH) and reducing ability to Fe3+. The results showed that the optimal extraction process of polysaccharide from D. picta were the solid-liquid ratio 1∶30 (g·mL-1), extraction for 3 times, extraction time 1 h, extraction temperature 90 ℃. The antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from D. picta show that when the polysaccharide concentration was 5.0 mg·mL-1, the scavenging rates of DPPH radical, ABTS radical and hydroxyl (·OH) radical were 51.78%, 48.60% and 40.86%, respectively, and the reducing power of Fe3+ reached 0.338 6. With the continuous increase of polysaccharide concentration, the antioxidant activity also gradually increased, but they were lower than those in the control group. The influence of each factor on the extraction of alkaloids from the leaves of D. picta was ultrasonic temperature>ultrasonic time>solid-liquid ratio>ethanol volume fraction. The optimal extraction process of alkaloids from the leaves of D. picta were ultrasonic temperature 66 ℃, ultrasonic time 80 min, solid-liquid ratio 1∶ 30 (g·mL-1), ethanol volume fraction 90%. The results of the insecticidal test showed that the contact toxicity of the alkaloids from D. picta leaves to the three insects was significantly different. After 36 h of treatment, the mortality rates of H. armigera, P. xylostella and Z. atratus worm were 92.22%, 96.67% and 96.67%, respectively. The results of bacteriostatic test showed that 12.5 mg·mL-1 alkaloid extract had different inhibitory effects on different strains. It had the strongest antibacterial activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, and the diameter of bacteriostatic ring could reach 10.95 mm and 10.65 mm, followed by E. faecalis, S. aureus, B. subtilis and S. dysentery, the diameters of bacteriostatic rings were 8.00, 8.20, 8.85 and 8.25 mm, respectively. Salmonella typhi showed insensitive or insensitive. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Environmental Science

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Effects of nitrogen reduction and biochar on nitrogen uptake by rice and soil physiochemical properties RUAN Zebin, WANG Lange, LAN Wangkaining, XU Yan, CHEN Junhui, LIU Dan 2023, 35(2):  394-402.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.17 Abstract ( 332 )   HTML ( 24 )   PDF (972KB) ( 687 )   The effects of biochar addition under different nitrogen reduction levels on rice nitrogen uptake, soil nutrients and enzyme activities were analyzed to provide scientific basis for nitrogen reduction and efficiency improvement and soil fertility promotion in paddy fields. Pot experiment was conducted to analyze the differences of soil nutrients contents, enzyme activities and nitrogen content in different parts of rice under seven treatments of different nitrogen dosage and combined biochar application. The results showed that compared with the conventional nitrogen application treatment (N100), the ammonium nitrogen content in soil under chemical fertilizer reduction treatments increased significantly (P<0.05) by 37.5%-49.2%. The pH value and available P contents in soil treated with biochar were significantly (P<0.05) increased by 0.23-0.31 pH unit and 16.1%-29.2%, respectively. Compared with N100, moderate nitrogen reduction and biochar addition could significantly (P<0.05) increase soil enzyme activity. N80 (the treatment with 20% N reduction) significantly (P<0.05) increased stem and ear nitrogen content by 24.2% and 11.1%, respectively. The nitrogen contents in roots, stems, leaves and ears of rice were significantly (P<0.05) increased under BN80 (the treatment with 20% N reduction combined with biochar) than N80, and the apparent nitrogen use efficiencies of BN80, N80 and BN60 (the treatment with 40% N reduction combiaed with biochar) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of N100 by 25.5, 16.3 and 19.4 percent point. The apparent nitrogen use efficiency was positively correlated with activities of α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, xylanase, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase. BN80 could increase soil nutrients contents and soil enzymes activities, and promote the nitrogen uptake by rice, which could be used as an effective way for nitrogen reduction and efficiency improvement. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Adsorption-desorption characteristics of ammonium polyphosphate in purple soils YUAN Taiyan, YAN Zhengjuan, HUANG Chengdong, ZHANG Zhiye, WANG Xinlong 2023, 35(2):  403-416.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.18 Abstract ( 289 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (1664KB) ( 612 )   Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) of APP1 (low polymerization degree) and APP2 (high polymerization degree) were used as the research objects. Based on the adsorption-desorption test, the adsorption and desorption characteristics of APP in typical acid and calcareous purple soils were investigated by using isothermal equation model, combined with the analysis of phosphorus (P) forms in the equilibrium solution in comparison with monoammonium phosphate (MAP), in order to provide theoretical basis for efficient utilization of APP in purple soils. The results showed that with the increase of P addition (1-300 mg·L-1), the adsorption of APP by acid purple soil increased first and then decreased, while always increased by calcareous purple soil. When the P addition was 1-100 mg·L-1, the adsorption of APP1 and APP2 by acid purple soil better fitted the Langmuir equation (R2=0.961) and Freundlich equation (R2=0.947), respectively, while the adsorption of APP by calcareous purple soil fitted the Freundlich equation (R2 of 0.995, 0.950, respectively). Two purple soils dominantly absorbed the polyphosphate (poly-P) in the APPs, especially for pyrophosphate (pyro-P), and the contribution rate of pyro-P in the APP1 and APP2 to P adsorption exceeded 76% and 36%, respectively. Under higher P addition, the negative adsorption phenomenon occurred for the adsorption of orthophosphate (ortho-P) in the APP by acid purple soil. Meanwhile, in the two purple soils, the desorption rate of ortho-P in the APP was higher than that of poly-P, and the desorption rate of ortho-P in acid purple soil with high adsorbed P even exceeded 100%. Under low P addition, the adsorption amount of APP was higher than that of MAP by two purple soils. APP increased the contents of Fe, Al and dissolved organic carbon, while reduced the content of Ca in the adsorption equilibrium solutions. In conclusion, APP with various P forms maintained ortho-P supply via promoting the ortho-P release from the soil, but not via reducing its adsorption by the soil. In addition, the distribution of P forms in the APP also determined its availability in the soil. