Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

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2024, 36(12): 0-0.

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Impact of high-temperature stress at grain filling stage on rice grain quality in different rice varieties

TAN Yuhong, ZHOU Min, ZHANG Hua, ZHANG Heng, WANG Fulin, SONG Tao, ZHU Ying, XU Heng

2024, 36(12): 2657-2665. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240196

Abstract ( 389 )

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To investigate the effects of high temperature on the quality of various rice varieties (japonica and indica), three japonica and three indica rice varieties were grown under high temperature (day temperature 35 ℃/night temperature 28 ℃) and control temperature (day temperature 28 ℃/night temperature 22 ℃) during the filling stage. The results revealed that high temperature led to deterioration in rice appearance and reduced seed weight. However, the effect of high temperature on indica rice was significantly less than that on japonica rice. Additionally, the response to high temperature varied among varieties with different haplotype of Wx gene, which controls amylose content in rice seeds. Wx^a-type varieties showed less impact on amylose content under high temperature. In comparison, the Wx^b-type was relatively more affected under high temperature. Although Wx^b-type varieties all exhibited varying degrees of decline in amylose content, the decline was less prominent in indica rice varieties compared with japonica rice varieties under high temperature. This work will help us understand the differences between japonica and indica varieties and Wx allele types in response to high temperatures during the filling stage, which will contribute to the subsequent selection of varieties tolerant to high temperature.

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Change characteristics of comprehensive traits of barley varieties (strains) in the comparative identification tests in coastal areas of Jiangsu Province of China from 2007 to 2021

GUO Aikui, LIANG Zhihao, LI Yuxing, WANG Qiang, CHENG Yifan, XUE Song, YU Wenqing, XU Xiao, ZHANG Yinghu, QIAO Hailong, YANG Hongyan, SHEN Huiquan

2024, 36(12): 2666-2675. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231436

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Barley production in Jiangsu coastal area is at the leading level in China. Investigating the evolutionary patterns of barley varieties (strains) and their main agronomic traits in the Jiangsu coastal areas over the past 15 years has great significant importance to barley production in China. Based on the statistical data from comparison and identification of barley varieties (strains) tests in Jiangsu coastal areas from 2007 to 2021, various methods including linear regression analysis, path analysis and correlation analysis were employed to study characteristics of changes in agronomic and quality traits of barley varieties (strains) in Jiangsu coastal areas over the past 15 years. The results indicate that:in recent 15 years, barley varieties (strains) in Jiangsu coastal areas showed an increased trend in plant height, spike length, spike numbers per unit area, kernel numbers per spike, 1 000-grain weight and yield, among which the plant height increased significantly at an average annual rate of 0.69 cm, and the spike numbers per unit area increased significantly at an average annual rate of 7.05×10⁴ hm^-2, the number of grains per spike increased by 0.12 grains per year, the average annual increase of 1 000-grain weight was 0.26 g and the average annual increase of yield was 27.58 kg·hm^-2. There was no significant change in growth period. In recent years, barley varieties (strains) bred in Jiangsu coastal areas have exhibited a decreasing trend in the protein content, and some high-quality barley varieties including S9, S11, Y6, Y7 and Y21 with protein content≤12.50%. The synergistic development of the three factors of yield was the key driving factor for the increase of barley yield in Jiangsu coastal areas in recent 15 years. However, the increased of plant height and frequent extreme weather which led to the worsening of barley collapse were the main reasons restricting the further improvement of barley yield in coastal areas of Jiangsu Province. This study revealed the characteristics of changes in agronomic and quality traits of barley varieties (strains) in Jiangsu coastal areas in the past 15 years, and elucidated the relationship between barley major traits and yield. It could provide reference for the coordinated development of high yield and high quality barley varieties in China.

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Exploring ADSL gene regulation of inosine monophosphate content in Bashang long tail chicken based on transcriptome and next-generation sequencing technology

HE Lingyu, QIAO Xian, WANG Xinyue, LI Xianglong

2024, 36(12): 2676-2686. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240222

Abstract ( 132 )