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different soil amendments on safe production and iron and zinc contents of rice in cadmium and mercury compound polluted soil WU Shaofu, NI Yuanjun, ZHAN Lichuan, PENG Lu, WU Yingjie 2023, 35(2):  417-424.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.19 Abstract ( 355 )   HTML ( 34 )   PDF (861KB) ( 596 )   In this study, a randomized block experiment was performed in a cadmium (Cd)-mercury (Hg) compound polluted paddy field in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, China. The treatment without application of soil amendments was selected as the control (CK), and the effects of different soil amendments on the safe production and iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) contents of rice were compared. It was shown that all the three soil amendments could significantly (P<0.05) decrease the contents of soil available Cd and Hg, and decrease the content of Cd and Hg in brown rice below the limitation of the national standard, thus guarantee the safe production of rice. Among the tested soil amendments, the self-developed soil amendments No. 2 could also significantly (P<0.05) increase Fe, Zn content in brown rice, which not only safeguards the rice production in the Cd-Hg compound polluted soil, but also enhances the nutritional quality of rice, and is the best choice under the experiment conditions. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Food Science

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OSA-modified porous starch loading and improving bioavailability of naringin WANG Lu, DING Zhe, LU Shengmin, JIANG Hao, ZHENG Meiyu, YANG Ying 2023, 35(2):  425-433.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.20 Abstract ( 246 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF (1440KB) ( 445 )   In order to enhance the loading of naringin (NA) in OSA modified porous starch (OSAPS) by optimization experiments and further enhance the in vivo bioavailability of NA with the form of complex, OSAPS-NA complexes were prepared by antisolvent precipitation method and metabolic kinetic studies were performed on the complexes prepared under optimal conditions. The oral bioavailability of the raw NA material and the OSAPS-NA complex was evaluated by fitting the compartmental model and the statistical moment model. The result showed that when acetone was applied as the solvent, solvent co-precipitation combined with ultrasonication significantly enhanced the loading rate of NA in OSAPS, and the highest loading rate of NA in OSAPS was achieved when the volume ratio of antisolvent (n-hexane) was 0.6, the sonication time was 200 W and the sonication time was 20 min. The oral relative bioavailability results indicated that the area under the drug-time curve of NA in the OSAPS-NA complex prepared under optimal conditions was 9.80 times that of the original NA material, and the time to peak was reduced from 60 min to 15 min. The study successfully optimized the OSAPS-NA complex, resulting in approximately (71.49±2.26)% loading of NA. And by being loaded by OSAPS, the relative oral bioavailability of NA was increased by 9.80 times. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Biosystems Engineering

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Prediction model of one season rice development period based on BP neural network FAN Chuang, ZHAO Zihao, ZHANG Xuesong, YANG Shenbin 2023, 35(2):  434-444.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.21 Abstract ( 468 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (1306KB) ( 666 )   In order to explore the applicability of predicting crop growth period based on the principle of BP neural network, a simulation study was carried out by using the conventional meteorological observation data and crop growth period observation data of one-season rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The results showed that the effective accumulated temperature model considering temperature had a good correlation between the simulated and observed values in each phenological period with correlation coefficient (r) higher than 0.75. It was feasible to use effective accumulated temperature to simulate the crop development stage, but the mean absolute error (MAE) of simulation was large, as the MAE was more than 5 days in transplanting, jointing and maturity stages. Based on the effective accumulated temperature model, precipitation, relative humidity and sunshine duration were introduced to construct temperature (T) model, temperature-precipitation (T-P) model, temperature-relative humidity (T-RH) model and temperature-sunshine duration (T-S) model. After training by BP neural network, the evaluation indices of simulation in different crop growth periods of the four models were improved, and T-RH model exhibited the best effect. After optimization of the parameters of middle layer and training times of the T-RH model by BP neural network, the root mean square error in simulation for each growth stage was 0.3-1.2 d, the MAE was less than 1 d, and the r value was higher than 0.96 (P<0.01). Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of YOLOv5-based germination detection method for wheat seeds BAI Weiwei, ZHAO Xueni, LUO Bin, ZHAO Wei, HUANG Shuo, ZHANG Han 2023, 35(2):  445-454.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.22 Abstract ( 333 )   HTML ( 80 )   PDF (5934KB) ( 750 )   Seed germination test is an important part of testing the quality of crops. In order to improve the efficiency of seed germination detection and realize the automation of seed germination detection, taking wheat as the research object, a model based on YOLOv5 seed germination discrimination was constructed by machine vision technology combined with deep learning methods. Based on this, a set of improved discriminative methods for seed germination detection based on YOLOv5 was designed through the combined analysis of wheat germination test images in 7 days. The rapid detection of wheat seed germination rate, germination potential, germination index and average germination days was realized and the detection experiment was carried out. The results showed that the YOLOv5 model had 92.5% accuracy for wheat seed germination. By using the improved discrimination method of seed germination detection based on YOLOv5, the accuracy of seed germination discrimination was 98.5%, and the errors of germination potential, germination index, and average germination days were 0.5%, 2.39, and 0.1 d compared with manual detection. The improved discrimination method based on YOLOv5 seed germination detection proposed in this study could realize the rapid detection of seed germination rate, germination potential,germination index and average germination days, and provide a reference for the rapid detection of crop seed germination. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Agricultural Economy and Development