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In order to search and improve the genes involved in the muscle inosine monophosphate (IMP) content of Bashang long tail chickens, a high-quality meat and egg dual-use breed of Bashang long tail chickens in Hebei Province was selected as the experimental subjects. The inosine content of 60 chickens was measured. The high and low inosine monophosphate content of Bashang long tail chickens was used as the indicator for grouping, and transcriptome sequencing was performed for differential expression gene analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment. PCR amplification and sequencing technology were used to screen for polymorphic sites. Use one-way ANOVA in SPSS to conduct correlation analysis with inosine monophosphate content. The results showed that:among the significantly differentially expressed genes in transcriptome sequencing analysis, there were 251 up-regulated genes and 241 down-regulated genes, while 18 300 genes were not significantly different. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was conducted on the differentially expressed genes, and it was found that the nucleotide metabolism pathway has an important impact on the content of inosine monophosphate. The ADSL gene is involved in this pathway and ultimately affects the synthesis of inosine monophosphate. the 2nd, 7th, 9th, and 11th exons of the ADSL gene were successfully amplified, and g. 3713G>A, g. 3797C>T, g. 8282C>G, g. 10191C>T, and g. 12827C>A were screened. Among them, the IMP content in exon 2 (g. 3797C>T) CT individuals was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in CC and TT individuals, while in exon 7 (g. 8282C>G), the IMP content in CG individuals was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in GG individuals and CC individuals. The dominant genotypes of the ADSL gene in Bashang long tail chickens are located at exon 2, g. 3797C>T site CT type, and exon 7, g. 828282C>G site CG type, which can be used as molecular markers for IMP content in breeding practice.

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Antiviral effects of gypenoside against bovine viral diarrhea virus in vitro

CAI Dongjie, SHEN Zifan, ZUO Zhicai, TIAN Bin, YE Gang, LI Weiqiang, BU Qinglong

2024, 36(12): 2687-2695. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231161

Abstract ( 125 )

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To investigate the effect of gypenoside on bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), the in vitro cell culture technique combined with cytopathic effect (CPE) observation and CCK-8 assay was employed. The safe concentrations of gypenoside and α-glycerol monolaurate were determined. Three different treatment protocols were used:pre-treatment with compound followed by viral infection, post-treatment with compound after viral infection, and pre-incubation of compound and virus prior to infection. Western blot and quantitative PCR were conducted to evaluate the changes of expression levels of BVDV E2 protein gene and 5'-UTR, to explore the inhibitory effect in vitro. The results showed that the cell viability at the concentration of 16 μmol·L^-1 for gypenoside and 25 μg·mL^-1 for α-glycerol monolaurate was not significantly different from the control group (P>0.05), indicating that these concentrations were the maximum safe concentrations of the two compounds. Compared to the control group, gypenoside exhibited significant (P<0.01) inhibition on the expression levels of BVDV E2 protein gene and 5'-UTR, and its direct virucidal effect was superior to the α-glycerol monolaurate. Gypenoside also showed significant (P<0.05) adsorption inhibition against BVDV, while no significant difference was found in replication inhibition when compared to the virus control group.

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Effect of foliar spraying of iron nanoparticles on the growth and quality of spinach

ZHANG Yaru, XIE Jianming, ZHANG Jing, YANG Xuzhen, WU Zhiguo

2024, 36(12): 2696-2704. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240116

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Using substrate cultivation, spinach variety Dabo 6 was used as the test material, and foliar spraying of nano-zero-valent iron (NZVI) at different concentrations (5, 50, 150, 300 and 450 mg·L^-1) was applied to study the effects of NZVI on the growth, photosynthetic characteristics and quality of spinach. The results showed that different concentrations of NZVI treatments increased the biomass, photosynthesis and leaf soluble sugar and vitamin C content of spinach, and showed a tendency to increase and then decrease with the increase of iron nanoparticles concentration; The largest increase was with 150 mg·L^-1. Compared with CK, its dry and fresh weight increased by 75.73% and 49.44%, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), and transpiration rate (T_r), increased by 48.39%, 52.34%, and 52.38%, respectively, root vigor increased by 80.21%, and the content of soluble sugar and vitamin C increased by 42.34% and 25.60%, respectively. Different concentrations of NZVI treatments were could effect the content of nitrate and oxalic acid to different degrees, with the 150 mg·L^-1 NZVI treatment showing the greatest reduction of 64.56% and 56.86%, respectively.

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Relationship between chemical composition, microstructure and texture of different varieties of peach fruits

ZHAO Han, XIANG Kexin, LIU Chunju, LI Bin, LI Dajing, LI Yue, NIU Liying, YU Rui

2024, 36(12): 2705-2718. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231310

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To investigate the relationship between the chemical components, microstructure and texture of four different peach fruits (honey peach, flat peach, nectarine, yellow peach), the chemical composition, cell wall components, cell microstructure, porosity, mechanical properties and texture were analyzed and their relationship were investigated by correlation analysis and principal component analysis. The results showed that honey peaches had higher hemicellulose (HC) and cellulose (CEL) contents, larger cell cross-sectional areas, and irregular morphological structures; flat peaches had the highest moisture content, low soluble sugar content, the highest water-soluble pectin (WSP) content, thinner cell walls, and lower elastic modulus and hardness; nectarines had higher soluble sugar and Na₂CO₃-soluble pectin (NSP) contents, larger cells, more complete morphology, regular arrangement, higher porosity and hardness; yellow peaches had high CDTA-soluble pectin (CSP) content, smaller and closely arranged cells, thicker cell walls, lower porosity, and higher elastic modulus. Statistical analysis revealed that cell wall thickness, cell wall material (CWM) content, CSP content, fat content, protein content were significantly (P<0.01) positively correlated with mechanical properties (yield force, yield energy, maximum stress); hardness was significantly (P<0.01) positively correlated with solid content, protein content, soluble sugar content, CSP content, NSP content, cell wall thickness, and some mechanical properties, while it was significantly (P<0.05) negatively correlated with bulk density and water content; soluble sugar content was significantly (P<0.05) negatively correlated with bulk density, and significantly (P<0.01) positively correlated with NSP content, cell roundness and hardness; porosity was significantly (P<0.01) positively correlated with microstructure (cell cross-sectional area, cell perimeter, equivalent diameter). In summary, the cellular microstructure affects the porosity and particle density of peach fruits, and chemical components such as soluble sugar content and pectin content have an impact on the mechanical properties.

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Effects of plastic film mulching and natural grass growing on soil nutrients, pH, water content and temperature in peach orchard

YANG Le, LI Wenyang, LUO Jianli, ZHENG Wei, ZHANG Biyang, WANG Zhen, YAN Tengfei

2024, 36(12): 2719-2726. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240341

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In order to investigate the impact of different soil management techniques on the physical and chemical characteristics of soil in the peach orchard, a filed experiment was conducted in Xinyang City, Henan Province, with two treatments of plastic film mulching (black degradable film mulching) and natural grass growing, while the clean cultivation was served as the control (CK). The changes of soil pH, temperature and the contents of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and water were analyzed. The results indicated that, in comparison to the CK, the plastic film mulching and natural grass growing treatments both significantly (P<0.05) increased the soil organic matter content in the 0-10 cm soil layer, yet had no significant impact on soil pH. The natural grass growing treatment significantly increased the total nitrogen content in the 0-10 cm soil layer by 24.39%, and the available phosphorus content in the 10-20 cm soil layer by 27.11% compared with the CK. Besides, the natural grass growing treatment also significantly increased the available potassium content in the 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil layer than that of the CK. The plastic film mulching treatment significantly increased the available nitrogen content in the 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil layer by 18.51%, 20.49%, respectively. The two treatments of plastic film mulching and natural grass growing exhibited no significant influence on the nutrients content in the 20-40 cm soil layer. The natural grass growing treatment increased soil water content from July to September and enhanced the soil temperature stability. The plastic film mulching treatment resulted in an increase in soil water content during the initial stages and showed positive effect on soil warming.

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Volatile components in flowers of 5 rare and endangered orchids

WANG Miaomiao, QIN Jiaze

2024, 36(12): 2727-2738. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231145

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In order to evaluate and screen out valuable aromatic germplasm resources, the flowers of rare and endangered orchids, namely, Dendrobium crystallinum, D. moschatum, D. thyrsiflorum, Bulbophyllum phalaenopsis and B. echinolabium were used as materials, and the similarities and differences of volatile components, contents and key aroma compounds were compared between the “fragrant flower” and “smelly flower”. Solid-phase microextraction arrow combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME Arrow-GC-MS) and relative odor activity (rOAV) were used for identification and analysis. A total of 675 volatile compounds were identified, including terpenoids, heterocyclic compound, esters, hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes and aromaticity. Terpenoids were the highest in relative content and the most abundant in volatile substances, followed by heterocyclic compound and esters. The volatile components of the five rare and endangered orchids were species-specific, yet terpenoids, heterocyclic compound, esters, hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols and aldehydes were the major constituents, which accounted for more than 90% in total. The quantity of volatile components in the flowers of the five orchids decreased in the order of D. crystallinum>D. moschatum>B. echinolabium>B. phalaenopsis>D. thyrsiflorum. There were 104, 87, 72, 90 and 77 key aroma compounds in the flowers of D. crystallinum, D. moschatum, D. thyrsiflorum, B. phalaenopsis and B. echinolabium, respectively, Aldehydes were the main contributors to the overall aroma of orchids. Diethyl disulfide compounds and dimethyl trisulfur compounds in B. phalaenopsis, and indole, 3-methyl and dimethyl trisulfide in B. echinolabium were the main contributors for their unique odor formation. The volatile components of the 5 species of orchids were valuable for resource utilization. The volatile components in the flowers of D. crystallinum and D. moschatum might contain cyclamen aldehyde.

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Effects of nitrogen reduction and biochar application on growth and development of Citurs reticulata Blanco cv. ‘Ponkan’ and soil properties

MA Ling, ZHANG Zhenwu, FANG Yingzi, WU Huixin, XING Chenghua

2024, 36(12): 2739-2747. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231406

Abstract ( 149 )

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In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen reduction and biochar application on the growth and development of ponkan citrus (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. ‘Ponkan’) and soil properties, the experiment was set up with conventional nitrogen application (N100, 0.910 kg N), nitrogen reduction of 20% (N80, 0.728 kg N), nitrogen reduction of 40% (N60, 0.546 kg N), nitrogen reduction of 40%+biochar 10 g (N60+BC10, 0.546 kg N+10 g BC), nitrogen reduction of 40%+biochar 20 g (N60+BC20, 0.546 kg N+20 g BC) and nitrogen reduction of 40%+biochar 30 g (N60+BC30, 0.546 kg N+30 g BC), the amount of fertilizer applied per plant. The root growth, fruit quality, single fruit weight and soil properties of Ponkan in different treatments were measured and analysed. The results showed that compared with N100, the root activity, root morphology, fruit quality, single fruit weight and soil properties of N80 and N60 treatments showed different degrees of decreasing trends, while the corresponding indicators of N60+BC10, N60+BC20 and N60+BC30 treatments showed increasing trends. The statistical analysis of principal components showed that the scores of nitrogen reduction and biochar application were in the order of N60+BC30>N60+BC20>N60+BC10, among which the fruit quality and soil properties of N60+BC30 treatment were the best.

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Comprehensive evaluation of landscape woody plants in Zhoushan island village of China based on quantitative character analysis and analytic hierarchy process

WANG Jinfeng, CHEN Zhuomei, HE Qing, GAO Haojie

2024, 36(12): 2748-2762. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240063

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To promote the beautiful village construction and maximize the value of rural greening, landscape woody plants in Zhoushan island village were evaluated comprehensively and classified by analytic hierarchy process (AHP) based on quantitative character analysis. The results provided the scientific basis and reference for the allocation of landscape woody plants in Zhoushan island village. The quantitative character analysis showed that 253 plant species from 78 sampling plots of 10 villages were recorded belonging to 213 genera and 92 families comprised of trees (28.9%), shrubs (30.8%) and herbs (40.3%). According to the plant origin, the proportion of native species and exotic species among 253 plant species was 50.6% and 49.4%, respectively. Most trees and herbs are native, but 64.1% shrubs are exotic. Among the trees,the relative abundance, relative dominance, relative important value of Cinnamomum camphora is the largest. Among the shrubs, both the relative abundance and relative important value of Photinia×fraseri is the highest. The frequency of Rhododendron simsii and the relative dominance of Fatsia japonica is the largest, respectively. According to the results of comprehensive evaluation, 16 trees and 17 shrubs were rated as Grade I, 28 trees and 23 shrubs were rated as Grade Ⅱ, 20 trees and 21 shrubs were rated as Grade Ⅲ, 12 trees and17 shrubs were rated as Grade Ⅳ, respectively. The trees of Grade I and Grade Ⅱ can be used as candidate keynote species and backbone species in the village greening of Zhoushan island. The trees of Grade Ⅲ are supplementary to trees of Grade I and Grade Ⅱ to enrich the plant species. However, the trees of Grade Ⅳ are not recommended or carefully selected in the allocation of woody plants in Zhoushan island village.

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Identification and biological characteristics of phytopathogen in Osmanthus fragrans in Zhejiang Province of China

WANG Shizhen, HUANG Jun, LI Mingjiang, HUANG Yingjie, ZHANG Juan

2024, 36(12): 2763-2773. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240045

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Osmanthus fragrans, an evergreen tree with tremendous economic and ornamental value, has been extensively planted around the world. However, the disease of leaf spot seriously affected the quality and safety of Osmanthus fragrans due to uniform variety cultivation in Hangzhou. In this study, we isolated one strain that caused leaf spots and identified the fungi as Botryosphaeria dothidea by ITS sequence analysis. To clarify different factors that influence the growth of Botryosphaeria dothidea, we set different temperatures, pH values, culture media, and carbon and nitrogen sources, and the result showed its optimum temperature range was 23-28 ℃, the optimum pH value was 5, and the optimum culture medium was OMA. The growth of B. dothidea showed no obvious difference between the tested carbon and nitrogen sources. Besides, the pathogenicity was getting intense with the temperature rising and the lethal temperature was 55 ℃. The indoor antifungal test showed an inhibition rate of 20% propiconazole microemulsion was above 90%.

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Comparison of adsorption and passivation effects of inorganic and organic materials on cadmium

LI Qiuru, CAI Jingjing, LI Hua, YU Haiping, QIU Gaoyang, LIU Junli, GUO Bin

2024, 36(12): 2774-2783. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231166

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In order to identify the adsorption effects of inorganic and organic materials on cadmium (Cd) in water and their passivation effects on soil Cd, twelve materials (fly ash, diatomite, coconut shell charcoal, medical stone, vermiculite powder, attapulgite powder, montmorillonite powder, humic acid, Chinese torreya shell, rice bran, polyacrylamide, chitosan) were selected as test materials, electron microscopy observation, Cd solution adsorption tests, and soil passivation culture experiments were carried out. The evaluated parameters were surface properties, maximum Cd adsorption capacity, and soil physiochemical properties. It was shown that the materials like humic acid, Chinese torreya shell, montmorillonite powder, vermiculite powder, attapulgite powder and diatomite had granular or layered structure and loose structure. All the test materials exhibited good adsorption properties for Cd in water. The maximum adsorption capacity of test materials decreased as humic acid (22.08 mg·g^-1)>Chinese torreya shell (21.99 mg·g^-1)>montmorillonite powder (16.24 mg·g^-1)>coconut shell charcoal (15.63 mg·g^-1)>vermiculite powder (13.81 mg·g^-1)>attapulgite powder (12.67 mg·g^-1)>fly ash (10.22 mg·g^-1)>polyacrylamide (9.20 mg·g^-1)>rice bran (8.72 mg·g^-1)>diatomite (5.90 mg·g^-1)>chitosan (4.79 mg·g^-1)>medical stone (3.65 mg·g^-1). Except polyacrylamide and diatomite, application of these materials into soil (application rate of 1%) significantly (P<0.05) reduced the content of available Cd in soil by 10.66%-32.68%. Among them, application of attapulgite powder and Chinese torreya shell exhibited the highest reduce rate of soil available Cd by 32.68% and 28.95%, respectively. These findings provided theoretical basis for selecting soil passivators of heavy metals.

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Intervention effect of sea moth water extract on systemic low-grade inflammation in mice

WEN Wanning, WANG Chen, HU Lianhua, FANG Zhijia, DENG Qi, SUN Lijun

2024, 36(12): 2784-2793. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240737

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To investigate the effects of different doses of sea moth water extracts on systemic low-grade inflammation induced by capsaicin-induced intestinal flora disorder in mice, in this study, thirty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into blank control group, capsaicin-induced inflammation model group, fish oil control group, and sea moth water extract low-dose (0.2 g·kg^-1·d^-1), medium-dose (0.4 g·kg^-1·d^-1) and high-dose groups (0.6 g·kg^-1·d^-1). The contents of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in serum of mice were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay and limulus reagent method, respectively. 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics methods were used to investigate the changes of intestinal flora in mouse feces. Mass fraction of short chain fat acids (SCFAs) in mouse feces were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). After the intervention of capsaicin, the mass concentration of the inflammatory factor TNF-α in the serum of mice was about twice that of the blank group, and the low-grade inflammation model of the mouse system was successfully established. The results showed that compared with the model group, the contents of inflammatory factors and LPS of the model mice were restored after the intervention with water extract of sea moth; the abundance of probiotic genera in feces such as Lactobacillus and Bacteroides increased significantly, the abundance of harmful bacteria genera such as Oligotrophomonas and Corynebacterium decreased significantly, and the levels of all bacteria genera basically recovered to the level of blank group; the mass fraction of total SCFAs was significantly increased and tended to the level of blank group, single SCFAs such as acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid levels were basically restored to normal levels. The water extract of sea moth can regulate the intestinal flora disorder of mice, restore the intestinal SCFAs mass fraction of mice, prevent LPS from entering the blood, inhibit the inflammatory response, and alleviate the systemic low-grade inflammation.

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Impact of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide on intestinal flora in mice

LYU Guoying, WANG Mengyu, ZHANG Zuofa

2024, 36(12): 2794-2802. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240020

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Investigate whether Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides can alter the diversity and abundance of intestinal microbial flora, and assess the potential impact of changes in fecal microbiota on metabolism, adult healthy mice were gavaged with H. erinaceus polysaccharides for 8 days, after which their feces were collected. The V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene of microbes in the feces were amplified for comparison of microbial community structure and diversity. α-diversity and β-diversity analyses showed that the fecal microbes in the H. erinaceus polysaccharide treatment group had higher richness and community differences. The relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria significantly increased compared to the untreated group, while the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes significantly decreased; KEGG functional prediction analysis indicated that the genetic functions of the fecal microbiota were mainly related to carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, cofactor and vitamin metabolism, etc.; The short-chain fatty acids produced by the fermentation of intestinal microbes in H. erinaceus polysaccharides treatment group was 14.7% higher than those in the untreated group, and there were also significant changes in the composition ratio of short-chain fatty acids. In summary, H. erinaceus polysaccharides affect metabolic pathways by regulating the diversity of mouse fecal microbiota, playing a regulatory role in the body.

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Effect of extrusion treatment on chemical composition and aroma of flue-cured tobacco leaves for heat-not-burn cigarettes

LU Xinbo, YUAN Ying, WANG Jun, WANG Huawen, XIA Jun, WU Dan, TIAN Jinhu, YE Xingqian, YIN Jie, JIANG Jian

2024, 36(12): 2803-2811. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231177

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In order to investigate the effects of different extrusion treatments on the chemical composition and main aroma components of flue-cured tobacco leaves for heat-not-burn cigarettes, flue-cured tobacco leaves were selected as raw materials, and the chemical components as well as the main aroma components under different extrusion treatments were analyzed via continuous flow analysis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy (GC-IMS), etc. Results indicated that the contents of water-soluble sugar, reducing sugar, total nitrogen and other conventional chemical components were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the extrusion treatments. Compared with the leaves before treatment [(109.25±0.93) mg·g^-1], the total phenolic content of flue-cured tobacco leaves after extrusion treatment at 140 ℃ [(116.30±1.24) mg·g^-1] was significantly increased. Differences in the content of flavor substances were observed between the flue-cured tobacco leaves before and after the extrusion treatments. The relative content of ethyl phenylacetate and 2-furfural in the extrusion treatment group at 140 ℃ and 160 ℃ increased, while the content of isobutyric acid, isoamyl alcohol decreased, which enhanced the caramel flavor in flue-cured tobacco and thus played the role of plumping smoke flavor.

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Research on yield estimation method of winter wheat based on Sentinel-1/2 data and machine learning algorithms

ZHANG Yongbin, LI Xiang, MAN Weidong, LIU Mingyue, FAN Jihao, HU Haoran, SONG Lijie, LIU Weijia

2024, 36(12): 2812-2822. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231368

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Aiming at the problem that optical images are easily affected by cloud and rain weather, resulting in low accuracy of crop yield estimation, in this study, the Sentinel-1/2 spectral information and backscattering coefficient at winter wheat heading stage were combined, and three machine learning regression methods of extreme gradient boosting, random forest and support vector machine were used to establish the winter wheat yield estimation model in Tangshan, the best model was selected to realize the winter wheat yield inversion in Tangshan. The results show that:the extreme gradient boosting model based on vegetation index and backscattering coefficient had the best estimation effect, with the determination coefficient (R²) of 0.654, the root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.499 t·hm^-2, and the normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) of 10.02%. Among the 24 remote sensing feature variables, the importance of NDMI, NDVIre3 and NDVIre2 was much higher than that of the backscattering coefficient. Inverse spatial distribution of winter wheat yield in Tangshan based on optimal yield estimation model, the yield range of winter wheat was mainly concentrated in 7.00-8.00 t·hm^-2, accounting for 40.75%, the distribution of winter wheat yield was generally similar to the ground truth. This study proposed Sentinel-1/2 data and integration of machine learning algorithms of winter wheat yield estimation method, effectively improve the inversion accuracy of winter wheat yield and machine learning method to strengthen the explanatory of the model, the method has certain feasibility.

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Water demand prediction of jujube tree based on TCN-Attention-GRU model

LI Qiao, ZHANG Huadong, SUN Sanmin, YIN Caiyun

2024, 36(12): 2823-2831. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240058

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In order to improve the efficiency of agricultural water use in southern Xinjiang, a TCN-Attention-GRU-based water demand prediction model for jujube trees was constructed to characterize the agricultural irrigation system in southern Xinjiang. The model took jujube trees as the research object, took meteorological data as the input parameters of the model, and the output quantity was the water demand of jujube trees. Firstly, the attention mechanism (Attention) was used to extract the importance features from the data, and then the processed data were sent into the temporal convolutional network (TCN) to grab the temporal features to fuse them into a new feature vector, the final prediction was made using a gating unit (GRU), according to the characteristics of the combined model with the validation of the multi-step prediction, the proposed TCN-Attention-GRU combination model predicted well. The tested TCN-Attention-GRU based jujube trees water demand prediction model determination coefficient (R²) reached 94.4%, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and mean square error (MSE) were 7.9% and 28.8%, respectively, and the relative average error between the actual value and the predicted value was 12.23%, which had higher prediction accuracy compared with other models, and it could effectively improve the rate of water resources, and the proposed prediction model provided some references to the agricultural water conservation and stabilization. The proposed prediction model provides a certain reference for agricultural water conservation and stable production.

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A lightweight bumblebee image classification model based on improved GhostNet V2

FAN Weipei, YU Xiaoming, SHEN Fenglong, WANG Liang, WANG Xing

2024, 36(12): 2832-2845. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240190

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In order to realize automatic sorting of bumblebees accurately and quickly, a lightweight deep learning bumblebee image classification model is proposed. Firstly, 1 742 images of queen, drone and worker bees of ground bumblebee were collected, and a dataset containing 13 117 bumblebee images was constructed by data augmentation. Then, based on the GhostNet V2 model, the feature information of the input image under more receptive fields was obtained by multi-scale convolution, two shortcut branches were added to fuse the features of the low-level and the middle-level, the high-level respectively, the ReLU activation function was replaced by SiLU, and the number of bottleneck layers and channels was cut, and a lightweight bumblebee image classification model GMCFF was designed. The results showed that the classification accuracy of the BumblebeeImage dataset using the GMCFF model reached 98.40%, which was 1.53 percentage points higher than the original model, and the classification accuracy compared with the ShuffleNetV2 and MobileNetV2 model was also higher, increasing by 1.53 and 1.15 percentage points respectively. The number of parameters of the model was only 0.73 M, the amount of floating point operations was decreased by 25.15 M compared with that before the improvement, the model size was only 3.01 MB, and the average test time of a single bumblebee image was 17.08 ms, which met the requirements of lightweight and real-time.

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Research on 1D-DenseRNet-based classification and detection method for canned food vacuum data

YU Shuochen, ZHANG Jun, SONG Xinjie, ZHOU Jinyun

2024, 36(12): 2846-2856. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240092

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Aiming at the problem of low accuracy and high cost of vacuum detection in food cans, in order to realize the nondestructive detection of vacuum in food cans and improve the detection speed and accuracy, the research of measuring the curve data on the top of cans by using laser displacement sensors and categorizing the curve data by 1D-DenseRNet model is proposed. The model includes several improved dense connectivity modules, gate cycle units, attention layers and residual connectivity modules to extract time-series voltage sequence features and capture long-term dependencies. A cross-validation approach was used to analyze the effect of different network layers on the model performance. The optimal network model structure is designed by changing the convolutional layer, combining the attention mechanism, different recurrent neural network modules and the residual network structure, and observing the changes in other evaluation indexes such as model accuracy and model size. The experimental data show that the 1D-DenseRNet model incorporating the gate recurrent unit achieves the highest accuracy (98.77%) on the small sample dataset when the momentum factor is set to 0.9 and the learning rate is set to 0.000 5, and the number of model parameters is also relatively small. Comparison with a single convolutional neural network and other hybrid networks demonstrates the advantages of the 1D-DenseRNet model in handling the task of vacuum detection in food cans.

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Configuration effect of antecedents of entrepreneurial improvisation of new farmers under the background of “rural revitalization via digital commerce”:a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis based on technology-organization-environment framework

WU Junjie, LU Yi, GAO Jing

2024, 36(12): 2857-2869. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231344

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Entrepreneurial improvisation is an effective way for new farmers to cope with rapid changes and obtain unexpected opportunities in complex and ever-changing environments, but research on its influencing factors has just begun. To answer this key question, in the context of “rural revitalization via digital commerce”, an integration-driven model of new farmers’ entrepreneurial improvisation is proposed in the present asssay based on the technology-organization-environment (TOE) theoretical framework. Firsthand survey data from 160 new farmers is examined using configuration analysis and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). Research has found that, the new farmers’ entrepreneurial improvisation is the result of the positive effect of multiple antecedent conditions, and there are multiple antecedent solutions. There are four types of antecedents of improvisation:online social network-driven improvisation supported by technology and opportunity, social support-driven improvisation supported by technology and opportunity, digital-driven improvisation supported by organization and environment, and data resource-driven improvisation supported by organization and environment. There are 5 solutions to the antecedents of new farmers’ non-high entrepreneurial impulsivity, and there is a non-tariff link with the solution of new farmers’ high entrepreneurial impromptu. These findings unlock the “black box” that triggers the improvisation of new farmers’ entrepreneurship, and provide references for new farmers to improve their entrepreneurial skills.

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Mechanism of peroxisome proliferation in different organisms

HAN Yatao, WANG Mengjing, LU Ziqi, WANG Jiaoyu, LI Ling

2024, 36(12): 2870-2884. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231108

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Peroxisomes are organelles that are commonly found in eukaryotic cells and are involved in a variety of metabolic processes, especially lipid metabolism. The number and volume of peroxisomes will change in response to changes in the external environment, and their proliferation process is realized mainly through de novo synthesis and proliferation (division) processes. The de novo synthesis process involves the formation of peroxisome precursors (a vesicle-like structure) by the endoplasmic reticulum through budding reproduction, and the recruitment of membrane proteins as well as matrix proteins in the cytoplasm by the precursor vesicles, which eventually become mature peroxisomes. PEX3, PEX16 and PEX19 gene are mainly involved in the de novo production of peroxisomes and play an important role in the biosynthesis of peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs). Peroxisome proliferation (division) includes several processes such as peroxisome polarization, membrane protrusion and elongation, matrix protein transport, membrane contraction and division. PEX11 gene encodes a peroxisomal membrane elongation factor that is involved in membrane polarization, protrusion and elongation during peroxisome proliferation. In addition, Vps1 and Dnm1 regulate the morphology, replication and abundance of peroxisomes, and Inp1 and Inp2 are involved in the inheritance of peroxisomes. In this review, we summarize the peroxisome proliferation processes and related gene functions in different organisms to provide ideas for the expectation of peroxisome utilization.

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Research progress of bZIP gene family in plant-pathogenic fungi

YE Tao, SUN Qinyu, CHEN Weili, SHAN Wenshu, LIAN Wenxu, NIU Tingting, ZHANG Jiaxia

2024, 36(12): 2885-2894. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231397

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The bZIP transcription factor, containing a leucine zipper structure, is one of the most critical transcription factor families in plant-pathogenic fungi, which plays a pivotal regulatory role in various aspects, such as the growth and development, stress responses, response to adversity, and secondary metabolism of plant-pathogenic fungi and so on. In this paper, the structural features and functional analysis of the bZIP gene family, and its role in the regulation of secondary metabolism and response to stress in plant-pathogenic fungi were comprehensively reviewed, in order to provide a guide for in-depth investigation into the molecular regulatory mechanisms of bZIP transcription factors in growth and development, stress resistance, secondary metabolism, which finally contribute to find new strategies to the prevention and control of pathogenic fungi. Current research primarily focuses on the functional analysis of individual bZIP transcription factors, with limited systematic exploration of the coordinated regulatory mechanisms among multiple transcription factors, the identification of downstream target genes, and the effects of bZIP transcription factors on signaling pathways. Therefore, future studies should aim to comprehensively elucidate the functions of the bZIP transcription factor family, emphasizing the construction of “one-to-many” or even “many-to-many” regulatory networks and uncovering their key roles in pathogen-host interactions, thereby advancing progress in this field.

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Research progress and application of low accumulation crop variety screening technology in ensuring safe production on heavy metal contaminated farmland

SUN Jiuming, ZHANG Dale, SONG Jibin, ZHAO Shouqiang, LI Xiaotong, LI Zhongyang, SONG Weiping, LIU Yuan

2024, 36(12): 2895-2908. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231370

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Planting low accumulation crop varieties in heavy metal contaminated farmland is a hot topic in the current area of safe production in agriculture. Due to the limited arable land in China, planting the crop varieties with low-accumulation capability of contaminants obtained from screening in moderately or lightly heavy metal contaminated farmland is an important measure to maintain the continuous production capacity. Screening techniques for crop varieties accumulating less heavy metals mainly consist of traditional screening techniques, molecular genetics techniques, and technologies based on big data and artificial intelligence. Although the traditional screening methods are simple and easy relatively, the evaluation of heavy metal accumulation ability is subjected to the poor reliability. Molecular genetics technology has achieved some progresses in the application of variety screening, yet it still needs to be further improved and optimized. The combination of big data and artificial intelligence technology provides a powerful tool for variety screening, which can quickly and accurately analyze and excavate large-scale genomic and phenotypic data to predict and select varieties with genes related to low accumulation of heavy metals. On the basis of summarizing the research advances and application status of screening techniques for low accumulation crop varieties, we propose their feasibility, sustainability, future research directions and development trends, in order to provide a reference for promoting the large-scale application of low-accumulation crop varieties.

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