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How does land titling affect agricultural productivity: a differences-in-differences study based on China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) data WANG Pingping 2023, 35(2):  455-467.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.23 Abstract ( 244 )   HTML ( 26 )   PDF (1422KB) ( 506 )   Clearly defined land property rights are important for agricultural productivity growth, and the new round of progressive land titling reforms in China provides a good exogenous natural experiment to explore the relationship between the two. Based on the two rounds of tracking panel data from the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) in 2013 and 2015, a continuous difference-in-differences (Staggered DID) model was constructed by utilizing the progress differences of land titling between villages to test the effect of land titling on agricultural productivity and the mechanism of action. It was revealed that the land titling significantly increased agricultural productivity of farm households, and the result was significantly robust after undergoing a series of tests including corrections for sample selection bias, dealing with endogeneity problems, and replacing productivity measurement indexes. Further analysis showed that the effect of land titling on agricultural productivity was heterogeneous across farmers with different land sizes, regions and productivity levels, and for farmers with larger land sizes, higher agricultural productivity, or in the east regions, the productivity growth effect caused by titling was significantly greater. The mechanism test showed that the productivity growth effect of land titling was mainly achieved through promoting land transfer among farmers and increasing productivity-oriented investment in agriculture, while the mechanism of promoting agricultural productivity by increasing credit availability was not effective. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Space-time logic and breakthrough direction of China’s rural development in the new development stage WANG Bo, CHEN Qiulin, WAN Jingjing 2023, 35(2):  468-476.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.24 Abstract ( 251 )   HTML ( 21 )   PDF (1232KB) ( 459 )   The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) proposed that by 2035, agriculture should be basically modernized and rural areas should be basically equipped with modern living conditions. In the new development stage, in the process of promoting rural revitalization and realizing agricultural and rural modernization, it is necessary to clarify various logical relations in time and space of China’s rural development. In terms of time logic, we should accurately grasp the basic national conditions and facts of China’s rural development in the late stage of the urban-rural dual society in which traditional agriculture is transitioning to modern agriculture. We should objectively understand that the long-term development goal of China’s rural areas in the future is to realize the urban-rural integration society in the advanced stage of agricultural modernization. In terms of spatial logic, we should pay attention to the coordinated function of China’s rural economy, ecology, society, culture and politics at the present stage, so as to improve the social effect of the implementation of rural development policies in the new develoopment stage. In the new development stage, based on the time and space logic of rural development, we should unify the debate on rural development in terms of theoretical thought, path selection and policy implementation, identify the key breakthrough direction of rural development, and promote rural development to be stable and far-reaching. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on influencing factors of farmers’ satisfaction with new rural cooperative medical system from perspective of rural revitalization: microscopic data from 2 152 farmers across China WU Zhong’an, XU Yulu, CHEN Fan 2023, 35(2):  477-488.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.02.25 Abstract ( 226 )   HTML ( 672 )   PDF (2076KB) ( 443 )   People’s yearning for a better life is a key indicator of rural revitalization, and the evaluation of farmers’ satisfaction with the new rural cooperative medical system (NRCMS) affects farmers’ satisfaction with the construction of rural revitalization. This paper focused on the influencing factors of farmers’ satisfaction with NRCMS from the perspective of rural revitalization. Eveiws software was used to perform an ordered Logistic regression analysis on the data of 2 152 peasant households nationwide. The results showed that: On the whole, the proportion of farmers’ satisfaction with NRCMS was more than dissatisfaction, 55% were satisfied with NRCMS, 37% had a general attitude towards NRCMS. Age, education level and farmers’ net income had a significant positive effect on the satisfaction of NRCMS, indicating that strengthening policy publicity, enhancing education level and improving people’s income were conducive to improving the satisfaction of NRCMS. The convenience of obtaining medical information through the internet and whether villages have established wechat groups had a significant positive impact on the satisfaction of NRCMS, indicating that the use of the internet strengthened farmers’ access to information and facilitated communication among farmers, thus driving people’s satisfaction with NRCMS. Compared with villages in northeast China, residents in eastern and central China were less satisfied with NRCMS. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics